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"[ABSTRAKPasien penyakit ginjal kronik derajat 5 mengalami suatu keadaan di mana ginjal sama sekali tidak dapat mempertahankan homeostasis metabolisme tubuh sehingga membutuhkan terapi pengganti ginjal. Terapi pengganti ginjal yang paling sering dipilih oleh pasien PGK derajat 5 adalah hemodialisis. Perubahan metabolik pada PGK derajat 5 dengan hemodialisis dapat disebabkan oleh gangguan fungsi ginjal dan proses hemodialisis. Perubahan metabolik tersebut antara lain gangguan keseimbangan cairan, dan asam basa serta gangguanmetabolisme protein, karbohidrat, dan lemak. Dibutuhkan terapi terintegrasi pada pasien PGK yang terdiri atas terapi farmakologi, terapi pengganti ginjal, terapi nutrisi dan dukungan psikologis. Peran nutrisi dalam menurunkan komplikasi dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup sangat penting dalam tatalaksana pasien PGK. Pemberian nutrisi pada pasien PGK dengan hemodialisis bertujuan untuk mengatasi gejala akibat gangguan ginjal dan mencegah komplikasi akibat progresivitas kerusakan ginjal. Pemberian nutrisi yang tepat dapat dilakukan dengan memahami patofisiologi yang terjadi pada pasien PGK dan proseshemodialisis yang dipilih sebagai terapi pengganti ginjal. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, dilaporkan empat serial kasus pada pasien PGK derajat 5 dengan hemodialisis rutin. Diberikan terapi nutrisi sesuai panduan yaitu energi 30-35 kkal per kg berat badan, protein 1,2 g per kg berat badan, lemak 25-30% energi total, dan karbohidrat 60-65% energi total. Diketahui bahwa penyebab asupan tidak terpenuhi adalah keadaan klinis yaitu sesak, penurunan kesadaran, dan gangguan saluran cerna yaitu mual dan muntah.

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ABSTRACTStage 5 of chronic kidney disease represents total inability of kidneys to maintain body homeostasis normally. At this stage, it is necessary to use methods that substitute kidney function such as hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplantation. The most used method is hemodialysis. Metabolic changes in stage 5 of chronic kidney disease can be caused by kidney disease itself and also hemodialysis treatment. Metabolic complications of chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis include changes in acid-base balance and metabolism of proteins,carbohydrates and lipids. Patients need integrated therapy that consist of medicine, kidney function substitution, nutrition, and psychological support. Nutrition therapy is important in chronic kidney disease therapy because it can help to decrease complication and to increase quality of life. The purpose of nutrition therapy in chronic kidney disease are to overcome the symtoms and to prevent the complication that caused by kidney disease. Nutrition therapy can be done properly by understand the pathophysiologycal mechanism and the process of hemodialysis. Based on the description, four cases of stage 5 of chronic kidney disease with hemodialysis are reported here. The nutrition which is given consist of energy 30-35 kkal per kg body weight, protein 1,2 g per kg body weight, lipid 25-30 % total energy, and carbohydrate 60-65 % total energy. There is inadequacy of intake due to clinical conditions such as dispnoe, the decreased of consciousness, and intestinal disturbance like nausea and vomit. Stage 5 of chronic kidney disease represents total inability of kidneys to maintain body homeostasis normally. At this stage, it is necessary to use methods thatsubstitute kidney function such as hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplantation. The most used method is hemodialysis. Metabolic changes in stage 5 of chronic kidney disease can be caused by kidney disease itself and also hemodialysis treatment. Metabolic complications of chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis include changes in acid-base balance and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Patients need integrated therapy that consist of medicine, kidney function substitution, nutrition, and psychological support. Nutrition therapy is important in chronic kidney disease therapy because it can help to decrease complication and to increase quality of life. The purpose of nutrition therapy in chronic kidney disease are to overcome the symtoms and to prevent the complication that caused by kidney disease. Nutrition therapy can be done properly by understand the pathophysiologycal mechanism and the process of hemodialysis. Based on the description, four cases of stage 5 of chronic kidney disease with hemodialysis are reported here. The nutrition which is given consist of energy 30-35 kkal per kg body weight, protein 1,2 g per kg body weight, lipid 25-30 % total energy, and carbohydrate 60-65 % total energy. There is inadequacy of intake due to clinical conditions such as dispnoe, the decreased of consciousness, and intestinal disturbance like nausea and vomit., Stage 5 of chronic kidney disease represents total inability of kidneys to maintainbody homeostasis normally. At this stage, it is necessary to use methods thatsubstitute kidney function such as hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidneytransplantation. The most used method is hemodialysis. Metabolic changes instage 5 of chronic kidney disease can be caused by kidney disease itself and alsohemodialysis treatment. Metabolic complications of chronic kidney disease andhemodialysis include changes in acid-base balance and metabolism of proteins,carbohydrates and lipids. Patients need integrated therapy that consist of medicine, kidney function substitution, nutrition, and psychological support. Nutrition therapy is important in chronic kidney disease therapy because it can help to decrease complicationand to increase quality of life. The purpose of nutrition therapy in chronic kidney disease are toovercome the symtoms and to prevent the complication that caused by kidneydisease. Nutrition therapy can be done properly by understand thepathophysiologycal mechanism and the process of hemodialysis. Based on the description, four cases of stage 5 of chronic kidney diseasewith hemodialysis are reported here. The nutrition which is given consist ofenergy 30–35 kkal per kg body weight, protein 1,2 g per kg body weight, lipid25–30 % total energy, and carbohydrate 60–65 % total energy. There isinadequacy of intake due to clinical conditions such as dispnoe, the decreased of consciousness, and intestinal disturbance like nausea and vomit.]"

