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"This book will provide a basic reference for students, clinicians, and researchers on how synapses in the auditory system function to encode acoustic signals. These mechanisms are the groundwork for all auditory processing, and understanding them requires knowledge of the microphysiology of synapses, cellular biophysics, receptor pharmacology, and an appreciation for what these synapses must do for a living, what unique jobs they carry out."

"This volume will provide an important contemporary reference on hearing development and will lead to new ways of thinking about hearing in children and about remediation for children with hearing loss. Much of the material in this volume will document that a different model of hearing is needed to understand hearing during development."

"This volume on human auditory cortex will have two major parts. In part A, the principal methodologies currently used to investigate human auditory cortex will be discussed. Each chapter will first outline how the methodology is used in auditory neuroscience, highlighting the challenges of obtaining data from human auditory cortex, second, each methods chapter will provide two or (at most) three brief examples of how it has been used to generate a major result about auditory processing. In part B, the central questions for auditory processing in human auditory cortex are covered. Each chapter can draw on all the methods introduced in part A but will focus on a major computational challenge the system has to solve. This volume will constitute an important contemporary reference work on human auditory cortex. "

"Ruang lingkup dan Cara penelitian: Banyak faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi prestasi belajar seseorang. Namun demikian, kiranya akan sangat bermanfaat apabila dapat dikembangkan suatu parameter yang dapat dijadikan prediktor kemampuan belajar. Belakangan event related potential (ERP) dengan gelombang P300-nya telah mulai digunakan dalam berbagai penelitian mengenai pengolahan informasi sebagai salah satu aspek proses belajar. Parameter ini lebih menggambarkan proses mental dan tidak bergantung pada respon motorik. Namun di Indonesia alat ini masih langka. Sedangkan alat pencatat WR lebih mudah diperoleh. Di luar negeri Waktu Reaksi (WR) telah cukup intensif digunakan untuk menyimpulkan pengolahan informasi berdasarkan apa yang tampak dari luar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh data dasar mengenai korelasi antara P300 dengan WR dan mengikutsertakan 38 orang mahasiswa. P300 dicatat pagi hari setelah makan dalam tiga keadaan yaitu steady state, tugas kecepatan maksimum dan tugas ketepatan maksimum sambil menghitung. Lokasi pencatatan adalah Cz dan Fz. Waktu reaksi yang diaplikasikan adalah Waktu Reaksi pilihan.Hasil dan kesimpulan: Masa laten P300 menunjukkan variasi antar individu yang relatif sempit dengan koefisien variasi 8-12%. WR juga memperlihatkan variasiyang kecil dengan koefisien variasi 12%. Sedangkan amplitudo P300 memperlihatkan variasi yang cukup besar dengan koefisien variasi 41-56%. Masa laten P300 pada keadaan steady state, kecepatan maksimum serta ketepatan maksimum sambil menghitung, baik di lokasi pencatatan Cz maupun Fz, tidak berkorelasi dengan WR. Amplitudo P300 pada keadaan steady state dan pada tugas ketepatan maksimum sambil menghitung, di lokasi pencatatan Cz maupun Fz, tidak berkorelasi dengan Waktu Reaksi. Amplitudo P300 pada tugas kecepatan maksimum berkorelasi dengan WR. Di lokasi pencatatan Fz dengan r=-0.4855, p<0.005, sedangkan di lokasi Cz r=-0.4278, p<0.01. Tampaknya rekrutmen saraf yang terlibat dalam pengolahan informasi relatif lebih berpengaruh terhadap WR. Hal ini diindikasikan oleh profil korelasi antara amplitudo P300 dengan Waktu Reaksi.

