Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"A general introduction to the principles of diagnosis and treatment of children with brain tumors is presented. Molecular characterization of solid tumors is also presented. Molecular pathways provide putative targets for new therapies. High resolution magic spinning NMR spectroscopy is explained, which is used to determine metabolic profiles for small pieces of intact tissue and whole cells in culture. The differences between adult and pediatric brain tumors are outlined. Various neuroradiological imaging modalities in children with leukemia are detailed. Also are detailed results of clinical trials in pediatric brain tumors, such as medulloblastoma, ependymoma, craniopharyngioma, low-grade glioma, high-grade glioma, brainstem glioma, and germ cell tumors, using radiotherapy. Considering the clinical importance of epilepsy in the primary brain tumors in children, its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments (surgery and antiepileptic drugs) are discussed."

"The seventh edition is the most radical revision of this textbook to date and now includes color figures, a visual transformation over the sixth edition. However, we were careful to retain the same format as the sixth edition, which divided the book into two parts. Part I contains 17 chapters and represents both a general introduction to radiation biology and a complete self-contained course in the subject, suitable for residents in diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine. It follows the format of the Syllabus in Radiation Biology prepared by the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), and its content reflects the questions appearing in recent years in the written examination for diagnostic radiology residents given by the American Board of Radiology. Part II consists of 11 chapters of more in-depth material designed primarily for residents in radiation oncology. We live in an exciting time, but yet a dangerous time as well. The threat of nuclear terror rears its head way too often. If such an event occurs, those trained in the radiation sciences will be called on to manage exposed individuals. For this reason, we have included a new chapter on Radiologic Terrorism (Chapter 14). The translation of molecular imaging into the clinic is moving at a rapid pace. Therefore, we also included a chapter on fundamental concepts in molecular imaging that involves ionizing radiation such as CAT scans and PET imaging to reflect these new advances and describe the underlying biologic principles for each of these technologies (Chapter 15). The subject of retreatment with radiotherapy is not covered in most textbooks, and, because of this void, we have dedicated a new chapter to this subject"

"Difference between tissue specific stem cells and embryonic stem cells is explained. The advantages of the latter are included. The application of human pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells in cancer therapy and tissue/organ regeneration is detailed. Role of neural cancer stem cells in brain tumors, including their role in brain tumor therapy and the role of CD133 stem cell antigen in glioma patients, is emphasized. Therapeutic role of bone marrow-derived stem cells in myocardial infarction and the role of mesenchymal stem cells in orthopedics are explained. Transplantation of umbilical cord hematopoietic stem cells and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation followed by graft-versus-host disease are presented. Role of cancer stem cells specifically in glioblastoma and medulloblastoma is included. It is also emphasized that CD133 is an appropriate stem cell marker for gliomas. Targeting of cancer cells is also explained."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kombinasi parameter yang optimal dalam simulasi pemeriksaan kranial, toraks, dan abdomen menggunakan sistem digital radiography (DR). Optimasi dilakukan menggunakan phantom in-house dengan objek kontras pada DR Siemens Luminos Agile Max. Pasien pediatrik dipisahkan menjadi empat kelompok usia; grup A (0-1 tahun), grup B (1-5 tahun), grup C (5-10 tahun), dan grup D (10-15 tahun). Kombinasi lapisan PMMA dan cork dengan ketebalan total yang berbeda digunakan untuk mensimulasikan pasien yang termasuk dalam setiap kelompok usia untuk wilayah anatomis yang berbeda (kranial, toraks, dan abdomen). Optimasi dilakukan dalam tiga langkah; kVp, diikuti oleh mAs, dan kemudian optimasi filter tambahan. Semua langkah optimasi dilakukan berdasarkan nilai FOM (figure of merit) yang dihitung sebagai rasio SDNR (signal difference to noise ratio) kuadrat dan entrance surface dose dengan FOM tertinggi yang mewakili kondisi optimum. Hasil dari optimasi ini dievaluasi berdasarkan FOM tertinggi yang dihasilkan dari setiap eksposi. Adapun MTF dan CV digunakan sebagai parameter pembanding terhadap nilai FOM yang rancu. Dalam pemeriksaan kranial, FOM tertinggi dihasilkan oleh faktor eksposi 44 kV, 3.2 mAs, dan 0 mmCu atau tanpa filter (A), 46 kV, 5.6 mAs, dan 0.1 mmCu (B), 49 kV, 7.1 mAs, dan 0.2 mmCu (C) dan 50 kV, 9 mAs, dan 0.1 mmCu (D). Untuk pemeriksaan toraks, nilai FOM tertinggi dihasilkan oleh faktor eksposi 45 kV, 2,5 mAs, dan 0,2 mmCu (A), 45 kV, 4 mAs, dan 0.2 mmCu (B), 46 kV, 5.6 mAs, dan 0.2 mmCu (C), dan 47 kV, 6.3 mAs, dan 0.2 mmCu (D). Untuk pemeriksaan abdomen, nilai FOM tertinggi dihasilkan oleh faktor eksposi 48 kV, 4 mAs, dan 0.1 mmCu (A), 50 kV, 6.3 mAs, dan 0.2 mmCu (B), 53.5 kV, 8 mAs, dan 0 mmCu (C), dan 58.5 kV, 8 mAs, dan 0 mmCu (D).