"Protein energy wasting (PEW) merupakan sindrom gangguan nutrisi yang sering terjadipada pasien penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK) dengan hemodialisis rutin sekitar 28-80%.Proses hemodialisis dapat meyebabkan hilangnya nutrien seperti asama amino,meningkatkan proses inflamasi yang kemudian dapat meningkatkan katabolisme protein,dan dapat menghambat utilisasi asam amino dalam sintesis protein. Jika tidak ditangani,PEW dapat meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien PGK. Tujuan utamapenelitian adalah untuk mengetahui profil asam amino pasien PGK dengan hemodialisisrutin. Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang dengan 60 subjek pasien PGK usia >18tahun dengan hemodialisis rutin di RS. Umum Pusat Nasional Dr. Cipto Mangukusumo.Sampel berupa dried blood spot (DBS) dan pemeriksaan asam amino menggunakanmetode Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Asam aminoyang diperiksa adalah asam amino nonesensial (alanin, arginin, asam aspartat, asamglutamat, asparagin, glisin, glutamin, prolin, serin, tirosin), esensial (histidin, fenilalanin,isoleusin, leusin, lisin, metionin, treonin, triptofan, valin), dan khusus (ornitin, sitrulin).Hasil penelitian didapatkan hampir semua kadar asam amino pada subjek lebih rendahterutama alanin, tirosin, histidin, dan valin; sebaliknya asam aspartat dan serin ditemukanlebih tinggi kadarnya dibandingkan nilai rujukan Mayo dan data internal dewasa sehat.Didapatkan adanya hubungan bermakna antara jenis kelamin dengan fenilalanin,isoleusin, leusin; hipoalbuminemia (albumin <4 g/dL) dengan glisin; hipoalbuminemia(<3,5 g/dL) dengan arginin, asam aspartat, asparagin, histidin, lisin, metionin, danornitin. Didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna antara usia dengan BCAA (isoleusin, leusin,valin), dan metionin; dan hemoglobin dengan isoleusin. Penelitian ini merupakanpenilitian pertama tentang profil asam amino pada pasien PGK dengan hemodialisis diIndonesia dan penelitian pertama kali yang menggunakan sampel DBS pada orangdewasa. Dengan diketahuinya profil asam amino pada PGK dapat dimanfaatkan sebagaidasar pemberian jenis suplementasi asam amino yang sesuai dengan populasi pasien PGKdengan hemodialisis di Indonesia.

