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"[ABSTRAKPeningkatan kesadaran akan ancaman polusi lingkungan mendorong pengembangan pengolahan limbah yang lebih efisien dan berkesinambungan. Material semikonduktor TiO2 merupakan material yang diharapkan memegang peranan penting dalam penyelesaian permasalahan polusi lingkungan melalui pemanfaatan energi matahari berbasis perangkat fotovoltaik termodifikasi. Sistem hibrid Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)-katalisis merupakan salah satu pendekatan penyelesaian permasalahan limbah dikarenakan dapat mengoksidasi berbagai senyawa limbah serta pengaktifan dalam jangkauan panjang gelombang sinar tampak menyebabkan sistem ini menjadi lebih efisien.Pada penelitian ini, fabrikasi sistem hibrid DSSC-katalisis menggunakan TiO2 nanotube yang disintesis melalui teknik Rapid Breakdown Anodization pada beda potensial 15 V dalam elektrolit 0,15 M HClO4. Pengujian performa sistem hibrid DSSC-katalisis menggunakan simulasi limbah rhodamine B dalam air. Beberapa variasi yang dilakukan adalah zat warna yang digunakan, perbandingan luas daerah warna dan daerah katalisis, serta perbandingan komposisi campuran fase anatase-rutil dalam TiO2. Variasi ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kondisi optimum device DSSC-katalisis dalam mendegradasi rhodamine B.TiO2 hasil sintesis dikalsinasi pada suhu 400°C selama 3 jam dan 2 jam serta 500°C selama 3 jam, lalu dikarakterisasi menggunakan XRD, UV Vis DRS, FTIR, FESEM, dan EDX. Hasil karakterisasi UV-Vis DRS menunjukkan band gap TiO2 hasil sintesis berkisar antara 3-3,5 eV. Sementara hasil uji FTIR yang menunjukkan ada puncak spesifik disekitar daerah 400-700 cm-1. Pada FESEM EDX, terlihat hasil yang cukup baik dalam bentuk bundle nanotube yang membuktikan bahwa teknik RBA dapat digunakan dalam proses sintesis TiO2 nanotube.TiO2 hasil sintesis digunakan untuk merangkai sistem hibrid DSSC-katalisis menggunakan rhodamine B dan ekstrak buah naga sebagai zat warnanya. Zona katalisis pada hibrid DSSC diuji aktivitas katalisisnya, dimana persen degradasi oleh sistem bersensitizer rhodamine B sebesar 65,22% dan ekstrak buah naga sebesar 34,78% dengan lama penyinaran masing-masing 60 menit. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam sistem ini, rhodamine B memberikan hasil yang lebih baik. Pengujian selanjutnya menggunakan sensitizer rhodamine B dengan variasi perbandingan luas zona warna dan zona katalisis sebesar 1:2, 1:1, dan 1:0,5 dan diperoleh persen degradasi berturut-turut 40,19%; 25,01% ; dan 9,59%. Dengan demikian perbandingan optimum pada variasi ini adalah luas zona warna dan katalis yang paling baik adalah 1:2. Pengujian ketiga menggunakan TiO2 dengan komposisi campuran fase kristal anatase rutil sebesar 100% anatase 0% rutil.