---

This study was aimed to obtain optimum parameter combination in simulated cranial, thorax, and abdominal examinations using digital radiography (DR) systems. Optimization was performed using in-house phantom with contrast objects on Siemens Luminos Agile Max DR. Paediatric patients were separated into four age groups; group A (0-1 year), group B (1-5 years), group C (5-10 years), and group D (10-15 years). Slab phantoms consisted of PMMA and cork with different total thickness were used to simulate patients belonging to each age group for different anatomical region (cranial, thorax, and abdomen). Optimization were performed in three steps; first kVp, followed by mAs, and then additional filter optimization. All the steps of optimization were performed based on FOM (figure of merit) values calculated as ratio of squared SDNR (signal difference to noise ratio) and entrance surface dose with the highest FOM representing the optimum condition.

The results of this optimization were evaluated based on the highest FOM generated from each exposure. For this DR, optimum parameters (i.e. highest FOM) are different for each age group and anatomical region. In cranial examination, the highest FOM are generated by exposure factors of 44 kV, 3.2 mAs, and 0 mmCu filter (A), 46 kV, 5.6 mAs, and 0.1 mmCu filter (B), 49 kV, 7.1 mAs, and 0.2 mmCu filter (C) and 50 kV, 9 mAs, and 0.1 mmCu filter (D). For thorax examination, the highest FOM value is generated by exposure factor 45 kV, 2.5 mAs, and 0.2 mmCu (A), 45 kV, 4 mAs, and 0.2 mmCu (B), 46 kV, 5.6 mAs, and 0.2 mmCu (C), and 47 kV, 6.3 mAs, and 0.2 mmCu (D). For abdominal examination, the highest FOM value is produced by exposure factor 48 kV, 4 mAs, and 0.1 mmCu (A), 50 kV, 6.3 mAs, and 0.2 mmCu (B), 53.5 kV, 8 mAs, and 0 mmCu (C), and 58.5 kV, 8 mAs, and 0 mmCu (D)."

"Dopo esserci occupati della comunicazione degli esami radiologici nei Pazienti degenti in Ospedale, riteniamo opportuno trattarla anche in quelli ambulatoriali; in modo da completare l'argomento e integrare gli ambiti sanitari. Infatti, negli ambulatori convenzionati vengono effettuate prestazioni sanitarie, che l'Ospedale non è in grado di erogare, anche e soprattutto a Utenti, cioè a persone in apparente benessere, con le seguenti caratteristiche: -comunicazione di stato di malattia in fase pre-clinica,cioè asintomatica; -comunicazione di negatività in presunto malato; -richiamo ad adeguato stile di vita (cultura della salute); -educazione sanitaria. Tutto ciò implica l'integrazione multi-disciplinare (Radiologo, Psicologo, Eticista, Economista, etc..) e l'applicazione di modelli comunicativi-sia di metodo che applicativi-finalizzati e specifici."