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Protein energy wasting (PEW) is a nutritional disorder syndrome that often occurs in

patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on routine hemodialysis around 28-80%. The

process of hemodialysis can cause the loss of nutrients such as amino acids, increase the

inflammatory process which can increase protein catabolism, and be able to inhibit the

utilization of amino acids in protein synthesis. If untreated, PEW can increase the

morbidity and mortality of CKD patients. The main objective of the study was to

determine the amino acid profile of CKD patients on routine hemodialysis. The study

design was cross sectional with 60 subjects of CKD patients aged >18 years on routine

hemodialysis at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National Public Hospital. Samples in the form

of dried blood spot (DBS) and amino acid examination using the Liquid Chromatography

Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Amino acids examined were

nonessential amino acids (alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine,

glycine, glutamine, proline, serine, tyrosine), essential (histidine, phenylalanine,

isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, glycine, glutamine, proline, serine, tyrosine),

special (ornithine, citrulline). The results showed that almost all amino acid levels in the

subjects were lower especially alanine, tyrosine, histidine, and valine; in contrast, aspartic

acid and serine were found to be higher than Mayo reference value and internal data of

healthy adults. A significant relationship was found between gender and phenylalanine,

isoleucine, leucine; hypoalbuminemia (albumin <4g/dL) with glycine; hypoalbuminemia

(<3.5 g/dL) with arginine, aspartate acid, asparagine, histidine, lysine, methionine, and

ornithine. Significant correlation was obtained between age with BCAA (isoleucine,

leucine, valine), and methionine; and hemoglobin with isoleucine. This study is the first

study of the amino acid profile in CKD patients with hemodialysis in Indonesia and the

first study using DBS samples in adults. Knowing the amino acid profile in CKD can be

used as a basis for the of amino acid supplementation that is suitable for the population

of CKD patients with hemodialysis in Indonesia."

"ABSTRAK Analisis Praktik Residensi Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Pada Pasien Gangguan Sistem Perkemihan Dengan Kasus Gagal Ginjal Kronik Stage V Menggunakan Pendekatan Model Keperawatan Adaptasi Roy Di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Diana Rhismawati Djupri2017 AbstrakPraktek klinik Ners Spesialis Keperawatan Medikal Bedah Sistem Perkemihan adalah untuk mampu melakukan dan menganalisa asuhan keperawatan pada pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik Stage V dan 30 pasien lain yang mengalami gangguan pada sistem perkemihan. Selain itu mampu menerapkan Evidence Based Nursing Practice EBNP dan sebagai inovator di ruang perawatan maupun di ruang rawat jalan. Peran pemberi asuhan keperawatan menggunakan Model Adaptasi Roy. Perilaku adaptasi fisiologi yang banyak mengalami gangguan adalah cairan dan masalah keperawatan yang banyak muncul adalah hipervolemia, sehingga intervensi yang diberikan adalah pencatatan secara akurat intake dan output, edukasi pembatasan cairan. Penerapan EBNP yang dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan identifikasi tingkat fatigue pada pasien Gagal Ginjal Kronik Stage V dengan menggunakan instrumen FACIT-F, sehingga dapat diketahui tingkat fatigue pasien dan dapat dilakukan asuhan keperawatan yang komprehensif. Program inovasi yang dilakukan adalah Range of Motion pada pasien intrahemodialisis untuk meningkatkan adekuasi hemodialisis dikaitkan dengan tingkat fatigue menggunakan instrumen FACIT-F Kata Kunci : fatigue, ROM exercise, gagal ginjal kronik, hemodialysis, FACIT-FABSTRACT Analysis of Medical Surgical Nursing Residency Practice on UrinarySystem Disorders with Chronic Kidney Disease CKD STAGE V Cases Using Roy Adaptation Model Approach at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in Jakarta Diana Rhismawati Djupri2017 Abstract Ners Specialist Urinary System is to be able to perform and analyze nursing care in patients with Chronic Kidney Desease CKD Stage V and 30 other patients with urinary system disorders. It is also capable of implementing Evidence Based Nursing Practice EBNP and as an innovator in the treatment room as well as in the outpatient room. The role of nursing care providers uses the Roy Adaptation Model. Behavioral adaptation of many disordered physiology is fluid and nursing problems that many appear is hypervolemia, so that intervention given is accurate recording intake and output, fluid restriction education. Implementation of EBNP is done by identifying fatigue level in patients with Chronic Kidney Desease CKD Stage V using FACIT F instrument, so that can know fatigue level of patient and can be done comprehensive nursing care. The innovation program performed was the Range of Motion in intrahemodialysis patients to improve the hemodialysis adequacy associated with fatigue levels using the FACIT F instrument. Keywords fatigue, ROM exercise, Chronic Kidney Desease, hemodialysis, FACIT F"

