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"The study and modulation of cortical connections is a rapidly growing area in neuroscience. The first section of the book describes studies of cortical connections, modulation of cortical connectivity and changes in cortical connections with activities such as motor learning and grasping in primates. The second section covers the use of non-invasive brain stimulation to study and modulate cortical connectivity in humans. The last section describes changes in brain connectivity in neurological and psychiatric diseases, and potential new treatments that manipulate brain connectivity. This book provides an up-to-date view of the study of cortical connectivity, and covers its role in both fundamental neuroscience and potential clinical applications."

"Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an invaluable functional brain imaging technique that provides direct, real-time monitoring of neuronal activity necessary for gaining insight into dynamic cortical networks. This handbook covers the rich and transdisciplinary nature of the MEG field. The underlying motivation for this book was to make this diverse and extensive collection of chapters available to both newcomers and experienced researchers with the hope of stimulating growth in the MEG area. The book is a comprehensive knowledge base of MEG basics along with the latest developments in methodological, empirical and clinical research, directed toward masters and doctoral students, as well as researchers already in the field. The topics range from neuromagnetic measurements, signal processing and source localization techniques to dynamic functional networks underlying perception and cognition in both health and disease. Topical reviews cover, among others: development on SQUID-based and novel sensors, multi-modal integration (low field MRI and MEG; EEG and fMRI), Bayesian approaches to multi-modal integration, direct neuronal imaging, novel noise reduction methods, source-space functional analysis, decoding of brain states, dynamic brain connectivity, sensory-motor integration, MEG studies on perception and cognition, thalamocortical oscillations, fetal and neonatal MEG, pediatric MEG studies, cognitive development, clinical applications of MEG in epilepsy, pre-surgical mapping, stroke, schizophrenia, stuttering, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, autism, aging and neurodegeneration, MEG applications in cognitive neuropharmacology, along with an overview of major open-source analysis tools. The 2nd edition, which is now presented as a Springer Reference, has 9 sections compared to 5 in the first edition and includes a total of 61 chapters. It provides more in-depth tutorials on MEG as an enabling tool in neuroscience and on linear source estimation and spatial filtering approaches. A set of 11 new chapters and 20 updated chapters cover, among others, new topics such as simultaneous MEG and intracerebral EEG recordings, MEG studies on time processing and temporal cognition, open source MNE software, presurgical localization of language, emerging zero helium boil-off MEG technologies and provides updates on novel multi-modal fusion and related modeling approaches, open source analysis packages, neural decoding and MEG Brain Computer Interface, organizational cognitive neuroscience as well as developmental studies and clinical applications. In the last two years significant advances have been made in the field of novel sensor development, particularly for optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) which are leading the way to a new generation of wearable MEG systems. Included in this new edition is a new chapter covering the topic of “on-scalp” MEG and an updated chapter on OPMs. "

"Research on medical images becomes one of the studies that attracted many researchers, because it can help medical field to analyse the disease. One of the existing research in medical image is using dental panoramic radiographs image to detect osteoporosis. The analysed area is the width of cortical bone. Determination of the cortical bone width requires proper segmentation on the dental panoramic radiographs image. This study proposed the integration of watershed and region merging method based on statistical features for cortical bone segmentation on dental panoramic radiographs. Watershed segmentation process perform using gradient magnitude value from the input image. The watershed image that has excess segmentation can be solved by region merging based on statistical features. Statistical features used in this study is mean, standard deviation, and variance. The similarity of adjacent regions measure with weighted Euclidean distance from the statistical feature of the regions. Merging process will run by incorporating the background regions as many as possible, while keeping the object regions from being merged. Results of segmentation has succeeded in forming contour of the cortical bone. The average value of accuracy is 93.211%, the average value of sensitivity is 93.858%, and the average value of specificity is 93.071%.

