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"Abstract:Most analysts agree that Turkey's foreign policy is essentially peaceful, using diplomacy and multilateralism in the resolution of its conflicts with other states. Here, Umut Uzer offers a necessary corrective to this standard analysis by revealing the Kemalist influence in Turkey's state ideology. This defined the identity of the state as Turkish, resulting in responsibilities towards Turks residing beyond its borders, and a more engaged foreign policy that ranged from declarations of support for ethnic kin outside Turkey to outright takeover of territory."

"After the Second World War, Turkey and Egypt were among the most dynamic actors in the Middle East. Their 1950s foreign policies presented a puzzle, however: Turkey's Democrat Party pursued NATO membership and sponsored the pro-Western Baghdad Pact regionally, while Egypt's Free Officers promoted neutralism and pan-Arab alliances. This book asks why: what explains this divergence in a shared historical space? Rethinking foreign policy as an important site for the realisation of nationalist commitments, Abou-El-Fadl finds the answer in the contrasting nation making projects pursued by the two leaderships, each politicised differently through experiences of war, imperialism and underdevelopment. Drawing on untapped Turkish and Arabic sources, and critically engaging with theories of postcolonial nationalism, she emphasises local actors' agency in striving to secure national belonging, sovereignty and progress in the international field. Her analysis sheds light on the contemporary legacies of the decade which cemented Turkey's position in the Western Bloc and Egypt's reputation as Arab leader."

"Penelitian ini menganalisis perubahan kebijakan luar negeri Turki terhadap Suriah. Analisis dalam penelitian ini mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor penyebab yang melandasi Turki mengubah kebijakan luar negerinya sejak konflik sipil terjadi tahun 2011 di Suriah. Tesis ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif yang berdasarkan pada causal process tracing sebagai teknik analisis data. Dengan kerangka analisis politik luar negeri, penelitian ini menemukan adanya faktor internal dan eksternal sebagai pembentuk perubahan kebijakan luar negeri. Faktor internal terdiri dari isu politik identitas, pragmatisme ekonomi, dan peran kelompok kepentingan. Kemudian, faktor eksternal terdiri dari ancaman eksistensial, guncangan eksternal, desakan publik, dan persaingan di kawasan. Berdasarkan perangkat analisis tersebut, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa perubahan sikap Turki dilandaskan pada kepentingan nasionalisme Turki yakni mencegah terbentuknya Negara Kurdi di Suriah Utara, mengendalikan kelompok Islam Radikal di Suriah, membentuk pemerintahan baru di Suriah sesuai dengan kehendak Turki, menguasai akses sumber energi di Suriah, dan melindungi wilayah kedaulatannya dari ancaman dan efek limpahan konflik Suriah. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut, penelitian ini menawarkan dua rekomendasi penting. Pertama, secara akademik yang menawarkan penyempurnaan lebih lanjut dari teori perubahan politik luar negeri dengan menggabungkan pendekatan berbasis struktur dan agen. Kedua, rekomendasi kebijakan yang menawarkan secara idealitas bahwa Turki harus mengembalikan karakteristik politik luar negeri Zero Problem with Neighbour yang cenderung mengedepankan soft power dibanding hard power.

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This study analyzes the changes in Turkey's foreign policy towards Syria. The analysis in this study identifies the causal factors that underlie Turkey's change in its foreign policy since the civil conflict occurred in 2011 in Syria. This thesis uses a qualitative research method based on causal process tracing as a data analysis technique. With the framework of foreign policy analysis, this research finds internal and external factors as the shapers of foreign policy changes. Internal factors consist of identity politics, economic pragmatism, and the role of interest groups. Then, external factors consist of existential threats, external shocks, public pressure, and competition in the region. Based on this analysis, the authors conclude that Turkey's policy changes are based on the interests of Turkish nationalism, namely preventing the formation of a Kurdish State in Northern Syria, controlling Radical Islamic groups in Syria, forming a new government in Syria under Turkey's will, controlling access to energy sources in Syria, and protect its sovereign territory from the threats and spillover effects of the Syrian conflict. Based on the analysis results, this study offers two important recommendations. First, academically that offers a further refinement of the theory of foreign policy change by combining a structure-based and agency-based approach. Second, policy recommendations offer ideals that Turkey must restore the characteristics of a "Zero Problem with Neighbor" foreign policy, which tends to prioritize soft power over hard power."