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ABSTRACTAn increasing concern on environmental pollution lead to development for more efficient and sustainable waste treatment. Titanium dioxide is expected to play an important role to solve the environmental pollution problem by using solar energy based on modified photovoltaic devices. Hybrid Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) -catalysis system may become an efficient approach to solve the problem not only causes of the oxidizing power to degrade almost organic non biodegradable compounds in the waste but also the activation energy of this system still in visible light range. In this study, fabrication of hybrid DSSC - catalysis system used TiO2 nanotubes which was synthesized by Rapid Breakdown Anodization method, the potential difference was 15 V in 0.15 M HClO4. Degradating ability testing for hybrid DSSC ?catalysis system using simulated waste rhodamine B dispersed in water. Several variations has been done as kind of the dye used for the system, the wide comparison of dyes zone and catalytic zone, and composition of mixed crystalline phase ratio of anatase and rutile in TiO2 used. The purpose of the variation was to determine the optimum conditions for DSSC - catalysis device in degrading rhodamine B. TiO2 synthesized was calcined up to 400 ° C for 3 hours and 2 hours and 500°C for 3 hours. It was characterized using XRD, UV- Vis DRS, FTIR, FESEM, and EDX. UV- Vis DRS showed the band gap of samples between 3-3.5 eV. The result of FTIR measurements showed there was peak around the region 400-700 cm-1. FESEM EDX results showed very good shape of TiO2 nanotube bundle which proves that the RBA technique can be used in the synthesis process. Testing for determine the better sensitizer between rhodamine B and dragon fruit extract has been done. Based on the results of UV Vis measurements, percent degradation of rhodamine B system up to 65.22% and dragon fruit extract only 34.78%. Each of them exposure by visible light for 60 minutes. It indicates that in this system, rhodamine B sensitizer gives the better results. Further testing using sensitizer rhodamine B with a wide comparison of dye zone and catalytic zones by 1: 2, 1: 1 and 1: 0.5 and obtained percent of degradation respectively 40.19%; 25.01%; and 9.59%. Thus the optimum ratio in this variation is 1: 2. The third testing using the composition of the mixture TiO2 anatase-rutile crystalline phase 100% anatase 0% rutile, 92.88% anatase 7.12% rutile and 17.08% anatase 82.92% rutile with a percent of degradation for each sample were 66.80%, 81.01%, and 70.37%. The test results showed that the best phase in the system is the mixture of anatase 92.88% rutile 7.12%. Based on the three variations known that the system would work better if using rhodamine B as a;An increasing concern on environmental pollution lead to development for more efficient and sustainable waste treatment. Titanium dioxide is expected to play an important role to solve the environmental pollution problem by using solar energy based on modified photovoltaic devices. Hybrid Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) -catalysis system may become an efficient approach to solve the problem not only causes of the oxidizing power to degrade almost organic non biodegradable compounds in the waste but also the activation energy of this system still in visible light range. In this study, fabrication of hybrid DSSC - catalysis system used TiO2 nanotubes which was synthesized by Rapid Breakdown Anodization method, the potential difference was 15 V in 0.15 M HClO4. Degradating ability testing for hybrid DSSC ?catalysis system using simulated waste rhodamine B dispersed in water. Several variations has been done as kind of the dye used for the system, the wide comparison of dyes zone and catalytic zone, and composition of mixed crystalline phase ratio of anatase and rutile in TiO2 used. The purpose of the variation was to determine the optimum conditions for DSSC - catalysis device in degrading rhodamine B. TiO2 synthesized was calcined up to 400 ° C for 3 hours and 2 hours and 500°C for 3 hours. It was characterized using XRD, UV- Vis DRS, FTIR, FESEM, and EDX. UV- Vis DRS showed the band gap of samples between 3-3.5 eV. The result of FTIR measurements showed there was peak around the region 400-700 cm-1. FESEM EDX results showed very good shape of TiO2 nanotube bundle which proves that the RBA technique can be used in the synthesis process. Testing for determine the better sensitizer between rhodamine B and dragon fruit extract has been done. Based on the results of UV Vis measurements, percent degradation of rhodamine B system up to 65.22% and dragon fruit extract only 34.78%. Each of them exposure by visible light for 60 minutes. It indicates that in this system, rhodamine B sensitizer gives the better results. Further testing using sensitizer rhodamine B with a wide comparison of dye zone and catalytic zones by 1: 2, 1: 1 and 1: 0.5 and obtained percent of degradation respectively 40.19%; 25.01%; and 9.59%. Thus the optimum ratio in this variation is 1: 2. The third testing using the composition of the mixture TiO2 anatase-rutile crystalline phase 100% anatase 0% rutile, 92.88% anatase 7.12% rutile and 17.08% anatase 82.92% rutile with a percent of degradation for each sample were 66.80%, 81.01%, and 70.37%. The test results showed that the best phase in the system is the mixture of anatase 92.88% rutile 7.12%. Based on the three variations known that the system would work better if using rhodamine B as a;An increasing concern on environmental pollution lead to development for more efficient and sustainable waste treatment. Titanium dioxide is expected to play an important role to solve the environmental pollution problem by using solar energy based on modified photovoltaic devices. Hybrid Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) -catalysis system may become an efficient approach to solve the problem not only causes of the oxidizing power to degrade almost organic non biodegradable compounds in the waste but also the activation energy of this system still in visible light range. In this study, fabrication of hybrid DSSC - catalysis system used TiO2 nanotubes which was synthesized by Rapid Breakdown Anodization method, the potential difference was 15 V in 0.15 M HClO4. Degradating ability testing for hybrid DSSC ?catalysis system using simulated waste rhodamine B dispersed in water. Several variations has been done as kind of the dye used for the system, the wide comparison of dyes zone and catalytic zone, and composition of mixed crystalline phase ratio of anatase and rutile in TiO2 used. The purpose of the variation was to determine the optimum conditions for DSSC - catalysis device in degrading rhodamine B. TiO2 synthesized was calcined up to 400 ° C for 3 hours and 2 hours and 500°C for 3 hours. It was characterized using XRD, UV- Vis DRS, FTIR, FESEM, and EDX. UV- Vis DRS showed the band gap of samples between 3-3.5 eV. The result of FTIR measurements showed there was peak around the region 400-700 cm-1. FESEM EDX results showed very good shape of TiO2 nanotube bundle which proves that the RBA technique can be used in the synthesis process. Testing for determine the better sensitizer between rhodamine B and dragon fruit extract has been done. Based on the results of UV Vis measurements, percent degradation of rhodamine B system up to 65.22% and dragon fruit extract only 34.78%. Each of them exposure by visible light for 60 minutes. It indicates that in this system, rhodamine B sensitizer gives the better results. Further testing using sensitizer rhodamine B with a wide comparison of dye zone and catalytic zones by 1: 2, 1: 1 and 1: 0.5 and obtained percent of degradation respectively 40.19%; 25.01%; and 9.59%. Thus the optimum ratio in this variation is 1: 2. The third testing using the composition of the mixture TiO2 anatase-rutile crystalline phase 100% anatase 0% rutile, 92.88% anatase 7.12% rutile and 17.08% anatase 82.92% rutile with a percent of degradation for each sample were 66.80%, 81.01%, and 70.37%. The test results showed that the best phase in the system is the mixture of anatase 92.88% rutile 7.12%. Based on the three variations known that the system would work better if using rhodamine B as a, An increasing concern on environmental pollution lead to development for more efficient and sustainable waste treatment. Titanium dioxide is expected to play an important role to solve the environmental pollution problem by using solar energy based on modified photovoltaic devices. Hybrid Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) -catalysis system may become an efficient approach to solve the problem not only causes of the oxidizing power to degrade almost organic non biodegradable compounds in the waste but also the activation energy of this system still in visible light range. In this study, fabrication of hybrid DSSC - catalysis system used TiO2 nanotubes which was synthesized by Rapid Breakdown Anodization method, the potential difference was 15 V in 0.15 M HClO4. Degradating ability testing for hybrid DSSC –catalysis system using simulated waste rhodamine B dispersed in water. Several variations has been done as kind of the dye used for the system, the wide comparison of dyes zone and catalytic zone, and composition of mixed crystalline phase ratio of anatase and rutile in TiO2 used. The purpose of the variation was to determine the optimum conditions for DSSC - catalysis device in degrading rhodamine B. TiO2 synthesized was calcined up to 400 ° C for 3 hours and 2 hours and 500°C for 3 hours. It was characterized using XRD, UV- Vis DRS, FTIR, FESEM, and EDX. UV- Vis DRS showed the band gap of samples between 3-3.5 eV. The result of FTIR measurements showed there was peak around the region 400-700 cm-1. FESEM EDX results showed very good shape of TiO2 nanotube bundle which proves that the RBA technique can be used in the synthesis process. Testing for determine the better sensitizer between rhodamine B and dragon fruit extract has been done. Based on the results of UV Vis measurements, percent degradation of rhodamine B system up to 65.22% and dragon fruit extract only 34.78%. Each of them exposure by visible light for 60 minutes. It indicates that in this system, rhodamine B sensitizer gives the better results. Further testing using sensitizer rhodamine B with a wide comparison of dye zone and catalytic zones by 1: 2, 1: 1 and 1: 0.5 and obtained percent of degradation respectively 40.19%; 25.01%; and 9.59%. Thus the optimum ratio in this variation is 1: 2. The third testing using the composition of the mixture TiO2 anatase-rutile crystalline phase 100% anatase 0% rutile, 92.88% anatase 7.12% rutile and 17.08% anatase 82.92% rutile with a percent of degradation for each sample were 66.80%, 81.01%, and 70.37%. The test results showed that the best phase in the system is the mixture of anatase 92.88% rutile 7.12%. Based on the three variations known that the system would work better if using rhodamine B as a]"

