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"This book describes and assesses energy technologies, markets and future strategies, focusing on their capacity to produce, exchange, and use energy vectors. Special attention is given to the renewable energy resources available in different areas of the world and made exploitable by the integration of energy vectors in the global energy system. Clear definitions of energy vectors and energy systems are used as the basis for a complete explanation and assessment of up-to-date, available technologies for energy resources, transport and storage systems, conversion and use. The energy vectors scheme allows the potential realization of a worldwide sustainable energy system to fulfill global development expectations by minimizing both the impact on the environment, and the international political frictions for access to limited and concentrated resources."

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ABSTRACTInterdisciplinary in its approach and global in its perspective, Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future, Second Edition, provides a contemporary exploration of the economic, social, environmental, and policy issues raised by current systems of energy use. Emphasizing the important issue of sustainability, it analyzes the historical evolution of the world's energy systems, the principles underlying their use, and their present status and future prospects. Beginning with a survey of basic energy concepts, the book describes the magnitude and patterns of human energy needs at various levels. It moves on to an overview of the fossil and nuclear-fuelled energy that, together with hydroelectric power and traditional biofuels, supply most of the world's commercial energy needs. Sections on economics describe the basic methods through which the monetary costs of energy are calculated, also considering the "external" costs of energy production. Finally, the book looks at the sustainability issues associated with both fossil- and nuclear-fuel use--and considers the technological advancements and social developments that might solve these problems. Providing a truly interdisciplinary approach, Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future, Second Edition, is ideal for undergraduate engineering students and undergraduates studying policy making. "

"Dangerous CO2 emissions, massive oil spills, dwindling supplies the problems with fossil fuels are driving a longoverdue reassessment of our nation's energy policies. U.S. Congressman Jerry McNerney, a renewable energy engineer and the first representative with expertise in energy independence, leads the way to change. In "Clean Energy Nation", he and journalist Martin Cheek make an impassioned argument for drastically reducing dependency on fossil fuels and developing sustainable, readily available energy sources solar, wind, biofuel, geothermal, and hydrogen-based power. Bringing together a rare combination of scientific knowledge, political savvy, and insightful journalism, the authors reveal the pros and cons of alternative energy sources and examine how our nation became addicted to fossil fuels in the first place. The book reads like the dramatic story it is, complete with dire projections about peak oil and grim scenarios of rising oceans! keen insights into policies and players that have stalled progress on climate change and favored big oil!and astute recommendations for building a clean energy economy and a prosperous, stable future."

"Negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia memiliki tujuh wilayah besar dengan karakteristik yang berbeda dalam system kelistrikan, perkembangan kebijakan kelistrikan di Indonesia dimulai pada abad ke-19 dan mulai berkembang dengan adanya pemberian hak konsesi oleh Pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda kepada swasta di beberapa daerah, kemudian ketika Jepang menguasai Indonesia, sektor kelistrikan berubah fungsi sebagai alat pertahanan dalam peperangan. Indonesia memperoleh kemerdekaan pada tahun 1945 dibarengi dengan proses nasionalisasi aset-aset yang dimiliki oleh Hindia-Belanda dan Jepang, kemudian sektor kelistrikan dikuasai sepenuhnya oleh Negara yang diamanahkan melalui Badan Usaha Milik Negara yaitu PLN. Pada tahun 1966, sektor ketenagalistrikan merupakan bagian dari proses pembangunan yang digaungkan dalam RPLT (Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun), di era tahun 1998 terjadilah pergolakan reformasi, yang berdampak pada kebijakan ketenagalistrikan, dimana porsi swasta/Independent Power Producer (IPP) meningkat signifikan menjadi 3.169 MW pada tahun 2003, rentan waktu era reformasi kebijakan sektor ketenagalistrikan mengalami 2 kali perubahan, konsepnya masih sama yaitu demonopolisasi, namun ada beberapa konsep yang diluruskan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi, sehingga sektor ketenagalistrikan tetap menjadi bagian dari kontrol negara. Indonesia telah meratifikasi Paris Agreement, dimana konsep perencanaan kelistrikan akan berbasis pada energi baru terbarukan, berbagai skenario telah dipersiapkan pemerintah namun baru bersifat pemenuhan kebutuhan supply-demand dengan mengoptimalkan pemanfataan energi terbarukan untuk kebutuhan pembangkit listrik, belum ada kebijakan yang mengatur terkait agregasi energi terbarukan sehingga diperlukan proyeksi kebutuhan energi dengan alat bantu perangkat lunak Powersim dan Arena untuk menghitung kebutuhan energi secara skenario BAU (Business As Usual) dan skenario penambahan supply dari 20% dari PLTS Atap dan variabel lainnya dari PLT Energi Terbarukan sebesar 10 s.d 15 TWh dan penambahan demand dari adanya peningkatan penggunaan electric vehicle, kompor induksi dan ekspor listrik ke Singapura dan Timor Leste.