"Sejak Republik Turki terbentuk, Turki selalu mengidentifikasi dirinya sebagai bagian dari Barat. Hal ini berdampak pada perumusan politik luar negeri yang berorientasi Barat, dengan menjadi bagian dari berbagai perkembangan politik internasional Barat. Pemerintahan Turki saat ini, yang dipimpin oleh Adelet ve Kalkιnma Partisi (AKP), menunjukkan adanya kontradiksi terhadap tradisi politik luar negeri Turki. Dalam periode pertama kepemimpinannya (2002- 2007), AKP menjadikan isu integrasi Uni Eropa sebagai prioritas utama dalam politik luar negerinya. Namun kemudian, dalam periode kedua kepemimpinannya (2007 dan seterusnya), AKP mulai secara berani menunjukkan keterlibatan aktifnya dalam berbagai isu di Timur Tengah dan juga kawasan lain, mulai dari Afrika hingga Amerika Latin. Perubahan ini terjadi dalam satu rezim kepemimpinan, sehingga memunculkan perdebatan mengapa hal ini dapat terjadi. Dengan mengkaji tulisan berbagai pengamat (Turki dan non-Turki) mulai dari tahun 2007 yang memberikan pandangannya mengenai perubahan politik luar negeri Turki, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa perubahan politik luar negeri Turki di era AKP diartikan sebagai perubahan orientasi politik luar negeri dari Westernoriented ke self-oriented, yaitu pemusatan pertimbangan preferensi politik luar negeri ke arah internal Turki, dengan mengakui potensi yang dimiliki dan mengharmonisasikan faktor internal dan eksternal sambil beradaptasi dengan perkembangan sistem internasional. Perubahan ini disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor yang mencakup tiga level analisis (individu, negara, dan global) dalam tiga cakupan isu (keamanan, ekonomi, dan identitas) yang berpengaruh terhadap hubungan luar negeri Turki dan persepsi internasional terhadap Turki.

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Since the Republic is formed, Turkey has always been identifying itself as part of the West. This leads to the formulation of foreign policy which is Westernoriented, by involving in various Western international politics. The current regime, Adelet ve Kalkιnma Partisi (AKP), started to initiate some policies which are contradictive to the Turkey’s long-term foreign policy tradition. In the first period (2002-2007), AKP made European Union integrations as its foreign policy priority. Yet, in the second term (2007 onwards), AKP started to blatently involve in various issues in Middle East, and also other regions from Africa to Latin America. This phenomenon occurred in one regime that raised questions on why this change occurred. By analyzing various literatures written by Turkish and non- Turkish observers in 2007 onward, I argue that change in Turkey’s foreign policy in the AKP era should be understood as change in foreign policy orientation from Western-oriented to self-oriented, which means centralization of foreign policy preferences based on internal consideration through acknowledging self-potentials and harmonization of internal and external factors while adjusting to the changing international system. This change in Turkey's foreign policy is driven by various factors ranging from security, economy, and identity issue in three level of analysis (individual, state, and global) that affect Turkey’s foreign relations and international perception on Turkey."

"ABSTRAKBuzan dan Waever dalam Regions and Powers: The Structure of InternationalSecurity menjelaskan posisi Turki sebagai insulator bagi regional securitycomplex (RSC) Eropa, Middle Eastern dan Kaukasus. Insulator adalah sebuahkawasan yang berada di antara dua atau lebih RSC yang memiliki karakter pasifdan tidak dapat menyatukan dua RSC dalam satu arena strategis keamanan.Dinamika Turki masa AKP (2002-2011) ternyata tidak lagi relevan dengan statusinsulator. Perubahan orientasi dari Barat ke Timur merupakan salah satu indikasibagaimana Turki mencoba ?keluar? dari status tersebut. Perubahan orientasi initerkarakterisasi dengan agresivitas peran Turki di regional MERSC, khususnyadalam isu keamanan, dan perekonomian yang terus membaik.