"Pengujian degradasi Rhodamin B dalam sistem Quantum Dot CdS Sensitized Solar Cells QD-CdS-SSC Termodifikasi yang memiliki dua bagian yaitu, zona solar cell dan zona katalisis. Pada zona solar cell, telah berhasil disintesis TiO2 nanotube TiO2 NT band gap 3,2 eV dengan metode anodisasi dan TiO2 nanotube termodifikasi CdS nanopartikel menjadi CdS-TiO2 NT band gap 2,2 eV dengan metode SILAR successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction sehingga aktif pada daerah sinar tampak yang digunakan sebagai sensitizer. Reaksi degradasi Rhodamin B terjadi pada zona katalisis dari perpanjangan plat titanium Ti pada zona solar cell, dengan Pt-Ti sebagai katoda dan N-doped-TiO2 NT sebagai fotoanoda yang disintesis dengan metode anodisasi dari sumber dopan urea. N-doped-TiO2 NT yang dihasilkan memiliki band gap yang lebih rendah daripada TiO2 NT, yaitu sebesar 2,9 eV dan dapat digunakan pada daerah sinar tampak. Karakterisasi terhadap TiO2 NT, N-doped-TiO2 NT dan CdS-TiO2 NT meliputi Scanning Electron Microscope SEM , UV-VIS Diffuse Reflectance Spectrometry DRS , X-ray Diffraction XRD dan Fourier Transform Infra Red FTIR.