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The unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia has seven large regions with different characteristics in the electricity system, the development of electricity policy in Indonesia began in the 19th century and began to develop with the granting of concession rights by the Dutch East Indies colonial government to the private sector in some areas, then when Japan controlled Indonesia, the electricity sector changed its function as a means of defense in warfare. Indonesia gained independence in 1945 coupled with the process of nationalization of assets owned by the Dutch East Indies and Japan, then the electricity sector was fully controlled by the State mandated through state-owned enterprises, namely PLN. In 1966, the electricity sector was part of the development process echoed in the RPLT (Five-Year Development Plan), in the era of 1998 there was a reform upheaval, which had an impact on electricity policy, where the portion of private / Independent Power Producer (IPP) increased significantly to 3,169 MW in 2003, vulnerable when the era of electricity sector policy reform experienced 2 changes,  The concept is still the same as demonopolisation, but there are several concepts straightened out by the Constitutional Court, so that the electricity sector remains part of state control. Indonesia has ratified the Paris Agreement, where the concept of electricity planning will be based on new renewable energy, various scenarios have been prepared by the government but only meet the needs of supply-demand by optimizing the utilization of renewable energy for electricity generation needs, there is no policy that regulates the aggregation of renewable energy so that it requires the projection of energy needs with Powersim and Arena software tools for electricity generation.  Calculate the energy needs in the BAU (Business As Usual) scenario and the scenario of increasing supply from 20% of roofing power plants and other variables of renewable energy power plants of 10 to 15 TWh and the addition of demand from the increased use of electric vehicles, induction stoves and electricity exports to Singapore and Timor Leste."

"Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) adalah metode untuk mengurangi konsumsi daya dan permintaan puncak. Ini bukan studi baru karena sudah banyak implementasi dan penelitian tentang CVR sebelumnya. CVR menyiratkan bahwa dengan mengurangi tegangan suatu perangkat atau sistem, daya yang dikonsumsi juga akan berkurang. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan menggunakan persamaan daya listrik yang menyatakan bahwa daya sebanding dengan tegangan.Sistem energi terbarukan sedang meningkat karena semakin murah dan lebih efisien. Daya yang dikeluarkan oleh sistem energi terbarukan tergantung pada faktor sumbernya, apakah itu radiasi atau kecepatan angin. CVR memungkinkan pengurangan konsumsi daya beban. Ini membantu mengurangi beban sistem karena mereka tidak harus menghasilkan lebih banyak daya daripada kebutuhan beban.Sistem PV dan turbin angin mikro memiliki keluaran yang berbeda, tetapi keduanya perlu memasok beban yang sama dalam jaringan mikro. Kedua sistem pada akhirnya diubah menjadi daya AC untuk digunakan beban. Inverter digunakan di kedua sistem untuk membantu konversi. Inverter umum memiliki fluktuasi tegangan antara -20% dan +10% dari tegangan nominalnya. Sebuah sistem kontrol digunakan untuk mengatur tegangan keluaran inverter dan memastikan tidak mencapai kisaran tegangan maksimum. Sistem kontrol akan memungkinkan output inverter diatur lebih dekat ke tegangan nominal dan dengan demikian mengurangi tegangan berlebih.Sistem energi terbarukan menghasilkan tegangan yang lebih rendah setelah sistem kontrol diterapkan untuk mengatur keluaran inverter. CVR telah dicapai dalam sistem ini. Sistem telah mengurangi konsumsi daya dan dengan demikian menurunkan beban sistem. Sistem tidak menghemat energi dengan menerapkan CVR. Perangkat yang bergantung pada voltase masih akan membutuhkan lebih banyak daya jika voltase perangkat dinaikkan. Sistem PV dan turbin angin mikro dengan CVR memungkinkan beban mendapatkan input tegangan yang lebih sehat sekaligus mengurangi konsumsi daya.