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Penelitian terhadap citra medis menjadi salah satu penelitian yang banyak diminati karena dapat membantu dokter untuk menganalisa penyakit. Salah satu penelitian yang ada dalam citra medis adalah menggunakan citra dental panoramic radiographs untuk mendeteksi osteoporosis. Daerah yang dianalisis adalah lebar dari cortical bone. Segmentasi yang tepat sangat dibutuhkan untuk me-nentukan lebar cortical bone pada dental panoramic radiographs. Pada penelitian ini diusulkan inte-grasi metode watershed dan metode region merging berbasis fitur statistik untuk segmentasi cortical bone pada dental panoramic radiographs. Citra masukan berupa cortical bone dilakukan proses gradient magnitude kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses segmentasi menggunakan watershed. Citra hasil proses watershed yang masih memiliki segmentasi berlebih dilakukan proses region merging berbasis fitur statistik. Selanjutnya kemiripan antar region dihitung dengan menggunakan weighted Euclidean distance dari fitur statistik setiap region. Fitur statistik yang digunakan adalah mean, vari-ance, dan standar deviasi. Proses merging akan berjalan dengan melakukan penggabungan pada dae-rah background telebih dahulu selanjutnya sisa region yang dihasilkan akan digabungkan sebagai dae-rah objek. Hasil segmentasi yang dilakukan telah berhasil membentuk contour dari cortical bone. Da-ri hasil uji coba didapatkan rata-rata akurasi 93,211%, rata-rata sensitifitas 93,858%, dan rata-rata spesifisitas 92,071%."

"Latar Belakang: Berkembangnya populasi lansia secara global termasuk di Indonesia tidak diikuti dengan kualitas hidup yang baik, yang salah satu penyebabnya adalah penyakit. Osteoporosis adalah salah satu penyakit dengan usia lanjut sebagai faktor risikonya. Deteksi awal osteoporosis antara lain dapat dilakukan melalui pengukuran tebal tulang kortikal mandibula pada radiograf panoramik.Tujuan: Mencari nilai rata-rata lebar/tebalnya tulang kortikal mandibula pada individu yang berisiko mengalami osteoporosis dengan rentang usia 40-80 tahun tanpa membedakan wanita dan pria.Metode: Sampel penelitian adalah radiograf panoramik yang berjumlah 89 dengan usia 40-80 tahun. Pengukuran tebal tulang kortikal mandibula dilakukan pada regio sekitar foramen mental kiri dan kanan.Hasil: Nilai rata-rata tebal tulang kortikal mandibula 4,80618 mm pada populasi kelompok usia 40-80 tahun dengan kecenderungan lebih tebal pada kelompok usia 40-59 tahun dibandingkan pada kelompok usia 60- 80 tahun.Kesimpulan: Nilai rata-rata tebal tulang kortikal mandibula pada kelompok usia 40-80 tahun pada penelitian ini masih tergolong normal.

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Background: The increasing number of elderly population in the world, which including Indonesia, is not followed by enhanced quality of life of the elderly that partly caused by with one of the reason is diseases. Osteoporosis is one of the diseases with age as its risk factor. Panoramic radiographs can be used as early detection of osteoporosis, which one of the methods is measuring mandibular cortical bone thickness.Objective: To obtain the average width / thickness of the mandibular cortical bone in individuals at risk of osteoporosis with age ranged 40- 80 years without differentiating women and men.Methods: The research sample is panoramic radiographs. The study subjects were 89 people aged 40-80 years. Measurements of cortical bone thickness done in the left and right foramen mental region.Results: Average width/thickness of the mandibular cortical bone in individuals at risk of osteoporosis with age range 40-80 years is 4,80618 mm. There is a tendency of thicker mandibular cortical bone in age ranged 40-59 years population than in age ranged 60-80 years population.Conclusion: In this study, the average thickness / width of the mandibular cortical bone in the age group 40- 80 years were within the normal range."

"Penderita katarak di Indonesia semakin meningkat. Diperlukan pengobatan dalam sediaan obat. Kembang telang memiliki kemampuan antikatarak. Dilakukan ekstraksi air panas antosianin pada kembang telang dengan kadar antosianin yang terekstraksi maksimum pada suhu pelarut 80oC. Katarak dimodelkan dengan rasio perbandingan senyawa Na dan Ca sebesar 16. Dilakukan perendaman model dalam ekstrak kembang telang dengan waktu perendaman 1 hingga 3 menit dan frekuensi perendalam satu hingga tiga kali. Senyawa yang meluruh dianalisis menggunakan AAS. Hasil perendaman menunjukan ekstrak kembang telang meluruhkan Na sebesar 19 -26% dan Ca sebesar 0,08-0,18% untuk waktu perendaman 1 hingga 3 menit. Untuk frekuensi perendaman satu hingga tiga kali, ion Na yang luruh sebesar 22-77% dan Ion Ca sebesar 0,08-0,36%. Rasio mol Ion Na dengan Ca yang meluruh berkisar antara 2300-4580.

