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"Amyloid-forming proteins are implicated in over 30 human diseases. The proteins involved in each disease have unrelated sequences and dissimilar native structures, but they all undergo conformational alterations to form fibrillar polymers. The fibrillar assemblies accumulate progressively into disease-specific lesions in vivo. Substantial evidence suggests these lesions are the end state of aberrant protein folding whereas the actual disease-causing culprits likely are soluble, non-fibrillar assemblies preceding the aggregates. The non-fibrillar protein assemblies range from small, low-order oligomers to spherical, annular, and protofibrillar species. Oligomeric species are believed to mediate various pathogenic mechanisms that lead to cellular dysfunction, cytotoxicity, and cell loss, eventuating in disease-specific degeneration and systemic morbidity. The particular pathologies thus are determined by the afflicted cell types, organs, systems, and the proteins involved. Evidence suggests that the oligomeric species may share structural features and possibly common mechanisms of action. In many cases, the structure–function interrelationships amongst the various protein assemblies described in vitro are still elusive. Deciphering these intricate structure–function correlations will help understanding a complex array of pathogenic mechanisms, some of which may be common across different diseases albeit affecting different cell types and systems."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini berfokus kepada upaya janda adi yuswa cerai mati pengidap penyakit degeneratif dalam memperoleh pelayanan kesehatan yang tanpa mereka sadari mengalami berbagai marginalisasi dari program kegiatan yang terlihat netral ender.. Perjuangan yang dialami keempat janda adi yuswa yang menjadi sumber utama dalam penelitian ini juga pengalaman dari delapan caregiver serta subjek pendukung yang menjadi supporting system dari para janda adi yuswa ini serta dua subjek pendukung dari institusi yang menjadi pelaksana kegiatan JKN. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara semi-terstruktur, wawancara mendalam, observasi lapangan serta data sekunder, kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori feminis sosialis baru, serta teori tindakan Robert K. Merton. Hasil penelitian yaitu kebijakan yang terlihat netral jender ternyata secara filosofis sangat patriarkis, karena didasari pembagian kerja yang tidak seimbang antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Janda adi yuswa sebagai pemegang kartu tambahan JKN dalam kacamata BPJS kesehatan secara statistik adalah laki-laki seperti alamarhum suaminya. Suara dan kebutuhan spesifik mereka dianggap tidak berbeda dengan kebutuhan laki-laki, kondisi ini mengakibatkan para janda ini mengalami marginalisasi secara ekonomi baik, diperparah dengan minimnya akses informasi dan rendahnya tingkat pendidikan membuat janda adi yuswamakin tidak berdaya dalam posisinya sebagai penerima manfaat jaring pengaman kesehatan. Kata Kunci: Janda Adi yuswa, Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional, penyakit degeneratif, dan Pelayanan kesehatan.

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ABSTRACTThis study focuses widow who suffered from degenerative diseases in obtaining health services unwittingly experiencing various acts of marginalization of the program activities are neutral gender. The struggle experienced by four elderly widow who becomes primary source in the study also eight subject as caregiver of the elderly widows. Method of data collection is semi structured interviews, field observations, in depth interviews and secondary data, which are then analyzed using the theory of the new Socialist feminist theory, gender sociology recently about the health status of women as well as action theory by Robert Merton. The neutral gender visibility policies such as health safety net proved philosophically are patriarchy Elderly widow as additional card from JKN in the perspective of JKN statistically are men like her late husband. Voices and their specific needs are considered same to men 39 s needs, these conditions result economically marginalize for widows, This condition compounded by lack of access to information and low levels of education. Keywords Elderly widow, national health coverage, degenerative diseases and health services"

"This book provides a comprehensive overview of the development of metabolic syndrome, the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for drug development. The authors examine the context of underlying molecular pathways and integrated physiology, then expanding the discussion to diseases associated with metabolic syndrome. The development of drug therapies for these diseases and complications is extensively covered. The book offers a comprehensive and in-depth view of energy metabolism, metabolic tissues and pathways, molecular mechanism-based drug discovery and clinical implications."