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Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) is a method to reduce power consumption and peak demand. It is not a new study as there have been plenty of implementations and research regarding CVR for a long time. CVR implies that by reducing the voltage of a device or system, the power consumed will also be reduced. This can be proven using the electrical power equation where it states that power is proportional to voltage. Renewable energy systems are on the rise as they are getting cheaper and more efficient. The power outputted by a renewable energy system depends on their source factor whether it is irradiance or wind speed. Conservation voltage reduction allows the reduction of power consumption of the load. This helps decrease the burden of the system as they do not have to generate more power than the load needs.

PV systems and micro wind turbines have different outputs, but both need to supply the same load in a micro-grid. Both systems are eventually converted to AC power for the load to use. An inverter is used in both systems to help with the conversion. A common inverter has a voltage fluctuation between -20% and +10% of its nominal voltage. A control system is used to regulate the inverter’s output voltage and make sure it does not reach the maximum voltage range. The control system will allow the output of the inverter to be regulated much closer to the nominal voltage and thus decreasing excess voltage. The renewable energy system outputs a lower voltage after a control system has been applied to regulate the output of the inverter. Conservation voltage reduction has been achieved in this system. The system has reduced power consumption and thus lowering the burden of the system. The system does not save energy by implementing conservation voltage reduction. A voltage-dependent device will still demand more power if the voltage of the device is increased. The PV and micro wind turbine system with CVR allows the load to benefit healthier voltage input while having reduced power consumption."

"In 2020, renewable energy sources contribution in Indonesia’s energy production mix had only reached 14,71%. The percentage was still far from Indonesia’s renewable energy mix target of 23% in 2025 and 31% in 2050 according to their own national energy plan. To enhance their progress in reaching those targets, one way that can be done is to benefit promising renewable energy potential in many areas, including coastal area such as Muara Bungin Beach located in Pantai Bakti Village, Bekasi. The village mentioned before have an average of 3,26-5,41 m/s wind speed and solar radiation of 5-5,4 kWh/m2/day. To utilize the area’s potential, three units of The Sky Dancer TSD-500 wind turbine and two monocrystalline solar panels with a total capacity of 1800 Watt peak have been installed in that area since 2014, making Muara Bungin Village mostly known as Bungin Techno Village to public. Sadly, the wind turbines have been removed recently in October 2021 due to poor physical condition, and the solar panels rarely being used and maintenanced. A revitalization plan can be done to keep Bungin Techno Village’s existance in utilizing their renewable energy potential alive.

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The revitalization plan will create huge project, which is to install renewable energy power plants that can serve Desa Pantai Bakti’s electricity demand. A modelling result by LEAP shows that Desa Pantai Bakti’s electricity demand will reach 1.965,1 kWh/day in 2031. The planned renewable energy power plants will handle electricity load of 1.021,85 kWh/day or 51,6% from the village’s total electricity demand. A solar power plant consisting 104 units of Monocrystalline Maysun Solar Cell 500 Wp Peak Power with a lifetime of 25 years, a wind power plant consisting 24 units of 2000 W/220 V capacity wind turbines with a lifetime of 20 years, and a waste-to-energy power plant consisting a TG30 gasification machine and a 200 kVa/160 kW capacity diesel genset Caterpillar with a lifetime of 20 years. The total cost for lifetime operation of the planned solar, wind, and waste-to-energy power plant is estimated to be around Rp1.519.049.423; Rp3.238.231.499; and Rp859.733.884 respectively. The investment for the renewable energy technology revitalization plan can be considered economically worthy, judging by the NPV and ROR of every single planned power plants showing positive values or greater than zero."

"This book makes use of existing scenarios to sketch a new structure for Germany's and Europe's electricity system that will be able to cope simultaneously with the fundamental demands for economic efficiency, environmental sustainability and supply security. "