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The number of cataract patients in Indonesia keeps increasing. Thus, Indonesia needs to provide more medicines for the treatment. Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) have been proven to have an anti-cataract ability. The buterfly pea petals is extracted with hot water in a maximum 80C of solvent temperature of antosianin concentration. Cataract The cataract is varied with the comparison ratio of Na and Ca is 16. The model is soaked with butterfly pea petals extract within one to three minutes for one to three times. The decayed substances are analysed with AAS.

The result shows the petals extract decayes Na 19-26% and Ca 0,08-0,18% in one to three minutes. For the first to third soaking, the decayed Na is 22-27% and Ca is 0,08-0,36%. Mol ratio of the decayed Na and Ca is ranged between 2300 to 4580."

"Pendahuluan: Instrumentasi posterior mengharuskan dipertahankannya fiksasi stabil sekrup pedikel di tulang belakang untuk mencapai fusi. Hal ini dapat menjadi sulit terutama pada kondisi tertentu, misalnya pada penurunan densitas masa tulang pedikel. Teknik insersi sekrup dengan lintasan kortikal diharapkan menambah antarmuka sekrup dan tulang dengan meningkatkan engagement antara sekrup dengan korteks tulang. Lintasan sekrup dari arah kortikal infero-superior serta kortikal supero-inferior diharapkan memiliki keunggulan kekuatan cabut (pullout strength) dibandingkan dengan lintasan konvensional dalam mengatasi masalah ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan profil biomekanik awal lintasan kortikal dan perbedaan pull out strength lintasan konvensional (Weinstein, 1992), kortikal infero-superior (Santoni, 2009), dan kortikal supero-inferior. Metode: Sampel dari lumbal (L1-L5) babi Yorkshire (n=30) dilakukan pengukuran morfometri dan dibagi secara acak. Sampel dilakukan pengeboran dan sekrup dimasukkan ke dalam tulang dengan tiga lintasan: konvensional, kortikal infero-superior, dan kortikal supero-inferior. Arah lintasan diperiksa kembali dengan sinar-x. Dilakukan penarikan sekrup dengan arah sesuai aksis insersi sekrup dengan kecepatan translasi 5mm/menit. Hasil dicatat dengan satuan Newton (N). Hasil: Didapatkan rata-rata nilai uji tarik pada kelompok konvensional, infero-superior, dan supero-inferior masing-masing 491,72 (187.23) N, 822,16 (295.73) N, dan 644,14 (201.97) N. Lintasan kortikal infero-superior dan kortikal supero-inferior masing-masing mendapatkan nilai 67% dan 30% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan lintasan konvensional. Hasil uji ANOVA satu arah dan uji post-hoc Tukey menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antara lintasan kortikal infero-superior dengan konvensional (p<0.01). Kesimpulan: Lintasan sekrup dalam tulang lumbal dapat memengaruhi nilai pullout sekrup. Keterlibatan tulang kortikal pada lintasan insersi sekrup baru ini bisa meningkatkan nilai pullout sekrup pedikel. Secara statistik pullout strength lintasan kortikal infero-superior dan kortikal supero-inferior tidak ada perbedaan. Studi ini menunjukkan nilai pullout yang lebih tinggi sebesar 30% dari lintasan yang disarankan peneliti dibandingkan dengan lintasan konvensional, walaupun tidak ada perbedaan signifikan secara statistik.

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Introduction: Posterior instrumentation is aimed to achieve spinal fusion which is helped by maintaining a stable pedicle screw insertion within the pedicle. This presents a challenge especially in conditions with low bone quality. Pedicle screw insertion with cortical bone trajectory is designed to add interface between the screw and the bone through engagement between pedicles and the cortex when compared to conventional pedicle screw insertion. Pedicle screw insertion trajectory from cortical infero-superior and the proposed cortical supero-inferior should obtain better pull out performance when compared with conventional pedicle trajectory. We aim to evaluate the pull out strength differences between conventional (Weinstein, 1992) pedicle screw trajectory, cortical infero-superior (Santoni, 2009), and a proposed cortical supero-inferior trajectory.