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Study on degradation of Rhodamine B in a Quantum Dot CdS Sensitized Solar Cells QD CdS SSC Modified System which has two parts, namely, solar cell zone and cataytic zone. In the solar cell zone, has successfully synthesized TiO2 nanotubes TiO2 NT a band gap of 3.2 eV using anodizing methods and TiO2 nanotubes modified CdS nanoparticles as CdS TiO2 NT band gap of 2.2 eV using SILAR method successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction that is active in visible light region and is used as a sensitizer. The degradation reaction of Rhodamine B occurs in the catalystic zone of extension of the titanium plate Ti from solar cell zone, the Pt Ti as cathode and N doped TiO2 NT as fotoanoda was synthesized by anodizing method of urea as dopant source. N doped TiO2 NT has a lower band gap than TiO2 NT, which amounted to 2.9 eV and can be used in the visible light region. Characterization of TiO2 NT, N doped TiO2 NT and CdS TiO2 NT include Scanning Electron Microscope SEM , UV VIS Diffuse Reflectance Spectrometry DRS , X ray Diffraction XRD and Fourier Transform Infra Red FTIR."

"INTISARI. Dilakukan eksperimen teknik laser optogalvanik untuk mendeteksi transisi atom neon dalam lampu lucutan dengan cara mengarahkan berkas laser ke dalam lampu lucutan dan diamati perubahan tegangan akibat adanya serapan oleh transisi elektron dalam aras-aras tenaga atom neon. Eksperimen ini dikerjakan dengan menggunakan laser zat-warna (rhodarnine 6G + rhodamine B) tertala, yang dipompa dengan laser pulsa."

"Pengujian kinerja sistem Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cell (QDSSC) termodifikasi dengan menggunakan elektroda counter TiO2 nanotubes untuk mendegradasi Methylene Blue pada zona katalisis telah berhasil dilakukan. Metode Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) dengan bantuan ultrasonikasi digunakan untuk melekatkan CdS nanopartikel pada permukaan TiO2 nanotubes yang disintesis dengan metode anodisasi. Karakterisasi dilakukan menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), dan Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR).Hasil pengukuran photocurrent menggunakan potensiostat menunjukkan bahwa TiO2 nanotubes aktif pada daerah UV sedangkan TiO2 nanotubes/CdS nanopartikel aktif pada daerah visible. Pada uji performa sistem QDSSC termodifikasi dengan menggunakan elektroda counter TiO2 nanotubes untuk mendegradasi Methylene Blue, diperoleh hasil degradasi optimum sebesar 42,67% pada kondisi zona solar cell disinari lampu visible dan elektroda counter TiO2 nanotubes disinari lampu UV.