"Penulisan karya ilmiah ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis asuhan keperawatan pada pasien gagal ginjal kronis (GGK) dengan pendekatan Keperawatan Kesehatan Masyarakat Perkotaan dalam seting Keperawatan Medikal Bedah. Gagal ginjal kronis merupakan kondisi ketidakmampuan ginjal melakukan fungsinya. GGK dipicu oleh berbagai faktor antara lain gaya hidup misalnya dengan mengkonsusmsi minuman beralkohol, maupun obat-obatan; kurang minum air putih; riwayat penyakit sebelumya; serta kurangnya olahraga. Gagal ginjal kronis dapat menimbulkan komplikasi gagal jantung dan berujung kematian. Perawat melakukan berbagai upaya promotif, preventif, kuratif, rehabilitatif serta resosiliatif kepada sasaran sebagai asuhan keperawatan untuk mencegah kenaikan kasus gagal ginjal. Kesadaran untuk menjaga kesehatan ginjal dengan edukasi dapat mencegah individu untuk sakit gagal ginjal kronis ataupun komplikasi dari gagal ginjal kronis. Penatalaksanaan gagal ginjal kronis meliputi pembatasan cairan, diet rendah protein, kalium dan natrium. Praktikan merekomendasikan untuk melakukan asuhan keperawatan secara komprehensif kepada pasien GGK untuk untuk meningkatkan derajat kesehatan klien.

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Writing scientific papers aims to analyze nursing care to patients of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with approach the Urban Community Health Nursing in Medical Surgical Nursing setting. Chronic kidney disease is the inability of the kidney to perform its function. CKD triggered by various factors such as lifestyle such as alcohol, or drugs consume; less drinking water; history of previous illness, and lack of exercise. Complication of CKD can lead to heart failure and lead to death. Nurses perform a variety of promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and resosiliatif to target as nursing care to prevent a rise in cases of kidney failure. Education can prevent from CKD or the complications, so we have to maintain kidney health awareness. Management of CKD include fluid restriction, a diet low in protein, potassium and sodium. Practician recommend to perform a comprehensive nursing care to patients for the CKD to improve client's health."