"Tarif energi baru dan terbarukan (EBT) adalah kebijakan yang paling umum dan biasanya digunakan di dunia untuk mendorong pengembang swasta memasuki pasar pembangkit listrik EBT. Namun di Indonesia, tarif EBT yang berlaku saat ini berdasarkan Permen ESDM No. 50/2017 dianggap tidak mencukupi menguntungkan bagi pengembang swasta karena tarif EBT berbasis biaya Pembangkit PLN berbasis daerah (BPP, Harga Pokok Produksi) yang kena flat dengan pembangkit bahan bakar fosil, yang saat ini cenderung lebih mahal rendah dibandingkan dengan biaya investasi pembangkit EBT. Karena itu Dengan menggunakan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) Fotovoltaik Karena kasusnya, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji seperti apa struktur tarif tersebut EBT saat ini sesuai dengan kelayakan finansial dari potensi yang ada Pembangunan PLTS Fotovoltaik tertuang dalam Rencana Umum Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik (RUPTL) 2019-2028. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Pemodelan keuangan disimulasikan untuk dua skenario teknologi berbeda yaitu 1) PLTS Fotovoltaik on-grid tanpa menggunakan sistem baterai dan 2) PLTS Fotovoltaik on-grid menggunakan sistem baterai. Adapun, hasilnya dari studi ini adalah struktur tarif EBT saat ini, hanya sesuai kelayakan finansial 60% dari potensi pengembangan PLTS Fotovoltaik dalam RUPTL 2019-2028 dalam skenario PLTS Fotovoltaik on-grid tanpa sistem baterai. Sedangkan pada skenario PLTS Fotovoltaik menggunakan sistem baterai, Tarif EBT hanya sesuai dengan kelayakan finansial 24% dari potensi pengembangan PLTS Fotovoltaik dalam RUPTL 2019-2028.ABSTRACTTarif energi baru dan terbarukan (EBT) adalah kebijakan yang paling umum dan biasanya digunakan di dunia untuk mendorong swasta memasuki pasar pembangkit listrik EBT. Namun di Indonesia, tarif EBT yang sesuai saat ini berdasarkan Permen ESDM No. 50/2017 respon tidak mencukupi menguntungkan bagi pengembang swasta karena tarif EBT berbasis biaya Pembangkit PLN berbasis daerah (BPP, Harga Pokok Produksi) yang kena flat dengan pembangkit bahan bakar fosil, yang saat ini cenderung lebih mahal dibandingkan dengan biaya investasi pembangkit EBT. Karena itu Dengan menggunakan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) Fotovoltaik Karena kasusnya, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji seperti apa struktur tarif tersebut EBT saat ini sesuai dengan kelayakan finansial dari potensi yang ada Pembangunan PLTS Fotovoltaik tertuang dalam Rencana Umum Penyediaan Tenaga Listrik (RUPTL) 2019 -2028. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Pemodelan keuangan yang disimulasikan untuk dua skenario teknologi yang berbeda yaitu 1) PLTS Fotovoltaik on-grid tanpa menggunakan sistem baterai dan 2) PLTS Fotovoltaik on-grid menggunakan sistem baterai. Adapun, hasilnya dari studi ini adalah struktur tarif EBT saat ini, hanya sesuai kelayakan finansial 60% dari potensi pengembangan PLTS Fotovoltaik dalam RUPTL 2019-2028 dalam skenario PLTS Fotovoltaik on-grid tanpa sistem baterai. Sedangkan pada skenario PLTS Fotovoltaik menggunakan sistem baterai, Tarif EBT hanya sesuai dengan kelayakan finansial 24% dari potensi pengembangan PLTS Fotovoltaik dalam RUPTL 2019-2028.

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Tariff policy is important to induce RE developers to enter the market of electricity power plants. In Indonesia, the developers face uncertainty in business they experienced several changes in tariff structure for the last two years. According to MEMR Regulation No.50/2017, the current tariff structure is not the ideal case since the tariff uses mixed energy generation cost per region as the basis instead of renewable energy generation cost. Therefore, using solar PV generation as the case,this study aims to examine how the current tariff structure fits the potential development of solar PV power plants based on RUPTL 2019-2028. This research will be conducted using financial modeling to look at two scenarios, which are 1) Solar Photovoltaic on-grid without a battery system, 2) Solar photovoltaic on-grid with a battery system. The result of this study is the current tariff structure is only fits 60% of the potential development of solar PV power plants based on RUPTL 2019-2028 in a scenario without battery system and 24% of the potential development of solar PV power plants based on RUPTL 2019-2028 in a scenario with a battery system. "

"This book helps readers sort through energy hype, doom and gloom, and misinformation to understand what really matters in energy, and how it impacts individuals, investors, businesspeople, and policy makers worldwide. The book covers the overall global energy situation, the particular risks for the U.S. with its present energy mix, the energy outlook for the developed world and emerging economies like China and India, what peak oil really means, and the present and likely future of natural gas, coal, oil, nuclear power, and alternative energy sources."