Methods: Samples from Yorkshire porcine lumbar spine (L1-L5) (n=30) were relieved of soft tissue attachments and dried. Morphometric measurements were conducted and the samples were randomly assigned to three groups. The screws were inserted into the vertebrae by drilling with the three trajectories: conventional, cortical infero-superior, and cortical supero-inferior. The trajectory of the screws were examined using x-rays. Pull-out tests were conducted by applying uniaxial traction in line with the screw trajectory with a translational speed of 5mm/minutes. The results of the pull-out are measured in Newton (N).

Results: We obtained a mean value of pullout force in conventional trajectory 491,72 (187.2) N, cortical infero-superior 822,16 (295.73) N, and cortical supero-inferior 644,14 (201.97) N. Cortical infero-superior trajectory and cortical supero-inferior trajectory attained 67% and 30% higher pullout mean respectively. Using one-way ANOVA and a post-hoc Tukey test revealed a significant difference between cortical infero-superior and conventional trajectory (p<0.01). Differing pull out strengths between cortical infero-superior and supero-inferior trajectory showed no statistical significance. Our study showed a 30% higher pull-out strength in our proposed trajectory compared with conventional trajectory although not statistically significant.

Conclusion: The trajectory of the screws within the lumbar spine seemed to have an impact in pullout strength. Cortical bone engagement using the novel trajectories may increase screw pullout strength of pedicle screws."

"Instrumentasi posterior mengharuskan dipertahankannya fiksasi stabil sekrup pedikel di tulang belakang untuk mencapai fusi. Hal ini dapat menjadi sulit terutama pada kondisi tertentu, misalnya pada penurunan densitas masa tulang pedikel. Teknik insersi sekrup dengan lintasan kortikal diharapkan menambah antarmuka sekrup dan tulang dengan meningkatkan engagement antara sekrup dengan korteks tulang. Lintasan sekrup dari arah kortikal infero-superior serta kortikal supero-inferior diharapkan memiliki keunggulan kekuatan cabut (pullout strength) dibandingkan dengan lintasan konvensional dalam mengatasi masalah ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan profil biomekanik awal lintasan kortikal dan perbedaan pull out strength lintasan konvensional (Weinstein, 1992), kortikal infero-superior (Santoni, 2009), dan kortikal supero-inferior. Metode: Sampel dari lumbal (L1-L5) babi Yorkshire (n=30) dilakukan pengukuran morfometri dan dibagi secara acak. Sampel dilakukan pengeboran dan sekrup dimasukkan ke dalam tulang dengan tiga lintasan: konvensional, kortikal infero-superior, dan kortikal supero-inferior. Arah lintasan diperiksa kembali dengan sinar-x. Dilakukan penarikan sekrup dengan arah sesuai aksis insersi sekrup dengan kecepatan translasi 5mm/menit. Hasil dicatat dengan satuan Newton (N). Hasil: Didapatkan rata-rata nilai uji tarik pada kelompok konvensional, infero-superior, dan supero-inferior masing-masing 491,72 (187.23) N, 822,16 (295.73) N, dan 644,14 (201.97) N. Lintasan kortikal infero-superior dan kortikal supero-inferior masing-masing mendapatkan nilai 67% dan 30% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan lintasan konvensional. Hasil uji ANOVA satu arah dan uji post-hoc Tukey menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antara lintasan kortikal infero-superior dengan konvensional (p<0.01). Kesimpulan: Lintasan sekrup dalam tulang lumbal dapat memengaruhi nilai pullout sekrup. Keterlibatan tulang kortikal pada lintasan insersi sekrup baru ini bisa meningkatkan nilai pullout sekrup pedikel. Secara statistik pullout strength lintasan kortikal infero-superior dan kortikal supero-inferior tidak ada perbedaan. Studi ini menunjukkan nilai pullout yang lebih tinggi sebesar 30% dari lintasan yang disarankan peneliti dibandingkan dengan lintasan konvensional, walaupun tidak ada perbedaan signifikan secara statistik.