"Pendahuluan: Acute kidney injury AKI merupakan komplikasi gagal organ pada sepsis yang dapat meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas di ICU. Hasil dan pembahasan: Pemenuhan nutrisi pada pasien sepsis dengan AKI sangat tergantung pada keadaan klinis pasien dan terapi AKI. Pada serial kasus ini terdapat satu pasien sepsis dengan AKI klasifikasi AKIN 2 dan 3 pasien dengan AKI klasifikasi AKIN 3. Kebutuhan nutrisi pada pasien sepsis dengan AKI klasifikasi AKIN 2 maupun sepsis dengan AKI AKIN 3 selama perawatan di ICU diberikan dengan target energi 30 kkal/kg BB/hari dan protein 1,5 g/kg BB/hari. Perburukan fungsi ginjal pada pasien sepsis dengan AKI tidak disebabkan oleh pemberian nutrisi tinggi protein melainkan disebabkan oleh keadaan sepsis yang tidak teratasi. Terapi renal replacement therapy RRT dibutuhkan pada pasien sepsis dengan AKI klasifikasi AKIN 2 dan AKIN 3 agar nutrisi dapat diberikan secara optimal untuk menunjang perbaikan klinis. Terapi nutrisi optimal pada pasien sepsis dengan AKI dapat mempertahankan lean body mass, memperbaiki sistem imun, dan memperbaiki fungsi metabolik. Kesimpulan: Terapi nutrisi yang adekuat dengan energi 30 kkal/kg BB/hari dan protein 1,5 g/kg BB/hari pada pasien sepsis dengan AKI dapat menunjang perbaikan klinis.

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Introduction Acute kidney injury AKI is an organ failure complication in sepsis that increased morbidity and mortality in ICU.Results and discussion Nutrition in sepsis with AKI patients are dependent on clinical condition and AKI treatment. In this serial case displayed one case septic AKI classification AKIN 2 and three cases septic AKI classification AKIN 3.

Nutritional requirements for sepsis with AKI classification AKIN 2 and AKI classification AKIN 3 in ICU setting were targetted at 30 kkal kg body weight day and protein 1,5 g kg body weight day. Worsening renal function in sepsis with AKI are not caused by high protein intake but caused by unresolved infection. Renal replacement therapy is required in sepsis with AKI classification AKIN 2 and AKIN 3 to maintain adequate nutritional therapy for better clinical outcomes.

The optimal nutritional therapy in sepsis with AKI aimed to maintain lean body mass, improved immune function, and metabolism.Conclusion Adequate nutritional therapy with energy 30 kkal kg body weight day and protein 1,5 g kg body weight day in sepsis with AKI can bolster better clinical outcomes."

"Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan asuhan keperawatan pasien dengan Gagal Ginjal Kronis (GGK) melalui pendekatan Keperawatan Kesehatan Masyarakat Perkotaan (KKMP). World Health Organization (WHO) memperkirakan pada tahun 2050, 70% penduduk dunia akan tinggal di perkotaan. Padatnya penduduk yang tinggal di satu kota mengakibatkan terjadinya perubahan gaya hidup masyarakat perkotaan seperti konsumsi makanan olahan, kurang aktivitas, merokok, penggunaan alkohol, dan obat-obatan yang meningkatkan risiko hipertensi dan diabetes melitus. Kedua masalah tersebut merupakan penyebab utama terjadinya Gagal Ginjal Kronis (GGK). Analisis dilakukan terhadap asuhan keperawatan pada tingkat individu pada pasien dengan masalah kesehatan Gagal Ginjal Kronis di rumah sakit. Asuhan keperawatan pasien dengan GGK di rumah sakit berada pada tingkat perawatan kesehatan tersier dimana pasien mengalami kondisi patologis yang luas dan disertai komplikasi. Manajemen keperawatan yang dilakukan adalah modifikasi gaya hidup melalui diit dan aktivitas. Ketidakpatuhan pasien terhadap manajemen GGK karena kurangnya pengetahuan merupakan masalah keperawatan yang diintervensi. Perubahan gaya hidup pasien yang dipengaruhi oleh keyakinan-kesehatan pasien berkaitan dengan karakteristik pasien sebagai masyarakat perkotaan. Praktikan merekomendasikan perawat memberikan asuhan keperawatan menggunakan pendekatan KKMP untuk dapat memahami dan memperkirakan perilaku pasien terhadap kesehatan mereka dan bagaimana mereka mematuhi terapi yang diberikan.

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The aims of this paper was to describe the practice of nursing care of patients with CKD with Urban Public Health Nursing approach. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates at 2050, 70% of world population will live in cities. Dense population living in one city resulted a change of lifestyle such as consumption of processed foods, less activity, smoking, alcohol use, and medications that increase the risk of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Both problems are a major cause of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).