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A performance testing of modified Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cell (QDSSC) employing TiO2 nanotubes as a counter electrode to degrade the Methylene Blue at the catalytic zone has been successfully carried out. Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method with ultrasonication used to attach the CdS nanoparticles on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes were grown on titanium plate by anodization method. Characterization was performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR).

The Results of photocurrent measurements using the potentiostat indicates that TiO2 nanotubes were active in the UV region while TiO2 nanotubes/CdS nanoparticles were active in the visible region. In the modified QDSSC system with employing TiO2 nanotubes as a counter electrode performance test to degrade the Methylene Blue, the results indicate an optimum degradation of 42.67% on the condition solar cell?s zone illuminated by visible light while TiO2 nanotubes counter electrode illuminated by UV light."

"Pada penelitian ini telah berhasil disintesis Z-scheme heterojunction nanokomposit rGO/CeO2-BiVO4 yang digunakan sebagai fotokatalis dalam mendegradasi zat warna rhodamine b. Penggunaan rGO bertujuan sebagai mediator transfer elektron oleh dua semikonduktor CeO2 dan BiVO4. Keberhasilan sintesis nanopartikel CeO2, BiVO4, komposit CeO2–BiVO4 dan nanokomposit rGO/CeO2–BiVO4 didukung dengan energy band gap masing-masing 3,15 eV, 2,45 eV, 2,27 eV dan 2,30 eV. Hasil morfologi SEM menunjukkan terdapat nanokomposit CeO2–BiVO4 yang tersebar diatas permukaan rGO dan TEM diperoleh ukuran partikel rata-rata komposit CeO2–BiVO4 yang berada pada permukaan rGO adalah 18,3782 nm. Aktivitas fotokatalitik rGO/CeO2–BiVO4 terhadap degradasi rhodamine b diperoleh paling optimum sebesar 95,88% dalam waktu 40 menit dibawah sinar tampak. Kinetika reaksi terhadap degradasi rhodamine b mengikuti model kinetika pseudo orde satu dan isoterm adsorpsi Langmuir yang menunjukkan bahwa proses yang terjadi merupakan fotokatalisis. Mekanisme Z–Scheme Heterojunction pada nanokomposit rGO/CeO2–BiVO4 berhasil diusulkan didukung dengan peningkatan aktivitas fotokatalitik degradasi rhodamine b dibandingkan dengan material penyusunnya. Pengembangan fotokatalis berbasis mekanisme Z-Scheme Heterojunction yang memiliki aktivitas fotokatalitik yang baik dapat dipertimbangkan pada penelitian selanjutnya.

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In this study, Z-scheme heterojunction nanocomposite rGO/CeO2-BiVO4 was successfully synthesized and used as a photocatalyst in degradation of rhodamine b dyes. The use of rGO is intended as an electron mediator of two CeO2 and BiVO4 semiconductors. The success of the synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles, BiVO4, CeO2–BiVO4 composites and rGO/CeO2–BiVO4 nanocomposites was supported by energy band gaps of 3.15 eV, 2.45 eV, 2.27 eV and 2.30 eV, respectively. SEM morphology results showed that there were CeO2–BiVO4 nanocomposites spread over the surface of rGO and TEM results obtained the average particle size of CeO2–BiVO4 composites on the rGO surface was 18.3782 nm. The photocatalytic activity of rGO/CeO2–BiVO4 achieving the degradation efficiencies of 95.88% within 40 minutes under visible light. The reaction kinetics on the degradation of rhodamine b followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm which showed that the process was photocatalytic reaction. The Z–Scheme Heterojunction mechanism in the rGO/CeO2–BiVO4 nanocomposite was successfully proposed, supported by the increased photocatalytic activity of rhodamine b degradation compared to the pure CeO2 or BiVO4. Finally, the development of a photocatalyst based on the Z-Scheme Heterojunction mechanism with a great photocatalytic activity can be considered in further research."