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Introduction: Posterior instrumentation is aimed to achieve spinal fusion which is helped by maintaining a stable pedicle screw insertion within the pedicle. This presents a challenge especially in conditions with low bone quality. Pedicle screw insertion with cortical bone trajectory is designed to add interface between the screw and the bone through engagement between pedicles and the cortex when compared to conventional pedicle screw insertion. Pedicle screw insertion trajectory from cortical infero-superior and the proposed cortical supero-inferior should obtain better pull out performance when compared with conventional pedicle trajectory. We aim to evaluate the pull out strength differences between conventional (Weinstein, 1992) pedicle screw trajectory, cortical infero-superior (Santoni, 2009), and a proposed cortical supero-inferior trajectory. Methods: Samples from Yorkshire porcine lumbar spine (L1-L5) (n=30) were relieved of soft tissue attachments and dried. Morphometric measurements were conducted and the samples were randomly assigned to three groups. The screws were inserted into the vertebrae by drilling with the three trajectories: conventional, cortical infero-superior, and cortical supero-inferior. The trajectory of the screws were examined using x-rays. Pull-out tests were conducted by applying uniaxial traction in line with the screw trajectory with a translational speed of 5mm/minutes. The results of the pull-out are measured in Newton (N). Results: We obtained a mean value of pullout force in conventional trajectory 491,72 (187.2) N, cortical infero-superior 822,16 (295.73) N, and cortical supero-inferior 644,14 (201.97) N. Cortical infero-superior trajectory and cortical supero-inferior trajectory attained 67% and 30% higher pullout mean respectively. Using one-way ANOVA and a post-hoc Tukey test revealed a significant difference between cortical infero-superior and conventional trajectory (p<0.01). Differing pull out strengths between cortical infero-superior and supero-inferior trajectory showed no statistical significance. Our study showed a 30% higher pull-out strength in our proposed trajectory compared with conventional trajectory although not statistically significant. Conclusion: The trajectory of the screws within the lumbar spine seemed to have an impact in pullout strength. Cortical bone engagement using the novel trajectories may increase screw pullout strength of pedicle screws."

"Latar Belakang: Semakin bertambahnya populasi usia lanjut dan berubahnya gaya hidup di Indonesia, insidensi silent disease osteoporosis pun meningkat. International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) menyatakan bahwa 1 dari 4 wanita Indonesia berusia >50 tahun berisiko terkena osteoporosis. Penyakit ini tampak secara klinis setelah terjadi fraktur, sedangkan pada tahap awal tidak memiliki gejala klinis. Korteks inferior mandibula merupakan salah satu tulang yang dapat diamati untuk melihat perkembangan penyakit osteoporosis karena sangat dipengaruhi oleh perubahan usia fisiologis serta cukup luas dan mudah diidentifikasi. Baku emas alat deteksi osteoporosis di Indonesia sangat terbatas dan cukup mahal sehingga banyak pasien yang tidak terdeteksi. Oleh karena itu, mulai dikembangkan alternatif baru deteksi dini risiko osteoporosis menggunakan indeks radiomorfometri mandibular cortical width (MCW) pada radiograf panoramik digital yang dapat dilakukan oleh dokter gigi.Tujuan: Memperoleh data rerata MCW pada wanita 31-45 tahun dibandingkan dengan MCW pada wanita usia 46-75 tahun sehingga dapat digunakan untuk pengembangan alat deteksi dini risiko osteoporosis. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder berupa 270 sampel radiograf panoramik digital wanita usia 31-75 tahun di Rumah Sakit Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia (RSKGM UI). Subjek dibagi menjadi 3 kategori: 31-45 tahun, 46-60 tahun, dan 61-75 tahun. Untuk mendapatkan nilai MCW, diukur jarak korteks mandibula dalam (endosteum) dan luar pada garis tegak lurus foramen mental dengan batas bawah mandibula. Pengukuran lebar kortikal mandibula dilakukan dengan perbesaran 2 x pada regio bawah foramen mental. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji reliabilitas intraobserver dan interobserver dengan t-test dan Bland Altman.Hasil: Rerata dan standar deviasi kelompok usia 31-45 tahun adalah 3.40 ± 0.42 mm; 46-60 tahun 3.18 ± 0.47 mm; dan 61-75 tahun 2.76 ± 0.66 mm. Rerata MCW wanita antar kelompok usia berbeda bermakna (p<0,05 berdasarkan uji One-way Anova). Semakin bertambah usia dalam rentang 15 tahun, nilai lebar kortikal mandibula semakin menurun secara signifikan.Kesimpulan: Indeks radiomorfometri panoramik MCW pada usia 31-45 tahun berbeda bermakna dibandingkan pada usia risiko osteoporosis 46-60 dan 61-75 tahun.

