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"[ABSTRAKTugas Karya Akhir ini membahas strategi politik yang dilakukan olehkelompok kepentingan Gay and Lesbian Activist Alliance (GLAA) dalam penetapanThe Religious Freedom and Civil Marriage Equality Amendment Act 2009 tentangpernikahan sesama jenis di District of Columbia, Amerika Serikat pada tahun 2009.Strategi politik yang digunakan adalah upaya dukungan dan aktivitas politik GLAA.Studi ini menggunakkan teori kelompok kepentingan terutama tentang lobi danadvokasi, melalui kampanye informasi, lobi langsung kepada pejabat publik dankoalisi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan teknik studikepustakaan dan studi dokumen. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwastrategi politik GLAA dalam melakukan lobi dan advokasi berhasil dalam penetapanRUU 18-482 atau The Religious Freedom and Civil Marriage Equality Amendment Act 2009 untuk menjadi peraturan hukum di District of Columbia.

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ABSTRACTThis paper discusses about political strategy by GLAA toward Civil MarriageEquality Amendment Act 2009 in District of Columbia to legalize same-sex marriage.GLAA political strategy can be identify with their supportive effort and politicalactivity. Theory of interest groups are applied to explain the political strategy ofGLAA in this case study, especially on lobbying and advocating tactics concepttactics such as information campaign, direct lobbying to public officials and coalition.The research methodology was qualitative through literature study and documentsstudy techniques. The research shows that political strategy of GLAA with lobby andadvocacy succeed in the establishment of Bill 18-482 or The Religious Freedom andCivil Marriage Equality Amendment Act of 2009 to be the rule of law in the Districtof Columbia., This paper discusses about political strategy by GLAA toward Civil MarriageEquality Amendment Act 2009 in District of Columbia to legalize same-sex marriage.GLAA political strategy can be identify with their supportive effort and politicalactivity. Theory of interest groups are applied to explain the political strategy ofGLAA in this case study, especially on lobbying and advocating tactics concepttactics such as information campaign, direct lobbying to public officials and coalition.The research methodology was qualitative through literature study and documentsstudy techniques. The research shows that political strategy of GLAA with lobby andadvocacy succeed in the establishment of Bill 18-482 or The Religious Freedom andCivil Marriage Equality Amendment Act of 2009 to be the rule of law in the Districtof Columbia.]"

"Penelitian ini membahas pandangan dan keberpihakan mahasiswa di Indonesia yang diutarakan dalam teks opini, terhadap pelegalan pernikahan sesama jenis di Amerika Serikat. Teori analisis wacana kritis dari Norman Fairclough diterapkan sebagai alat analisis utama. Adapun teori argumentasi dari Toulmin dan teori metafungsional dari Halliday digunakan untuk menunjang analisis.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penulis opini menggunakan elemen argumen yang dinyatakan oleh Toulmin, yakni klaim, data, landasan, dukungan, modalitas, dan sanggahan. Selain itu, penulis teks juga memilih diksi dan menyusun gramatika untuk menekankan kebenaran. Terdapat tiga data yang digunakan untuk analisis. Berdasarkan ketiga analisis tersebut, dua mahasiswa dianggap cenderung berpihak kepada pelegalan pernikahan sesama jenis dan satu mahasiswa dianggap cenderung mendebat isu yang sama.

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This study discusses the views and alignments of the students in Indonesia. Their opinion is expressed inside their text about the legalized same-sex marriage in the United States. The theory of critical discourse analysis of Norman Fairclough is applied as the main analysis tool. Toulmin's theory of argumentation and Halliday?s metafunctional theory are also being used to support the analysis.

The results showed that authors used the elements of argumentation expressed by Toulmin, such as claim, ground, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. In addition, the author of the text also chose a unique diction and compiled-grammar to emphasize the truth. There are three data used for the analysis. Based on the analysis, two students considered likely to side with the legalization of same-sex marriage and one student is considered likely to debate the same issue."

"Tugas Karya Akhir ini membahas mengenai proses perumusan RUU American Clean Energy and Security Act tahun 2009 RUU yang diajukan dalam Kongres Amerika Serikat ke 111 ini gagal menjadi UU karena tidak lolos dalam tahap pembahasan di tingkat Kongres. Penulis menemukan bahwa pengaruh pengaruh dari kelompok korporasi dan partai politik yang diduga sebagai pendorong utama atas kegagalan tersebut. Kepentingan kapitalis mereka telah mengalahkan kebutuhan atas perubahan kebijakan lingkungan dan energi Amerika Serikat. Dengan metode penelitian kualitatif teori kapitalisme oleh Bruce R Scott teori perwakilan politik oleh Gilbert Abcarian dan teori kebijakan publik yang disampaikan oleh Charles Lindblom dan Edward Woodhouse dipergunakan dalam karya ini untuk menganalisis kasus tersebut.

