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"ABSTRAK Recently, trade liberalization issue particularly in agriculture sector has become the main issue in Doha Development Agenda-WTO. Trade liberalization in agriculture sector affected trade flow of primary agriculture products in global market particularly from developing countries to developed countries. This study analyzes the impact of trade liberalization in agriculture sector on macro and economic sectors of Indonesia, using general equilibrium economic model approach by employing GTAP model. It uses the data from the GTAP Version7. The main results show that trade liberalization in agriculture sector benefited developed countries such as the United States of America, Rusia, and European Union. On the other hand, some developing countries such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Indonesia were negatively affected. Furthermore, trade liberalization in agriculture sector reduced output of agriculture sector in Indonesia. Nevertheless, the output of manufacturing sector increased because of reallocation of input factor from agriculture to manufacturing."

"Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari keterbukaan perdagangan terhadap korupsi pada 18 ekonomi anggota APEC. Pengukuran keterbukaan perdagangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari dua pengukuran yaitu trade intensity dan composite trade intensity. Penelitian ini menggunakan data 18 ekonomi selama tahun 2002-2011. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa keterbukaan perdagangan mampu mengurangi korupsi, oleh karena itu pengurangan hambatan perdagangan perlu dilakukan sebagai usaha untuk mengurangi tingkat korupsi di ekonomi APEC.

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The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of trade openness on corruption in 18 economies member of APEC. This study uses two measurements of trade openness, trade intensity and composite trade intensity. This study uses the data from 18 APEC economies during 2002-2011. The result of this research shows that trade openness both in trade intensity and composite trade intensity can reduce the corruption."

"Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami bagaimana pengaruh dari pengumuman deviden tehadap return, volume dan frekuensi perdagangan saham perusahaan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk tahun 2007 dengan menggunakan data pengumuman deviden saham-saham perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Periode observasi selama 21 hari yaitu 10 hari sebelum tanggal exdeviden hingga 10 hari setelah tanggal ex-deviden. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari 88 perusahaan dengan total observasi sebanyak 102 pengumuman deviden. Metode event study digunakan untuk mengetahui bagaimana dampak dari keputusan yang dibuat oleh investor pada sekitar periode observasi. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pengumuman deviden yang diproksikan dengan dividend per share terhadap return, volume dan frekuensi perdagangan saham di sekitar periode observasi. Didukung pula oleh hasil temuan tidak terdapat perbedaan average abnormal return, average abnormal volume, dan average frequency yang signifikan sebelum dan sesudah tanggal ex-deviden baik untuk pengumuman kenaikan deviden ataupun penurunan deviden. Namun hasil pengujian tambahan membuktikan bahwa pengumuman perubahan deviden menghasilkan nilai cumulative abnormal return, cumulative abnormal volume, dan cumulative frequency yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan pengumuman deviden tetap.

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This research is aimed to examine the influence of dividend announcement on stock returns, trading volume, and also trading frequency. The analysis uses data from firms listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange who declare dividend announcement in the year 2007. Obs ervation period was 21 days, which is 10 days before ex-dividend date and 10 days after ex-dividend date. Sample consist of 88 firms with total observation 102 dividend announcement. An event study is used to determine the effect of the decision that was made by investors during observation period. The results show that there is no significant effect of dividend announcement to stock returns, trading volume, and trading frequency around observation period. The average of abnormal return, abnormal volume, and trading frequency before the ex-dividend date are not significantly different with those after ex-dividend date for both dividend increases announcement and dividend decreases announcement. The additional test results show that dividend change announcement create lower cumulative abnormal return, cumulative abnormal volume, and cumulative frequency than netral dividend announcement."

