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"All animals face the possibility of food limitation and ultimately starvation-induced mortality. This book summarizes state of the art of starvation biology from the ecological causes of food limitation to the physiological and evolutionary consequences of prolonged fasting. It is written for an audience with an understanding of general principles in animal physiology, yet offers a level of analysis and interpretation that will engage seasoned scientists. Each chapter is written by active researchers in the field of comparative physiology and draws on the primary literature of starvation both in nature and the laboratory. The chapters are organized among broad taxonomic categories, such as protists, arthropods, fishes, reptiles, birds, and flying, aquatic, and terrestrial mammals including humans; particularly well-studied animal models, e.g. endotherms are further organized by experimental approaches, such as analyses of blood metabolites, stable isotopes, thermobiology, and modeling of body composition. "

"SECTION I : INTRODUCTION SECTION II : FASTING, RELIGIOUS FASTS, SOCIAL FACTS, CIRCUMSTANTIAL FASTS, FASTING AND HEALTH SECTION III : FEASTING, CULTURAL FEASTS, SOCIAL FEASTS, CIRCUMSTANTIAL FEASTS, FEASTING AND HEALTH, THE WAY TO PEACE SECTION IV : RECIPES FOR FASTING"

"In this paper, fasting refers to the Muslim fast, defined as refraining from eating and drinking and all other activities that annul the fast from sunrise to sunset (approximately 14 hours). Fasting can be performed at any time in the year, but is usually performed during certain the compulsory month or recommended days.The fasting of the month of Ramadan is an activity that is health-wise quite difficult, since the person has to refrain from eating and drinking from sunset to sunrise (approximately 13 to 14 days per day) for 29-30 consecutive days."

"Includes the rules of Fasting, Moonsighting, I'tikaf, Laylatul Qadr (The night of Power) Taraweeh, Eid & the significance of the month of Shawwal.Since Allahlı Taala created Man. Satan has vowed to lead man astray. Thus we have the enemy who has misled millions of people and who will continue to do so at every opportunity.Every person has to combat two enemies; (1) Satan; (2) Nafs. Every one has to fight against Satanic forces, evil whispers and cunning cobwebs laid by Iblis. On the other hand, we have control over the carnal desires temptations and passions. To control these, certain steps have to be taken. A man who is physically threatened will walk cautiously and surround himself with bodygaurds and be well armed at all times. Similarly Satan has threatened our spiritual well-being and therefore we must arm ourselves with spiritual weapons and be well guarded against the traps laid by Satan, the accursed. One of the ways of doing this is by fasting.Man has within himself two forces colliding all the time; the Angelic Forces and the Satanic Forces. Man's behaviour depends upon which force has the upper hand. In this month of Ramadhaan, Allah blesses us with all the means to enable the Angelic Forces to supercede the evil forces. One must therefore value every moment of this month to spiritually clevate oneself.Fasting helps us to judge our strength in controlling our lust, greed and passion. It teaches us self-discipline so that we gain control over the factors which Satan uses as his tools against Man. Fasting is a weapon and just as any other weapon is useless unless the user knows how to use it, so too with Fasting. This book has been written with the aim of teaching Muslims how they can use the weapon of Fasting in a manner that is correct and beneficial in their war against Satan, thereby attaining the pleasure of Allah.Fasting has been ordained during Ramadhaan (the 9th lunar month). The name of this month is derived from many sources. It is worth mentioning one which is recorded in a Hadith wherein it is related from Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) that "Most certainly it (Ramadaan) burns ones sins.""Tarmado" in Arabic is derived from the word "Rimzun" meaning to burn. Thus, this month burns and purifics us just as iron is burnt in a furnace to remove all impurities. The significance of this month is that a Muslims sins are forgiven and he becomes pure and clean on condition that he fulfills all the requirements of the laws of Shariat regarding Ramadaan."