Analysis was performed on nursing care at the individual level at the hospital. Nursing care of patients with CKD were hospitalized at a tertiary level of health care that patients have pathological conditions accompanied by complications.

Nursing management of patient with CKD are diet and activity modification. Noncompliance patient due to lack of knowledge is a matter of nursing intervention. Changes in the patient's lifestyle is influenced by the patient's health beliefs related to patient characteristics as urban communities.

Provide nursing care with Urban Public Health Nursing approach makes nurses understand and predict the behavior of the patients on their health and how they adhere to the therapy."

"Latar belakang : Inflamasi dan stres oksidatif merupakan faktor risiko terhadap penyakit kardiovaskuler pada pasien penyakit ginjal kronis yang menjalani hemodialisis. Pasien hemodialisis kronis akan mengalami peningkatan kadar hs-CRP.hs-CRP merupakan marker inflamasi yang telah terbukti pada beberapa penelitian bermanfaat dalam memprediksi cardiovascular event. Pemberian N-Acetylcysteine(NAC)oral dapat digunakan sebagai strategi untuk menurunkan proses inflamasi yaitu disfungsi endotel dan stress oksidatif yang berperan pada atherosclerosis pada pasien hemodialisis sehingga dapat menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas karena penyakit kardiovaskuler. Tujuan penelitian : Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian N-Acetylcysteine oral terhadap penurunan kadar hs-CRP pada pasien hemodialisis kronis. Metode : Penelitian eksperimen dengan Randomized Double Blind Controlled Trial yang dilakukan selama periode Agustus sampai Oktober 2013 di unit hemodialisis RS.Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta. Subjek penelitian ini adalah pasien dengan penyakit ginjal kronis yang menjalani hemodialisis. Sebanyak 87 subjek direkrut, hanya 65 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi sebagai sampel. Sampel dirandomisasi menjadi dua kelompok, 33 subjek kelompok intervensi yang mendapatkan NAC 2x600 mg per hari dan 32 subjek kelompok kontrol yang menerima placebo 2x1 per hari selama dua bulan (60 hari). Terdapat 5 subjek yang drop out, sehingga hanya 60 subjek yang dapat menyelesaikan penelitian 30 subjek dalam kelompok NAC dan 30 subjek placebo. hs-CRP diukur dalam tiga interval waktu, sebelum (baseline), setelah bulan pertama (post 1), dan setelah bulan kedua (post 2). Hasil : Perlakuan dengan NAC oral selama 60 hari tidak memberikan perbedaan dibanding dengan plasebo. Analisis statistik dengan Mann Whitney menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada penurunan kadar hs-CRP yang signifikan diantara kedua kelompok dengan p value Δ post1-baseline, Δ post2-baseline, and Δ post2-post1 kelompok NAC disbanding kelompok placebo secara berurutan (p=0.796, p=0.379, p=0.712). Kami juga mencoba membandingkan penurunan kadar hs-CRP secara statistik pada tiap kelompok untuk tiga interval pengukuran hs-CRP dengan menggunakan uji Wilcoxon Signed Ranks hasilnya menunjukkan p value dari perbandingan kadar hs-CRP untuk masing-masing kelompok Baseline:Post1,Baseline:Post2,Post1:Post 2 (kelompok NAC vs kelompok plasebo) secara berurutan (0.821vs0.651; 0.845vs0.358; 0.905vs0.789).