"Amonia merupakan senyawa kimia yang banyak digunakan dalam kehidupan. Produksi amonia yang sering digunakan adalah proses Haber-Bosch menggunakan hidrogen dan nitrogen pada kondisi tekanan dan suhu ekstrim. Salah satu cara lain yang berpotensi dan sedang dikembangkan adalah fiksasi nitrogen secara fotokatalisis pada kondisi ambien. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan proses fotokatalisis reduksi nitrogen menggunakan sumber elektron yang dihasilkan oleh zona Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cell QDSSC berbasis semikonduktor TiO2 nanotube. TiO2 nanotube disensitasi oleh quantum dot CdS dan disinari oleh cahaya tampak menghasilkan elektron yang ditransfer ke zona katalisis untuk reduksi nitrogen menjadi amonia. Variasi waktu reaksi dan pH dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap jumlah amonia yang dihasilkan. Karakterisasi dilakukan terhadap morfologi TiO2 serta keberadaan spesi Ti3 pada permukaan TiO2 di zona katalisis yang akan bertindak sebagai sisi aktif reduksi nitrogen. Efisiensi dari QDCdS-SSC yang diperoleh sebesar 1,63. Aplikasi QDCdS-SSC yang dimodifikasi dengan zona katalisis Ti3 /TiO2 nanotube dapat menghasilkan amonia dengan efisiensi konversi energi cahaya menjadi energi kimia oleh QDCdS-SSC sebesar 0,0211.

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Ammonia is a chemical compound that mostly used in our life. Generally, ammonia is produced by Haber Bosch process using hydrogen and nitrogen at extreme pressure and temperature. The other alternative potential method is a photocatalysis process. In this research, reduction of nitrogen by photocatalysis using nanotube TiO2 based Modified CdS Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cell with catalytic zone was investigated. TiO2 was sensitized by CdS and irradiated by visible light to generate electrons for nitrogen reduction at catalytic zone. Variation of reaction time and pH were performed to determine the effect of ammonia production. Characterization was performed to determine morphology of TiO2 and presence of Ti3 species on the surface as an active site of nitrogen reduction. The obtained efficiency of QDCdS SSC is 1.63. Modified QDCdS SSC with Ti3 TiO2 nanotube attain to produce ammonia with solar chemical conversion efficiency at 0,0211."

"Pengujian sistem quantum dots Sensitized Solar Cell dengan menggunakan semikonduktor CdS nanopartikel sebagai dyes telah berhasil dillakukan. CdS nanopartikel dilekatkan dengan metode SILAR (succesive ionic layer adsorption and reaction) pada TiO2 nanotubes yang ditumbuhkan di atas plat titanium dengan metode anodisasi. Karakterisasi yang digunakan adalah FE-SEM untuk mengetahui morfologi permukaan, UV-Vis DR untuk mengetahui band gap TiO2, XRD untuk mengetahui fasa kristal yang terbentuk, FTIR untuk mengetahui vibrasi ikatan dari molekul. Kurva linier sweep voltametry menunjukkan TiO2 aktif pada daerah UV sedangkan CdS/TiO2 aktif pada daerah visible. Dalam uji performa sel untuk mendegradasi fenol didapatkan hasil optimum pada konsentrasi sistem CdS/TiO2 yang disiapkan dari larutan prekursor CdS sebesar 0,020 M dengan % degradasi sebesar 49,225 %.

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Performance testing of quantum dots sensitized solar cell system using CdS semiconductor nanoparticles as dyes have been successfully conducted. The CdS nanoparticles was attached by SILAR (succesive ionic layer adsorption and reaction) method on TiO2 nanotubes, which were grown on titanium plate by anodization method. The characterizations were performed by FE-SEM to determine the surface morphology, UV-Vis DR to determine the band gap of TiO2, XRD to determine the crystalline phase, FTIR to determine the vibration bonding of molecules. The linear sweep voltametry curve showed that TiO2 is active in the UV region while CdS/TiO2 is active in the visible region. Performance test of typical modified DSSC system to degrade phenol indicate that optimum results (% degradation of 49.23 %) was found in a CdS/TiO2 system which was prepared from CdS precursor solution of 0.020 M."