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This paper discusses a bill's formulation process of the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 The bill that had been proposed in the US 111th Congress failed to become a law because of it didn't pass the discussion phase in the Congress I find that the influences from corporate groups and political parties are suspected as the main cause for this failure. Their capitalist interests have defeated the need of changes in the environmental and energy policy in the United States. This research used a qualitative method. Capitalism theory from Bruce R Scott political representative theory from Gilbert Abcarian and public policy theory from Charles Lindblom Edward Woodhouse were used in this paper to analyze this case."

"Penelitian ini membahas makna pernikahan yang dilakukan oleh pasangan gay dan lesbian dalam film Dugyeolhanjang. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan tentang alasan seorang gay yang menikahi seorang lesbian untuk sebuah kamuflase bagi diri mereka masing-masing yang dipengaruhi oleh sistem keluarga di masyarakat Korea. Bagi tokoh utama gay di sini ia menikahi seorang lesbian karena lelah dengan pertanyaan menikah dari orang tua dan sekitarnya. Ia takut jika masyarakat tahu bahwa dirinya gay akan menghancurkan kehidupannya. Sedangkan tokoh utama lesbian yang sudah memiliki pasangan wanita ini menikah agar bisa mengadopsi anak dengan mudah.

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This research explains the meaning of gay and lesbian couple marriage which related to the theme of the movie Dugyeolhanjang. This research is qualitative research with descriptive design. The result of this research explains the reason that gay married lesbian is to cover their each identity for being homosexual which affected by family system in Korean society. For the gay, he married the lesbian because he got being tired of people and his parents asking him about marriage. He is afraid if people know that he is gay it will ruins his life. While the lesbian which has girlfriend married gay in order to adopt baby easily."

"ABSTRAKFokus dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyajikan pragmatisme dari Partai Demokrat di Amerika Serikat (AS) atas peran sertanya dalam isu proposal Federal Marriage Amendment (FMA) tahun 2004. Dengan menentang proposal FMA, maka Partai Demokrat dapat memberikan citra sebagai partai politik yang mengakomodir kepentingan kelompok Lesbian, Gay, & Bisexual (LGB). Adapun kepentingan kelompok LGB yang dimaksud adalah tuntutan mereka untuk dapat menikah, yang secara substansi akan tereliminasikan apabila proposal FMA berhasil lolos menjadi Amandemen Konstitusi AS. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk menginterpretasikan mengenai bagaimana Partai Demokrat sebagai sebuah partai politik, memiliki dan menempatkan kepentingan partai sebagai tujuan utama di balik upayanya dalam mengakomodir kepentingan dari kelompok LGB melalui isu proposal FMA. Peristiwa-peristiwa yang melatar-belakangi hadirnya proposal FMA, ditambah faktor-faktor pendukung lainnya, memberikan momentum bagi Partai Demokrat untuk mengupayakan kepentingannya.

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ABSTRACTThis research focuses on presenting the pragmatism of the Democratic Party in the United States (US) with regard to its role and involvement on the issue of Federal Marriage Amendment (FMA) proposal 2004. By means of opposing FMA proposal, so the Democratic Party was enabled set up an image as a political party that accommodated the interest of Lesbian, Gay, & Bisexual (LGB) group. As for the interest of LGB group is referring to their demand to be able to marry, which is substantially will be eliminated if the FMA proposal has succeeding become a US Constitutional Amendment. This research uses qualitative method to interpret how the Democratic Party as a political party has its own interest and placed it as the main goal to be achieved behind their effort in accommodating the interest of the LGB group through the FMA proposal issue. Several events as the background of the FMA proposal, with other supporting factors, gave it momentum so that the Democratic Party was able to attain the partys interest."

"Skripsi ini merupakan hasil penelitian kualitatif yang mengindentifikasikan strategi Invisible Children sebagai civil society dalam memengaruhi Lord's Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act di Amerika Serikat tahun 2009 - 2010. Studi ini menemukan bahwa perpaduan antara pilihan strategi di luar saluran politik formal (outside track) melalui berbagai pendidikan, kampanye, dan advokasi serta strategi di dalam saluran politik formal (inside track) dalam bentuk lobi-lobi politik berimplikasi positif memengaruhi legislasi undang-undang ini. Perpaduan strategi ini dipengaruhi oleh berbagai macam kepentingan dan nilai organisasi maupun hasil riset dan fakta di lapangan. Pada akhirnya, pilihan strategi ini berpengaruh pada pensuasanaan publik terhadap isu (sensitizing) serta dukungan anggota Kongres terhadap legislasi undang-undang tersebut (structural).