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Background: Inflammation and oxidative stress are the risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis will have elevated levels of hs-CRP. hs-CRP is a marker of inflammation that has been provenin several studies use fulto predict cardiovascular events. The administration of oral N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) can be used as a strategy lowering the in flammatory process which end o the lialdys function and oxidative stress play a role in a the rosclerosis for hemodialysis patients there fore reduces morbidity and mortalitydue to cardiovascular disease. Objective: To determine the effect of oral N-Acetylcysteine in lowering the levels of hs-CRPin chronic hemodialysis patients. Methods: Randomized Double Blind Controlled Trialexperimental study conducted during the period August to November 2013 in the hemodialysis unit of Cipto Mangun kusumo Hospital. The subjects were patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Eighty seven subjects were recruited, but only 65 subjects matched for inclusion criteria as samples. The samples were randomized into two groups : intervention group 33 subjects who received NAC2x600 mg per day and control group of 32 subjects who received placebo, both groups consumed the medicine for two months (60 days). There were 5 subjects dropped out, so there search completed by the end of 60 subjects with 30 subjects in NAC groupand 30 subjects in the placebo group. The hs-CRP levels were measuredin 3 interval of time, before (baseline), the first month (post1), and second month (post2). Result: Treatment with oral NAC for 60 days did not give any difference compare to PB. Statistically analysis with Mann Whitney test showed that there is no significant decrease of hs-CRP levels between two groups with the p value of Δ post1-baseline, Δ post2-baseline, and Δ post2-post1 NAC group compare to plasebo group respectively (p=0.796, p=0.379, p=0.712). We also try to compare the decrease of hs-CRP levels statistically in each group for 3 interval of hs-CRP check with Signed Ranks Wilcoxon test. The result showed p value of hs-CRP levels comparison within each group for Baseline : Post1, Baseline :Post2,Post1:Post2 (NAC group vs plasebo group)respectively (0.821vs0.651; 0.845vs0.358; 0.905vs 0.789). Conclusion: The administration of oral NAChas not been shown lowering the levels of hs-CRPin chronic hemodialysis patients."

"Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya CKD, dan hipertensi juga merupakan komplikasi dari CKD yang dapat memperburuk kasus CKD. Perilaku tidak sehat masyarakat perkotaan di Indonesia sangat mempengaruhi kasus CKD maupun hipertensi. Karya Ilmiah Akhir Ners ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis intervensi pengontrolan tekanan darah untuk mencegah perburukan pada pasien CKD di Ruang Rawat IPD, Lantai 7 Zona A, RSUP Cipto Mangunkusumo. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah metode studi kasus dan analisa penelitian yang telah ada. Hasil analisa yang didapatkan menunjukkan bahwa intervensi pengontrolan tekanan darah dapat menurunkan sistolik dan diastolik. Pengontrolan yang dapat dilakukan oleh perawat adalah: memeriksa dan mengawasi tekanan darah harian pasien, mengajarkan bagaimana cara yang benar untuk mengecek tekanan darah secara manual ataupun digital di rumah, dan memberikan pendidikan kesehatan terkait: patofisiologi hipertensi pada CKD; resiko hipertensi pada CKD; pentingnya memantau dan mencatat tekanan darah setiap hari; pembatasan asupan garam; dan retriksi cairan.

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Hypertension is one of the causes of CKD, and it is a complication of CKD that can accelerate progression of renal disease. Unhealthy behaviors among urban communities in Indonesia greatly affect to CKD and hypertension. This final clinical nursing paper aimed to analyze blood pressure control intervention to preventing accelerating of progression to patient CKD in Internal Medicine Room Care, 7th floor Zone A, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The methods are case study and analyze existing research. Result shown that the intervention did significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure. A nurse can control the blood pressure with many ways, they are: measure and monitor daily blood pressure of the patient, teaching the patient how to proper blood pressure measurement technique, and health education about: pathophysiology of hypertension on CKD; risk of hypertension on CKD; to measure and record his/her own blood pressure, whenever possible; salt restriction; and fluid restriction."