"Fabrikasi Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)menggunakan klorofil dan rhodamin B telah berhasil dilakukan.Bahan semikonduktor sebagai elektroda kerja dalam DSSC yang digunakan adalah TiO2nanotube yang ditumbuhkan pada plat titanium dengan teknik anodisasi, dilanjutkan dengan kalsinasi pada 500⁰C untuk membentuk fasa kristal TiO2. Karakterisasi terhadap Ti/TiO2-NT meliputi Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope(FE-SEM), UV-VisDiffuse Reflectance Spectrometry (DRS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), dan Linear Sweep Voltametry (LSV). Gambar FE-SEM menunjukkan bahwa TiO2 bermorfologi tube dengan diameter 88.99nm. Pola XRD menunjukkan puncak TiO2 anatase pada sudut 2θ: 25, 37,48,54, dan 55 derajat. Karakterisasi UV-Vis menunjukkan nilai bandgap TiO2 sebesar 3.24 eV. Spektrum FTIR menunjukkan keberadaan vibrasi ikatan ~Ti-O-Ti~. Kurva LSV menunjukkan bahwa TiO2 aktif pada daerah UV. Plat Ti/TiO2 dilapisi oleh zat warna melalui teknik elektroforesis dengan variasi waktu 8,10,12, dan 14 menit. Spektrum UV-Vis DRS dari TiO2 yang terlapisi zat warna menghasilkan puncak khas dari masing-masing zat warna, menunjukkan bahwa zat warna telah menempel pada TiO2. Pengujian terhadap performa DSSC menunjukkan nilai efiensi sebesar 0.3565% untuk Ti/TiO2-NT/Klorofil; 0.4351% untuk Ti/TiO2-NT/Rhodamin B; dan 0.3963% untuk Ti/TiO2-NT/Klorofil-Rhodamin B.Indonesia

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Fabrication of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) employing chlorophyll and rhodamine B has been successfully carried out. TiO2 nanotubes which was grown on titanium plate by an anodizationtechniques, followed by calcination at 500⁰C to form a crystalline phase of TiO2, was used as working electrode in the DSSC. Characterization of the Ti/TiO2-NT included Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectrometry (DRS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), and Linear Sweep Voltametry (LSV). FE-SEM images showed the tube morphologies of TiO2 with a diameter of 88,99 nm. XRD pattern showed the TiO2 anatase peak at 2θ : 25, 37, 48, 54, dan 55 degree. UV-Vis DRS characterization revealed that the bandgap of the prepared TiO2is 3.24 eV. FTIR spectrum showed the presence of ~Ti?O-Ti~ vibration. LSV curves obtained indicate that the TiO2is active in the UV region . The Ti/TiO2 plate then was being coated with the dye through electrophoresis technique with time variation of 8, 10, 12, and 14 minutes. UV-Vis DRS spectrum of the dyes coated TiO2 showed that all typical dyes realted peaks were observed, indicate that the dyes was attached to the Ti/TiO2-NT. Performance tests of the assembled DSSC showed the efficiencies of 0.3565%for the Ti/TiO2-NT/Chlorophyll; 0.4351% for the Ti/TiO2-NT/Rhodamine B; and 0.3963% for the Ti/TiO2-NT/Chlorophyll/Rhodamine B respectively."

"Pengujian sistem Quantum Dots Sensitized Solar Cell (QDSSC) untuk mendegradasi Fenol menggunakan CdS nanopartikel sebagai sensitizer dan TiO2/UV sebagai counter electrode dengan penambahan reagen Fenton telah berhasil dilakukan. QDSSC termodifikasi terdiri dari dua zona yang terdiri dari TiO2 nanotubes/CdS nanopartikel sebagai zona sensitasi dan TiO2 nanotubes/Pt sebagai zona katalisis. Pada zona katalis digunakan TiO2 sebagai anoda (counter electrode) untuk menggantikan Pt mesh. TiO2 nanotubes ditumbuhkan diatas plat Titanum dengan metode anodisasi sedang CdS dilekatkan pada TiO2 nanotubes menggunakan metode SILAR (succesive ionic layer adsorption and reaction). Karakterisasi yang digunakan adalah FE-SEM untuk mengetahui morfologi permukaan, XRD untuk mengetahui fasa kristal yang terbentuk, FTIR untuk mengetahui vibrasi ikatan dari molekul dan EDX untuk mengetahui elemen yang terkandung. Uji aktifitas fotoelektrokimia menggunakan kurva LSV dan MPA menunjukkan TiO2 aktif dan sensitif pada daerah UV dan TiO2/CdS dapat pada daerah Visible. Dalam uji performa sel untuk mendegradasi Fenol dilakukan uji kondisi tidak dikenai cahaya dan dikenai cahaya, hasilnya sel tidak aktif pada saat kondisi gelap dan aktif pada saat dikenai cahaya dengan penurunan konsentrasi Fenol sebesar 35,81%. Uji degradasi Fenol dengan penambahan reagen Fenton dengan variasi konsentrasi 0,02 M, 0,05 M dan 0,08 M berhasil dilakukan. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan semakin besar konsentrasi Fenton yang ditambahkan akan menambah degradasi Fenol.