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This thesis is a result of a qualitative research which identified the strategies of the Invisible Children in influencing the Lord’s Resistance Army and Northern Uganda Recovery Act of 2010. This study found that the combination between outside track strategies, such as education, campaign and advocacy, and inside tracks, such as political lobbying, had a positive impact in influencing that policy. The combination of these strategies is influenced by a wide range of the organization's interests and values, as well as results of research and facts of the real condition. In the end, the combination of these strategies resulted in public sensitizing and the Congress' structural support on this legislation."

"n this landmark collection of Australian writing spanning well over a century, an Australia emerges that is radically different from the cliched land of bronzed lifesavers and long-suffering sheepfarmers' wives. Robert Dessaix's anthology reflects the diversity, non-conformity and ambiguity that have always been features of Australian society. Remarkably, it confirms that few of the country's most celebrated writers, regardless of their sexuality, have not, at one time or another, written on homosexual themes. Patrick White, David Malouf, Elizabeth Jolley, Frank Moorhouse and Helen Garner are all included, along with a number of newer writers. This rare openness to the illicit and the subversive is just one of the revelations in an entertaining and provocative volume. Through the fiction, poetry and drama of over forty writers, the collection traces the flowering of a rich variety of homosexual sensibilities from colonial times to the present. In a long introductory overview of the literature, Robert Dessaix suggests a number of stimulating readings, and states that his primary consideration is always pleasure for the reader. Erotic, raffish, refined, romantic, rebellious and always perverse, this anthology celebrates the adventurousness and sophistication of Australian writing in ways that cast an exciting new light on Australian cultural history"

"Geo-ekonomi merupakan konsep yang diperdebatkan dalam Ilmu Hubungan Internasional (HI). Edward Luttwak mengatakan bahwa terdapat perubahan relevansi penggunaan power dan instrumen dari militer, menuju ekonomi untuk pemenuhan keamanan negara. Relevansi ekonomi dalam persaingan great power mendorong analisis kompetisi perebutan kapital dan pasar yang sistemis, salah satunya terjadi pada fenomena industri semikonduktor. Pada 8 Agustus 2022, Presiden Amerika Serikat, Joe Biden, resmi menjadikan CHIPS for America Act sebagai undang-undang yang berlaku. Undang-undang ini berisi mengenai penguatan manufaktur dan desain produksi semikonduktor di domestik, sekaligus melindungi rantai nilai semikonduktor AS sebagai visi ekonomi dan keamanan nasional. Hal ini dilakukan dengan mengakomodasi para pelaku bisnis semikonduktor untuk membangun pabrik fabrikasi mereka di AS melalui serangkaian insentif dan kemudahan regulasi. Meskipun begitu, kebijakan ini bertolak belakang dengan pencapaian inovasi, teknologi, dan pertumbuhan industri yang telah didorong oleh pengalihdayaan produksi, utamanya nilai-nilai pasar bebas yang dipromosikan oleh AS. Tulisan ini akan berusaha menjawab ketidaksinambungan tersebut melalui perspektif geo-ekonomi dengan pemetaan jaringan produksi global. Dalam temuan yang ada, jaringan produksi global memperlihatkan interdependensi industri cip AS yang asimetris terhadap Tiongkok dan kawasan Asia Timur, dan perubahan tata kelola industri cip yang semakin kompleks dan koordinatif menuju relasional. Faktor-faktor ini berimplikasi pada pelaksanaan CHIPS for America Act sebagai respon geo-ekonomi AS terhadap ancaman keamanan nasional, terutama dalam usaha AS mempertahankan posisi mereka sebagai hegemoni global.

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Geo-economy is a debated concept in the field of International Relations (IR). Edward Luttwak contended that there had been a change in the relevance of the use of power and instruments from the military to the economy in the national security strategy. The economic relevance of great power competition initiated a systemic analysis of competition for capital and market, which occurs in the recent phenomenon of the semiconductor industry. On August 8, 2022, the President of the United States, Joe Biden, officially introduced the CHIPS for America Act as law. This law is concerned with strengthening the manufacture and design of domestic semiconductor production, while protecting the US semiconductor value chain as an economic and national security vision. The law accommodates semiconductor business players to build their fabrication factories in the US through a series of regulatory incentives and reliefs. Even so, this policy contrasts with the achievements of innovation, technology, and industrial growth that have been driven by the outsourcing of production activities, especially the free and open market values promoted by the US. This paper will attempt to address this anomaly through a geo-economic perspective by mapping global production networks of semiconductor. The existing findings on the global production network show the asymmetrical interdependence of the US chip industry towards China and the East Asian region, and dynamics in chip industry governance that are increasingly complex and coordinative towards relational governance. These factors promote the implementation of the CHIPS for America Act as the US geo-economic response to national security threats, especially in the US effort to maintain their position as global hegemony."