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Correlation Between P300 And Reaction Time In Students During Auditory TasksScope and methodology: There are many factors that could affect learning process and learning achievement. Nevertheless, it could be quite beneficial if certain parameters be developed to predict the learning capabilities and potency. During the last two decades there has been considerable interest in using neurological based diagnostic measures to distinguish individuals experiencing learning disabilities from normal population. Speaking of these, event related potential (ERP), with P300 as one of its most popular component, affords the opportunity to examine relationships between neural activity and behavior for very specific stimulus events. But such facility is very limited in Indonesia. On the other hand Reaction Time (RT) measuring apparatus is more easily available. So far RT has been intensively used to assess information processing as a component of learning process. The study was designed to explore base data about the correlation between P300 and RT in students during auditory tasks. Thirty eight medical students were involved as subjects in the study. P300 was recorded after meal in the morning while the students performing 3 auditory tasks. The tasks were steady state, speed maximizing and counting & accuracy maximizing. Reaction time assessed was Choice RT.Result and conclusion: This study indicates the occurance of a relatively slight inter-individual variation of P300 latency with 8-12% coefficient of variation. And so was the RT with 12 % coefficient of variation. On the other hand, P300 amplitude showed quite a wide inter-individual variation with 41-56 % coefficient of variation. As for the correlation, P300 latency in steady state, speed maximizing and count & accuracy maximizing tasks showed no significant correlation with RT. Neither on Fz recording, nor on Cz recording, And so the P300 amplitude with RT in steady state and count & accuracy maximizing tasks. But on the contrary, P300 amplitude in speed maximizing task showed significant correlation with RT. On Fz recording the correlation was -0.4855, p<0.005 and r=-0.4278, p<0.01 on Cz recording. It seems that neuronal recruitment in information processing relatively has a more prominent role upon RT as shown b the correlation coefficient between P300 and RT."

"The advantages optical fiber in communication field are widely utilized in developing steps from electrical communication to optical communication. Optical fiber communication promise extremely high data rate over long distance transmission without needing to amplify and retransmit along the way. It is well understood that if frequency of the transmitted signals. is increased some problems such as electromagnetic interferences. crosstalk and signal distortions will appear. Those difficulties can. be solved or eliminated by using optical fiber cable. instead of copper cable.Optical fiber used to transmit and to receive information signal mutinously was usually separated in difference fibers for transmitting and receiving direction. I n this thesis a bi-directional transmission system through a single fiber with same wavelength by the use of rod lenses was constructed. A simple circuit design techniques have been used in order to make transmitter and receiver. To combine and to separate transmitter and receiver in each side to and from the fiber, two quarter-pitch GRIN rod lenses functioning as optical directional coupler was used.The result of the experiment as a model of bi-directional optical communication system shows a good performance with an appropriate reliability. The measurement results of power distribution loss. crosstalk and signal transmission quality that have been evaluated to conclude the entire result."

"Sejalan dengan perkembangan peradaban, kehidupan manusia tidak bisa terlepas dari berbagai peralatan elektronika yang memiliki banyak sekali komponen seperti: transistor, kapasitor, resistor, dll. Komponen elektronik ini memancarkan panas sewaktu mereka beroperasi, sehingga untuk mengatasi masalah ini, diperlukan suatu sistem pendinginan yang efektif. Kebanyakan dari system pendinginan komponen elektronika yang dipakai sekarang ini berbasis pada fan. Namun sistem ini semakin tidak memadai dengan perkembangan teknologi elektronika yang semakin mengarah pada miniaturisasi produk. Sebagai alternatif pengganti sistem berbasis fan ini, manusia mengembangkan suatu alat yang disebut jet sintetik. Jet sintetik memiliki dimensi yang relatif kecil, tingkat kebisingan yang lebih kecil, lebih sedikit memancarkan panas dan yang paling penting jet sintetik memiliki efisiensi pendinginan yang lebih besar dibanding fan. Thesis ini membahas hasil penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap 4 prototype desain original jet sintetik dengan menggunakan kombinasi pendekatan komputasi dan eksperimen. Tahap komputasional pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan software CFD Fluent dengan model turbulensi k-ω SST dengan elemen meshing Tet/Hybrid tipe Tgrid untuk melihat distribusi aliran pada jet sintetik. Sedangkan pada tahap eksperimental akan dipelajari karakteristik perpindahan panas konveksi dengan variasi jenis gelombang sinusoidal, triangle dan square pada frekuensi 80 Hz, 120 Hz dan160 Hz.

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In line with the development of civilization, human life can not be separated from a various electronic equipment that has many components such as transistors, capacitors, resistors, etc. These electronic components emits heat when they operate, an effective cooling system is required in order to overcome this problem. Most of the electronic component cooling systems used today are based on the fan. But this system is inadequate to the development of electronics technology that increasingly lead to the product miniaturization. As an alternative to this fan-based system, humans developed a device called synthetic jet. Synthetic jets have relatively small dimensions, smaller noise level, emits less heat and the most important that synthetic jet has a greater cooling efficiency than fan.