"Tata laksana nutrisi pada pasien penyakit ginjal kronik dalam hemodialisis, bertujuan menilai peran nutrisi, yang mencakup pemberian makronutrien, mikronutrien, manajemen cairan dan elektrolit dalam mengendalikan kerusakan ginjal. Gangguan fungsi ginjal dapat menyebabkan menurunnya asupan, dan perubahan metabolisme berbagai nutrien, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan pasien jatuh pada kondisi malnutrisi dan berbagai komplikasi. Serial kasus ini terdiri dari empat kasus penyakit ginjal kronik dengan berbagai etiologi dan komorbid. Pasien pada serial kasus ini, mempunyai rentang usia pasien antara 30 - 52 tahun. Umumnya pasien mengalami sesak napas, mual, muntah, anoreksia, edema dan berdasarkan hasil skrining gizi menunjukkan semua pasien memerlukan terapi nutrisi. Terapi nutrisi diberikan sesuai dengan kebutuhan masing-masing pasien, yang dihitung dengan rumus Harris Benedict dikalikan faktor stres dan pemberiannya dimulai dari kebutuhan energi basal, yang secara bertahap ditingkatkan hingga mencapai kebutuhan energi total. Kebutuhan protein disesuaikan dengan laju filtrasi glomerulus pada masing-masing pasien. Pemantauan terapi nutrisi pada satu orang pasien selama tujuh hari, sedangkan tiga pasiennya dilakukan pemantauan selama sepuluh hari atau lebih. Pemantauan mencakup toleransi asupan makanan, kapasitas fungsional, imbang cairan, parameter laboratorium dan antropometrik serta dilakukan edukasi setiap hari. Selama pemantauan didapatkan hasil bahwa, terjadi perbaikan klinis, toleransi asupan, sebagian besar pasien dapat mencapai kebutuhan kalori total. Kebutuhan protein dihitung kembali setelah dilakukan hemodialisis. Pemeriksaan kadar ureum, kreatinin dan perhitungan creatinine clearance test menunjukkan perbaikan, walaupun tidak mencapai kadar normal. Sejalan dengan perbaikan klinis, terjadi perbaikan kondisi pasien secara umum, termasuk kapasitas fungsional. Penilaian berat badan pasien menunjukkan penurunan berat badan, sejalan dengan perbaikan kondisi edema. Pemberian nutrisi pada pasien dengan penyakit ginjal kronik stadium 5, bersifat individual dan harus disertai edukasi nutrisi dan motivasi setiap hari. Dengan tata laksana nutrisi yang baik, diharapkan kualitas hidup pasien PGK akan lebih baik, dan dapat turut mengendalikan berbagai komplikasi yang mungkin terjadi.

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Treatment of nutrition in patients with Chronic Kidney Desease (CKD) aims to assess the role of nutrition, which includes the provision of macronutrient, micronutrient, fluid and electrolyte management in controlling renal impairment, in patients with CKD stage 5 on hemodialysis therapy. Impaired kidney function may lead to decreased intake, and changes in metabolism of various nutrients, which can lead to patient falls on the condition of malnutrition and other complications. This case series consisted of four cases of chronic kidney disease with various etiologies and comorbid.

Patients in this case series are two patients aged between 30 to 52 years old. Generally, patients experience shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, edema, and based on nutritional screening results showed all patients requiring nutritional therapy. Nutritional therapy is given according to the needs, that is count by Harris Benedict equation, and each patient at the beginning, provided the basal energy needs, which gradually increased to reach the total energy needs. Protein needs are given according to the glomerular filtration rate, and increased when the patient was in hemodialysis. Nutritional therapy in one patient is monitored for seven days, while three of the patients are monitored for ten days or more. Monitoring includes food intake tolerance, functional capacity, fluid balance, anthropometric and laboratory, and nutrition education is conducted every day.

The result of treatment during monitoring period shows that, there is improvement of general status, tolerance intake, most patients could achieve total caloric needs. Examination of the levels of urea, creatinine and calculation of creatinine clearance test showed improvement, although did not reach normal levels. During the monitoring, in line with the clinical improvement, the patient's condition was generally improving, including functional capacity. Assessment of the patient's weight showed weight loss, along with the improvement of the condition of edema.

Nutrition treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 is individualize and must be accompanied by daily nutrition education and motivation. With good nutrition governance, quality of life of CKD patients will be better, and it can also control variety of complications that may occur."