"Tulisan ini menjelaskan tentang mengapa suatu negara tetap mempertahankan kerangka aliansi dengan negara lain, terlepas dari perlakuan negara tersebut yang cenderung menjatuhkan negara aliansinya. Analisis dalam tesis ini menggunakan teori dilema keamanan aliansi dari Snyder untuk menjelaskan alasan mengapa Korea Selatan memilih untuk menggunakan strategi cooperate dalam menghadapi dilema aliansi dengan Amerika Serikat dibawah masa pemerintahan Presiden Donald Trump tahun 2017 – 2021. Hasil dari penelitian yang menggunakan kualitatif-deskriptif ini menunjukkan bahwa pilihan Korea Selatan menggunakan strategi cooperate tersebut adalah untuk menghindari konsekuensi diabaikan (abandonment) oleh Amerika Serikat, sekutunya yang merupakan negara patron (pelindung). Penggunaan strategi cooperate ini selanjutnya di jelaskan dalam tesis ini karena dipengaruhi oleh 2 faktor penentu yaitu faktor possible of consequences dan faktor determinant of choices. Berdasarkan kedua sudut pandang faktor tersebut, Korea Selatan mempertahankan aliansi dengan Amerika Serikat selain karena takut akan risiko ditinggalkan, yaitu faktor kergantungan, kepentingan strategis, kejelasan kesepakatan dalam aliansi, serta tingkat kepentingan sekutu juga merupakan alasan Korea Selatan untuk mempertahankan aliansi dengan Amerika Serikat.

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The present study explains why a country maintains an alliance framework with other countries, regardless of the country's treatment which likely brings down its allies. The analysis applied an alliance security dilemma theory by Snyder to clarify the reasons why South Korea preferred to use a cooperative strategy in dealing with the dilemma of alliance with the United States under the President Donald Trump administration of 2017-2021. The results of the present qualitative - descriptive study showed that South Korea’s preference to use the cooperative strategy aimed at avoiding a consequence of being neglected (abandonment) by the United States that is the patron ally (protector). The use of the cooperative strategy was later emphasized in this study as it was influenced by two determinants, namely the possible of consequences and the determinant of choices. Based on perspectives of these two factors, South Korea maintains an alliance with the United States apart from being apprehensive to be left, which is a dependency factor, strategic interests, clarity of the deal in the alliance and the ally’s level of interest are also the South Korea’s reasons to maintain an alliance with the United States."

"Perjanjian perkawinan belum diketahui secara luas oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Meskipun demikian, perjanjian perkawinan dapat dianggap penting terutama dalam perkawinan campuran mengingat dampak yang dihasilkan dari perkawinan itu sendiri cukup besar. Skripsi ini membahas mengenai pengaturan perjanjian perkawinan dalam perkawinan campuran di Indonesia yakni dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata dan Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan dan membandingkan pengaturan di Texas, Amerika Serikat yakni Texas Family Code dan Uniform Premarital Agreement Act. Penelitian yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian doktrinal untuk melakukan perbandingan pengaturan antara Indonesia dan Texas, Amerika Serikat. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah pengaturan mengenai perjanjian perkawinan dalam perkawinan campuran di Indonesia diperlukan adanya kepastian hukum karena dalam prakteknya masih terdapat ketidaksesuaian berkaitan dengan pengaturan perjanjian perkawinan dalam perkawinan campuran. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan pemerintah sebagai lembaga yang berwenang untuk lebih memperhatikan pengaturan mengenai perjanjian perkawinan dalam perkawinan campuran agar prosedur, akibat hukum, serta legalitas dari perjanjian perkawinan itu sendiri memiliki kepastian.

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Prenuptial agreement is still not widely known by the Indonesian people. However, marriage agreements can be considered important, especially in mixed marriages, considering the significant impact of the marriage itself. This thesis discusses the regulation of prenuptial agreement in mixed marriages in Indonesia namely in the Indonesian Civil Code and the Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974 and compares the with those in Texas, United States namely Texas Family Code and Uniform Premarital Agreement Act. The research used in this thesis is doctrinal research to compare the regulations between Indonesia and Texas, United States. The results of this study are that the regulation of prenuptial agreement in mixed marriages in Indonesia requires legal certainty because in practice there are still inconsistencies related to the regulation of prenuptial agreement in mixed marriages. This can be done by the government as the authorized institution to pay more attention to the regulation of prenuptial agreement in mixed marriages so that the procedures, legal consequences, and legality of the prenuptial agreement themselves have certainty."