This thesis discusses the results of research conducted on four original designed synthetic jet prototype using a combination of computational and experimental approaches. Computational phase was conducted using Fluent CFD software with k-ω SST turbulence model with meshing elements of the Tet / Hybrid type Tgrid to see the flow distribution in the synthetic jet. While the experimental phase will be studied at the convective heat transfer characteristics with variations in type of sinusoidal wave, triangle and square at a frequency of 80 Hz, 120 Hz dan160 Hz."

"ABSTRAKKetersediaan media transmisi menjadi sangat penting ketika sebuah perusahaan penyedia layanan telekomunikasi (operator telekomunikasi) ingin menggelar jaringan di wilayah operasionalnya. Sistem transmisi menggunakan fiber optik menjadi pilihan dikarenakan kemampuan transfer signal yang baik dan memiliki kapasitas yang besar. Di era globalisasi saat ini, persaingan begitu kompetitif, sehingga penting bagi sebuah vendor telekomunikasi untuk menjadi mitra yang baik bagi operator telekomunikasi dalam membangun jaringan telekomunikasi mereka, khususnya jaringan transmisi fiber optik menggunakan perangkat SDH. Hal tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan persiapan yang baik dan matang ketika sebuah vendor mengikuti proses tender pengadaan dan pembangunan jaringan transmisi fiber optik menggunakan perangkat SDH. Terdapat kriteria-kriteria penting, yang perlu dijadikan bahan pertimbangan ketika sebuah vendor mengikuti tender yang diadakan oleh operator. Tentunya terkait dengan tujuan apa yang ingin dicapai dari tender tersebut. Dengan demikian dapat dipersiapkan segala sesuatunya dengan baik dalam rangka memenangkan proses tender dan memberikan hasil pekerjaan yang maksimal jika tender tersebut berhasil dimenangkan. Kajian terhadap permasalahan tersebut meliputi identifikasi masalah, proses pengumpulan data, dilanjutkan dengan pengolahan data menggunakan metode AHP (Proses Hirarki Analitik) didukung perangkat lunak Expert Choice dan memberikan kesimpulan terhadap hasil analisis data berupa sistem penunjang keputusan dalam penentuan prioritas pemilihan proyek transmisi SDH. Dalam tesis ini dengan menggunakan metode AHP dan perangkat lunak Expert Choice, dilakukan penentuan prioritas terhadap proyek transmisi SDH yang ditenderkan oleh beberapa operator di Indonesia. Dari hasil perhitungan dan pengolahan data didapatkan bahwa proyek transmisi SDH di Telkom menjadi prioritas pertama, diikuti oleh NTS di prioritas kedua, kemudian Indosat di prioritas ketiga.

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ABSTRACT

The important thing when a telecoms operator company want to deploying telecommunication network in their operational area is the availability of transmission network. Transmission network using optical fiber is the best choice because of the good transferring signal ability and has a huge capacity that can be transferred. In the current era of globalization, the competition was so competitive, so it is important for a telecommunications vendor to make a good partner for telecommunications operators in developing their telecommunications networks, particularly fiber optic transmission network using SDH devices. This may be done by doing a good preparation and mature when a vendor following the tender process and the development of fiber optic transmission network using SDH devices. There are important criteria, which need to be taken into consideration when a vendor participate in a tender held by the operator. Certainly related to what goals you want to achieve from the tender. Thus everything can be prepared well in order to win the bidding process and provide the maximum work if the tender had been won. The study of these issues include identification of issues, the process of data collection, followed by data processing using the method of AHP, supported by Expert Choice software and provide conclusions on the results of data analysis in the form of decision support systems in the project selection prioritization SDH transmission. In this thesis by using AHP and Expert Choice software, is the determination of priorities of the SDH transmission projects tendered by some operators in Indonesia. From the results of calculations and data processing was found that SDH transmission projects in Telkom became the first priority, followed by the NTS in the second priority, and Indosat in the third priority."