"The multilateral trading system as it now applies is o rule-bated system comprising a complex set of rules as articulatedin various WTO agreements. The .system is the ultimate choicefor nations if they were to establish trade relations amongnations in a good order and to more enhance the stability andpredictability and to better suit the interests of least developedand developing countries. Nevertheless, the substantive rulesthat have been "mutually agreed" have deficiencies andimbalances especially looking from the interest of developingcountries. The implementations of those rules have been moreadvantageous to developed countries. while the developingcountries do not have the capability to implement those rules.The concessions that have been given away do not meet withthe expected benefit out of their participation in thismultilateral regime. Such situation greatly effects developingcountries in the implementation and the effectiveness of WTOrules. The current round of trade negotiations needs to makecorrection to this legitimacy gap to ensure affair a fair gain from themultilateral trading system."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas share Indonesia yang rendah dalam perdagangan karbon internasional di pasar Protokol Kyoto dengan mekanisme pembangunan bersih / Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Faktor internal Indonesia yaitu potensi sektor energi dan kehutanan, kepentingan serta kebijakan, dan faktor eksternal yaitu kepentingan negara Annex I dan responnya mempengaruhi posisi Indonesia dalam share perdagangan karbon internasional di pasar Protokol Kyoto tersebut. Hasil Penelitian menyarankan bahwa pertama konsistensi dan komitmen bersama para pihak baik negara-negara Annex I maupun negara-negara non-Annex I dalam menghadapi perubahan iklim, kedua diperlukan kapasitas yang memadai baik pemerintah, pengembang, konsultan, institusi yang berwenang, perbankan dan asuransi, ahli hukum dan LSM untuk suksesnya proyek CDM. Tanpa kesiapan yang memadai maka kebijakan yang dibuat akan berdampak pada kurang maksimalnya hasil yang diperoleh sesuai dengan kepentingan politik dan ekonomi nasional Indonesia pada tataran global.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses about the low share of Indonesia in international carbon trading at Protokol Kyoto Market with clean development mechanism (CDM). This condition is influenced by internal and external factors. The internal factors in Indonesia are potential of energy and forestry sector, Indonesia interests and policies, while the external factors are the interest of Annex I countries and its response that affect the share position of Indonesia in international carbon trading at Protokol Kyoto market. The first result of this study suggest that there must a consistency and commitment both from Annex I countries and non-Annex I countries to face of the climate change. The second is sufficient capacity was needed both from government, developers, consultants, institutional authorities, banking and insurance, legal experts and LSM to the success of this CDM project. Improper preparation would made the policy that has been made will make no significant result as the Indonesian national economical and political interest at the global level."

"Peningkatan urgensi isu perubahan iklim dalam sistem internasional tidak terlepas dari peran aktor-aktor pasar, sehingga memunculkan solusi iklim berbasis pasar — terutama dalam bentuk perdagangan karbon. Negosiasi dalam Protokol Kyoto hingga Perjanjian Paris turut membahas konsep perdagangan karbon, dan realisasinya telah diimplementasikan dan direncanakan di berbagai yurisdiksi. Dengan melakukan penelusuran terhadap literatur berskala internasional yang telah melalui peer-review, tinjauan pustaka ini berupaya untuk memetakan dan menganalisis 52 literatur yang relevan dengan menggunakan metode taksonomi. Tulisan ini akan menjawab rumusan permasalahan utama, yakni bagaimana perkembangan perdagangan karbon dikaji dalam literatur dan kerangka pemikiran hubungan internasional? Hasil pemetaan literatur menunjukkan adanya konsensus mengenai diskursus iklim dan lingkungan, aspek ekonomi, posisi Uni Eropa, serta sikap skeptis terhadap integritas lingkungan dalam konteks perdagangan karbon. Sementara itu, terdapat perdebatan di antara para akademisi mengenai evaluasi perdagangan karbon sebagai kebijakan lingkungan, potensi linking, peran sektor swasta, dan posisi negara berkembang. Analisis penulis menghasilkan sebuah sintesis umum bahwa pembahasan tentang perdagangan karbon dalam hubungan internasional telah melebur dalam diskursus iklim, dengan kekhasan perdebatan tentang hubungan Utara-Selatan, aspek ekonomi dan pembangunan, serta peran aktor non-negara. Penulis juga menemukan adanya celah penelitian berdasarkan tema dan konteks waktu penulisan, tema yurisdiksi yang dibahas, dan paradigma pemikiran yang digunakan.

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The increasing urgency of the climate change in the international system is inseparable from the role of market actors, giving rise to market-based climate solutions — especially in the form of carbon trading. Negotiations in the Kyoto Protocol to the Paris Agreement have also incorporated the concept of carbon trading, and its realization has been implemented and planned in various jurisdictions. By conducting a search of peer- reviewed international literatures, this literature review seeks to map and analyze 52 relevant literatures using the taxonomic method. This paper will answer the formulation of the main problem, namely, how is the development of carbon trading studied in the literature and framework of international relations? The results of the literature mapping show that there is a consensus regarding the climate and environmental discourse, economic aspects, the position of the European Union, and skepticism about environmental integrity in the context of carbon trading. Meanwhile, debate among academics have revolved around the evaluation of carbon trading as an environmental policy, the potential of linking, the role of the private sector, and the position of developing countries. The author's analysis results in a general synthesis that discussions about carbon trading in international relations have merged into the climate discourse, with the particularity of debates on North-South relations, economic and development aspects, and the role of non-state actors. The author also finds that there are several research gaps based on the theme and context of writing, the jurisdictional themes that have been discussed, and the thought paradigms being used."