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Background: The increasing number of elderly population and lifestyle changes in Indonesia, raise the number of the incidence of the silent disease, osteoporosis. International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF), stated that one out of four Indonesian women at age more than 50 years old having the risk of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis can be seen clinically as bone fracture, while in the early stage osteoporosis does not have specific symptom. Mandibular inferior cortex is one of the bone landmark that is useful for observing osteoporosis progression because it is affected by physiological changes and wide enough to identify. The gold standard of osteoporosis detection in Indonesia is very limited in number and the cost is quite high, thus most of people with the risk of osteoporoses go undetected. Therefore, a new alternative early detection tool for osteoporosis risk is developed by using radiomorphometric index, mandibular cortical width (MCW), on digital panoramic radiograph that can be done by a dentist.

Objective: To obtain the mean of mandibular cortical width in women 31-45 years old and comparison with women 46-75 years old in order to develop mandibular cortical width index usage for early osteoporosis risk detection tool.

Method: This study utilizing secondary data, totally 270 digital panoramic radiographs of women 31-75 years old Universitas Indonesia Dental Hospital (RSKGM UI). Subjects are divided into 3 categories: 31-45 years old, 46-60 years old and 61-75 years old. MCW was obtained by measuring mandible cortex distance from endosteum to the border of mandible at the perpendicular line between mental foramen and tangent line of border of the mandible. Mandibular cortical width measurement was done with 2 times magnification on the region below foramen mental. The reliability test for both intraobserver and interobserver were done using t-test and Bland altman test.

Results: Average and standard deviation 31-45 years old group is 3.40 ± 0.42 mm; 46-60 years old 3.18 ± 0.47 mm; and 61-75 years old 2.76 ± 0.66 mm. Mandibular cortical width average between age group is statistically different (p < 0,05 in one-way anova test) and decreases with age.

Conclusion: Mandibular radiomorphometric index MCW on women aged 31-45 years group significantly different compared with women in the risk ages of osteoporosis 46-60 and 61-75 years old."

"Ekstrak kembang telang mengandung antosianin yang tinggi sehingga memiliki aktivitas antikatarak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan bukti ilmiah yang kuat mengenai kemampuan ekstrak kembang telang dalam air untuk meluruhkan ion kalsium dan natrium dalam model katarak kortikal. Pada penelitian ini juga dilakukan rekonstruksi model katarak kortikal dengan variasi rasio kadar natrium terhadap kalsium sebesar 16, 17, dan 18. Kondisi optimum maserasi panas kembang telang pada suhu 80°C terjadi pada waktu ekstraksi 15 menit dengan jumlah kembang telang sebanyak 1 gram per 50 ml air. Peluruhan ion natrium dan untuk model 1, 2, dan 3 berturut-turut adalah 4,90-7,82%; 7,40-28,03%; dan 19-49,7% sedangkan ion kalsium adalah 0,003-0,033%; 0,1405-1%; dan 0,11-0,40%. Kemampuan peluruhan ion natrium dan kalsium oleh ekstrak kembang telang adalah 1,61-6,46% dan 0,007%-0,145% lebih besar dibandingkan oleh air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kembang telang memiliki kemampuan peluruhan ion kalsium dan natrium dimana agen peluruh yang berperan adalah antosianin. Ekstrak kembang telang memiliki jangkauan peluruhan ion kalsium dan natrium yang lebar sehingga cocok untuk lebih dari satu jenis komposisi katarak.

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Butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) contains high anthocyanin that has anti cataractous activity. This study aims to provide strong scientific evidence about the ability of aqueous butterfly pea flower extract in order to remove calcium and sodium ions in the model of cortical cataract. In this study also conducted reconstruction of cortical cataract models with variations in the ratio of sodium to calcium levels at 16, 17, and 18.