"Tujuan: Mendapatkan alat (Mikrokapiler Digital/MD) untuk mengukur viskositas darah dan plasma yang mempunyai presisi dan akurasi yang baik. Mengetahui peran viskositas darah dan plasma yang diukur dengan MD, faktor risiko dan determinan terhadap prognosis stroke iskemik akut berdasarkan National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Modified Rankin Score (mRS), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), dan neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Penelitian tahap pertama meliputi uji presisi dan akurasi, sedangkan tahap kedua adalah uji prognosis. Subjek penelitian: Subjek untuk uji presisi adalah 40 dewasa sehat yang melakukan Medical Check Up (MCU). Subjek untuk uji akurasi dan prognosis adalah 135 pasien stroke iskemik akut onset ≤ 3 hari, usia 35 – 74 tahun. Pengukuran dan intervensi: Presisi dinilai dengan coefficient of variation (CV), interrater variability Cronbach Alpha dan coefficient of reliability Bland Altman. Akurasi dinilai dengan uji diagnostik. Uji prognosis meliputi analisis bivariat dilanjutkan dengan analisis multivariat cox proportional hazards regression. Hasil: Dari penelitian tahap pertama, didapatkan CV sebesar 0,04, nilai interrater variability Cronbach Alpha dan mean difference Bland Altman adalah baik. Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas MD untuk viskositas darah adalah 88,9 % dan 88,9 %, sedangkan untuk viskositas plasma adalah 100 % dan 84 %. Rumus prediksi untuk konversi viskositas darah MD ke satuan poise adalah y = 0,846x + 0,614, dan untuk viskositas plasma adalah y = 1,072x + (-0,160). Pada uji tahap kedua, didapatkan faktor determinan antara lain: fibrinogen merupakan faktor determinan perubahan viskositas darah dan plasma; viskositas darah merupakan faktor determinan perburukan kondisi klinis (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale/NIHSS dan modified Rankin Scale/mRS); viskositas darah dan diabetes melitus (DM) merupakan faktor determinan prognosis stroke iskemik akut berdasarkan interleukin 6 (IL-6); dan HDL merupakan faktor determinan prognosis stroke iskemik akut berdasarkan neuron specific enolase (NSE). Simpulan: MD memiliki presisi dan akurasi yang baik. Viskositas darah merupakan faktor determinan perburukan kondisi klinis baik akut maupun pasca perawatan.

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Objectives: To design a simple and portable instrument (Digital Microcapillary) for measuring blood and plasma viscosity values with high precision and accuracy. To assess the roles of these values, the risk and determining factors in predicting the outcome of acute ischemic stroke assessed using National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and neuron specific enolase (NSE). The first stage of this study included precision and accuracy tests, while the second stade was the prognostic test.

Research subjects: 40 healthy adults admitted for Medical Check Up (MCU) were recruited for the precision test while the subjects for accuracy and prognostic tests were 135 acute ischemic stroke patients, either inpatients or outpatients, aged 35 - 74 years old, with up to 3 days stroke onset.

Measurement and intervention: The precision was assessed by calculating coefficient of variation (CV), Cronbach Alpha interrater variability, and Bland Altman coefficient of reliability, while the accuracy was assessed using diagnostic test. The prognostic test included bi- and multivariate analyses using Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results: The results of the first stage study were that the CV was 0.04; Cronbach Alpha interrater variability and Bland Altman mean difference values were excellent. The prediction formula used to convert blood viscosity value measured with digital microcapillary to poise unit was y = 0.846x + 0.614, and the formula for plasma viscosity was y = 1.072x + (-0.160). The sensitivity and specificity of Digital Microcapillary for blood viscosity measurement were 88.9 % and 88.9 %, respectively and for plasma viscosity measurement were 100 % and 84 %, respectively. The second stage of the study showed that the variables proven to be the determinants were: fibrinogen as the determinant of blood and plasma viscosity, blood viscosity as the determinant of clinical outcome (NIHSS and mRS), blood viscosity and diabetes mellitus as the determinants of acute ischemic stroke outcome indicated by blood IL-6 level, and HDL as the determinant of acute ischemic stroke outcome indicated by NSE level.

Conclusions: Digital Microcapillary has high precision and accuracy. Blood viscosity is a determining factor in the ischemic stroke outcome, both acute and one month after hospital discharge."