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Performance testing of modified Quantum Dots Sensitized Solar Cell system for Phenol Degradation using CdS semiconductor nanoparticles as sensitizer and TiO2/UV as counter electrode with Fenton Reagent addition have been successfully conducted. Modified QDSSC consists of two zones consisting of TiO2 nanotubes / CdS nanoparticles as sensitization zone and TiO2 / Pt as catalytic zone. The catalytic zone employing TiO2 as anode (counter electrode) to replace Pt mesh. TiO2 nanotubes were grown by the anodizing Titanium plate and the attachment of CdS into TiO2 nanotubes is using SILAR method (succesive ionic layer adsorption and reaction). Characterization used is FE-SEM to determine the surface morphology, XRD to determine the crystalline phases formed, FTIR to determine the vibration bonding of molecules and EDX to determine the components contained. Photoelectrochemical activity test using LSV curves and MPA showed TiO2 active and sensitive in the UV light and TiO2 / CdS active and sensitive at the Visible light. In a test of the performance of the cell to degrade phenol, the test conditions were (i) not exposed to light and (ii) exposed to light. The result were the cells was not active in the dark conditions and active when exposed to light , where can reduce concentration as much as 35,81%. Phenol degradation test with the addition of Fenton reagent with various concentration of 0.02 M, 0.05 M and 0.08 M successfully performed. The results obtained showed the greater concentration of Fenton added would add to the degradation of phenol."

"Amonia merupakan senyawa kimia yang banyak digunakan dalam kehidupan. Produksi amonia yang sering digunakan adalah proses Haber-Bosch yang menghasilkan emisi CO2 yang besar dan harus dilakukan pada suhu dan tekanan ekstrim. Produksi NH3 air dan N2 secara fotokatalisis dapat dilakukan pada temperatur dan tekanan ruang sehingga menjadikan produksi ini sangat ideal. Namun metode ini masih memiliki efisiensi yang relatif rendah.Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan proses konversi nitrogen menjadi ammonia tandem sel surya, Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cell (QDSSC), dengan sel fotoelektrokimia sebagai zona katalisis. Fotoanoda dalam sel surya menggunakan  TiO2 nanotube yang disensitasi dengan CdS, sedangkan sel fotoelektrokimia pada zona katalisis menggunakan pasangan electrode Ti3+/TiO2 nanotube yang diletakan dalam dua kompartemen terpisah. Tandem sel yang dikembangkan berhasil mengkonversi N2 menjadi NH3, dengan menggunakan sumber hidrogen dari air dan input energi dari sinar tampak, denga rata-rata efisinesi konversi berkisar antara 0,03-0,098%.

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Ammonia is an essential substance in human lives. The most common method in ammonia production in industries is the Haber-Bosch method, this method using high temperature and pressure also produce CO2 emissions as sideproduct. NH3 can be produced by water and N2 through a photolytic reaction using room temperature and atmospheric pressure which made this reaction is ideal for ammonia production. But this method has low efficiency of production.

This research purpose is to produce ammonia through photocatalytic reaction of nitrogen reduction using modified Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cell (QDSSC) in TiO2 nanotube, through separation of an anodic catalytic zone and cathodic zone. TiO2 nanotube sensitized by CdS and illuminated by visible light to produce electron which can be transferred to catalytic zone for nitrogen reduction. The solar cell that has been made succeeded in convert N2 to NH3, using water as H2 source and visible light as an energy source, with average conversion efficiency 0,03-0,098 %."