The optimum conditions for butterfly pea flower hot maceration at 80°C occurs in the extraction time 15 minutes with the number of flowers is 1 gram per 50 ml of water. Decay of sodium ion and for models 1, 2, and 3 respectively are 4.9 to 7.82%; 7.4 to 28.03%; and 19 to 49.7% while the for calcium ion are 0.0029 to 0.0332%; 0.1405 to 1%; and 0.1133 to 0.399%. The ability of sodium and calcium ions decay by butterfly pea flower extract is from 1.61 to 6.46% and 0.007% to 0.145% higher than by water.

The results showed that the aqueous extract of butterfly pea flower has the ability decay of calcium and sodium ions. Butterfly pea flower extract has a wide range of decay calcium and sodium ions, making it suitable for more than one type of cataract composition."

"Jumlah penderita katarak di Indonesia semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya. Cara pengobatan katarak yang tersedia di Indonesia adalah operasi. Namun, operasi katarak membutuhkan biaya yang mahal dan memiliki resiko terjadinya komplikasi pasca operasi. Bunga telang (Clitoria ternatea) dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber anti-katarak alami karena mengandung senyawa fenolik berupa antosianin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh ekstrak antosianin dari bunga telang dan mengetahui kemampuannya sebagai anti-katarak. Kondisi optimal ekstraksi maserasi untuk antosianin dari bunga telang adalah pada temperatur 80℃, waktu ekstraksi 15 menit, dan massa bunga telang 1,25 gram per 50 ml air (rasio volum air terhadap massa bunga = rasio a/t (ml air/ g bunga telang) = 40). Dalam penelitian ini, juga dilakukan rekonstruksi model katarak kortikal yang tersusun atas natrium oksalat, natrium karbonat, kalsium oksalat, kalsium karbonat, albumin, protein, dan lemak dengan berbagai variasi komposisi. Jumlah ion natrium yang meluruh pada model A, B, C, dan D berturut-turut adalah 0,0188; 0,03701; 0,17543; dan 0,24362%, jumlah ion kalsium yang meluruh pada model A, B, C, dan D berturut-turut adalah 0,00098; 0,00159; 0,00674; dan 0,00963%, sedangkan jumlah peluruhan protein pada model A, B, C, dan D berturut-turut adalah 12,755; 14,433; 12,695; dan 13,513%. Peluruhan ion natrium, ion kalsium, dan protein oleh ekstrak bunga telang ini lebih besar dibandingkan oleh air. Oleh karena ekstrak kembang telang memiliki jangkauan peluruhan ion natrium, kalsium, dan protein yang lebar sehingga cocok digunakan.

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The number of cataract patients in Indonesia is increasing every year. In Indonesia, the alternative for cataract treatment is only cataract surgery. However, cataract surgery is very expensive and has a risk of surgical complications. On the other hand, butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) can be expected to be utilized as a source of natural souce of anti-cataract because it contains phenolic compounds such as anthocyanin. The purpose of this study is to obtain anthocyanin and phenolic extracts from butterfly pea flower and to evaluate its anti-cataract activity. The optimal condition of maceration extraction for anthocyanin of butterfly pea flower is in temperature 80℃, extraction time 15 minute, and 1,25 gram flower per 50 ml water (ratio between water?s volumeto flower?s mass = ratio a/t = 40).

In this research, also conducted reconstruction of cortical cataract models which contain sodium oxalate, sodium carbonate, natrium oxalate, natrium carbonate, albumine, protein, and lipid with various composition. The decay for sodium ion for model A, B, C, and D respectively are 0,0188; 0,03701; 0,17543; and 0,24362%, the decay for calcium ion for model A, B, C, and D respectively are 0,00098; 0,00159; 0,00674; and 0,00963%, while for protein respectively are 12,755; 14,433; 12,695; and 13,513%. The ability of sodium and calcium ions, and also protein decay by butterfly pea flower extract is higher than by water. Butterfly pea flower extract has a wide range of decay sodium ion, calcium ion and protein, making it suitable for more than one type of cataract composition."