"Berkat keberhasilan pembangunan, khususnya di bidang kesehatan, usia dan harapan hidup di negeri kita semakin meningkat. Bersamaan dengan itu, terjadi pula perubahan pola penyakit dari penyakit menular ke penyakit tidak menular, yaitu penyakit degeneratif, penyakit akibat kecelakaan, dan penyakit kanker.Pada saat ini diperkirakan bahwa dari 100.000 penduduk Indonesia, terdapat 100 penderita baru penyakit kanker setiap tahun. Dengan memperhatikan data catatan medis Rumah Sakit di samping laporan bidang Patologi Anatomi, penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia bersama-sama Badan Registrasi Kanker Ikatan Ahli Patologi Indonesia dan Yayasan Kanker Indonesia menunjukkan pola frekuensi relatif jenis kanker yang tersering didapati di Indonesia dengan urutan sebagai berikut : kanker leher rahim, hati, payudara, paru-paru, kulit, nasofaring, limfoma, leukemia, kolon/rektum. Sebagian penyakit kanker ini dapat dicegah. Pencegahan merupakan upaya terpenting dalam penanggulangan penyakit kanker. Tidak semua jenis kanker dapat disembuhkan, walaupun demikian, dengan pengobatan paliatif, banyak penderita kanker yang dapat ditingkatkan kualitas hidupnya untuk jangka waktu yang cukup lama.Pengobatan penyakit kanker di negerikita masih tergolong mahal bagi sebagian besar masyarakat. Saat ini kanker merupakan penyebab kematian urutan ke-6 di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, perlu disusun strategi yang terpadu untuk mendayagunakan fasilitas dan tenaga serta menghemat biaya.Kanker adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh timbulnya suatu populasi sel yang terus-menerus membelah diri secara tidak terkendali, tanpa mematuhi mekanisme pengaturan yang berlaku. Kemampuan membelah diri merupakan sifat fisiologis sel dalam tubuh manusia. Daya proliferasi berbagai sel dalam tubuh kita berbeda-beda Sel mukosa saluran cerna, sel sistem hemopoetik dalam sumsum tulang, dan sel folikel rambut, misalnya, termasuk kelompok sel yang memiliki kemampuan membelah diri tertinggi, sedangkan sel syaraf termasuk kelompok sel yang berkemampuan membelah terrendah. Sifat membelah diri suatu sel diatur oleh gen yang merupakan unit fungsional terkecil kromosom.Sifat sel kanker diakibatkan oleh perubahan yang terjadi pada gen. Hanya sebagian kecil dari sel yang telah mengalami perubahan gen dapat bertahan dalam tubuh manusia, sedangkan sebagian besar dimusnahkan oleh sistem perlindungan tubuh. Keberhasilan sel-sel abnormal ini untuk tumbuh bergantung pada kemampuannya mengatasi usaha tubuh memusnahkannya. Sistem imunologik tubuh merupakan sistem yang terpenting dalam upaya untuk mencegah timbuhnya kanker.Berbagai penelitian termasuk di antaranya penelitian di bidang penyakit AIDS telah dapat menunjukkan besarnya peranan perubahan gen terhadap berbagai sifat sel kanker. Perubahan gen tidak hanya berperan terhadap kemampuan sel berproliferasi, tetapi juga terhadap berbagai produk yang dikeluarkan sel kanker, bahkan juga terhadap respon sel kanker tersebut terhadap pengobatan.Di samping daya proliferasi yang tinggi, sel kanker memiliki kemampuan menembus jaringan sekitarnya. Hal ini tidak terjadi semata-mata karena desakan akibat pertumbuhan sel, tetapi dilakukan secara aktif oleh sekelompok sel kanker yang mampu menembus membrana basalis dan selanjutnya masuk ke dalam aliran limfe atau darah untuk kemudian membentuk anak sebar pada berbagai organ tubuh penderita. Kegagalan pengobatan kanker yang seolah-olah masih kelihatan terlokalisasi sehingga diobati dengan cara pembedahan atau radiasi, disebabkan oleh adanya jangkitan mikro yang belum dapat dideteksi yang berada di luar daerah yang diobati dengan pembedahan atau radiasi. Hal yang mendasar ini sebaiknya dimengerti untuk dapat mengikuti kemajuan yang telah dicapai penelitian bidang kanker pada saat ini, maupun arah perkembangannya di kemudian hari."

";"

"Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has emerged as an important innovative treatment for various primary and metastatic cancers. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the physical/technological, biological, and clinical aspects of SBRT. It will serve as a detailed resource for this rapidly developing treatment modality. The organ sites covered include lung, liver, spine, pancreas, prostate, adrenal, head and neck, and female reproductive tract. Retrospective studies and prospective clinical trials on SBRT for various organ sites from around the world are examined, and toxicities and normal tissue constraints are discussed. This book features unique insights from world-renowned experts in SBRT from North America, Asia, and Europe. It will be necessary reading for radiation oncologists, radiation oncology residents and fellows, medical physicists, medical physics residents, medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, and cancer scientists."