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AbstractIn Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Buzan andWaever explain that Turkey is an insulator between Europe, Middle Eastern, andCaucasus regional security complexes. Insulator is a term that used to describe aregional between two or more RSCs which has been occupied by one state. Thestate must be weak, passive and cannot bring those RSCs together in one strategicsecurity arena. According to Turkey?s internal and external dynamic by 2002-2001 or AKP?s period, insulator concept does not relevant anymore to figure outTurkey?s position and status. Changing in Turkey?s foreign policy which is beingturned to East poses a challenge to that status. Turkey?s trying to get out ofinsulator state. This changing is characterized by Turkey?s aggressivity role inMERSC, especially in security issue and emerging economic."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas peningkatan kerjasama antara Turki dan Ukraina dalambidang Industri Pertahanan dan Keamanan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitiankualitatif dengan bentuk deskriptif. Penelitia ini menggunakan konsep teoriEnglish School Barry Buzan melalui pendekatan Masyarakat Internasional. Hasilpenelitian ini menganalisis kerjasama di bidang industri pertahanan dankeamanan antara Turki dan Ukraina melalui faktor ekonomi, teknologi dan pasarsebagai upaya kedua negara dalam membentuk masyarakat internasional. Denganterbentuknya masyarakat internasional kedua negara secara bersama dapatmenciptakan kestabilan keamanan di kawasannya dan peredaan keteganganantara Ukraina dan Rusia. Keuntungan melalui kerjasama di bidang industripertahanan dan keamanan tidak hanya dalam bidang ekonomi namun juga dalamhal teknologi dan pasar

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the enhancement of cooperation between Turkey andUkraine in the field of Defence and Security Industries. This research isqualitative descriptive form. This study uses the concept theory Barry BuzanEnglish School through the International Society approach. The results of thisstudy to analyze cooperation in the defense industry and security between Turkeyand Ukraine through economic factors, technology and the market as the twocountries' efforts in shaping the international society. With the formation of theinternational society the two countries together can create the security stability inthe region and easing of tensions between Ukraine and Russia. Advantagesthrough cooperation in the field of security and defense industries not only in theeconomic field but also in terms of technology and market"

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh tantangan bagi Erdoğan dan AKP dalam memelihara kekuasaannya di Turki. Pasalnya, situasi ekonomi Turki yang sedang melemah serta persaingan politik domestik yang semakin ketat akan menuntut Erdoğan untuk berupaya lebih keras guna memelihara kekuasaannya dengan memenangkan pemilihan umum Turki 2023. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan di tingkat internasional adalah penguatan hubungan bilateral dengan Israel. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah kualitatif.Temuan data diperoleh melalui kajian kepustakaan terhadap berbagai sumber cetak maupun digital seperti laporan, artikel ilmiah, dan buku yang membahas mengenai pemikiran politik Erdoğan dan situasi politik domestik di Turki, serta sejarah hubungan Turki dan Israel. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma realisme politik Morgethau dan teori eksistensial Huntington. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penguatan hubungan diplomatik Turki-Israel merupakan salah satu strategi Erdoğan dalam memelihara kekuasaannya. Akan tetapi, strategi ini bukanlah faktor kunci kemenangan Erdoğan akan tetapi bersifat pendukung. Meskipun posisi Erdoğan dan AKP cukup kuat dalam politik domestik di Turki, akan tetapi berbagai tantangan ekonomi maupun politik di tingkat domestik ataupun global menuntut penyelesaian agar peluang kemenangan serta stabilitas Turki terjaga.

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The background of this research is from the defiance of Erdoğan and the AKP in maintaining their power in Turkey. The weakening of Turkish economy and the strengthening of Turkish domestic politics competition enforce Erdoğan to work harder in order to maintain his power by winning 2023 Turkish election. One of the efforts at international level is the strengthening of bilateral relations with Israel. This research used qualitative method. The data were obtained by library research from various printed and digital sources such as reports, scientific journals,and books that analyze Erdoğan’s political framework, the current situation of Turkish domestic politics and history of Turkish-Israeli relation. This research used political realism Morgenthau paradigm and existential theory Huntington. The results of this research concluded that one of Erdoğan’s strategies to maintain his power by strengthening Turkish-Israeli relation. However, this strategy is not the main factor of Erdoğan’s triumph, but it’s solely a supporting factor. Even though Erdoğan’s position is still dominant in Turkey, but the economy and political issues both in domestic or global need to be done, in order to protect Erdoğan’s chance of winning and Turkish stability."