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"Choledocoltthiasis may cause acute cholangitis which is life-threatening condition. It has non specific clinical signs from mild to severe condition such as septicemia. Diagnostic and treatment modalities had developed a great deal recently. Therapeutic options include endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP), common bile duct exploration (CEDE), laparoscopic CBDE and stone retrieval. The important thing is to choose the appropriate method for each patient. We reported a case of choledocolithiasis in 40 years old, male patients who was clinically diagnosed as acute cholangitis. Diagnostic approach to find the etiology was done. Abdominal USG and CT were performed and showed multiple stones in gallbladder and intrahepatic biliary duct, suspected mass at capul of the pancreas and hepatomegaly. The ERCP showed dilatation of intra and extra hepatic biliary ducts with multiple stone in common bile duct (CBD), hepatic duct and gallbladder. The slent was placed for biliary drainage. The patient underwent cholecystectomy per laparoscopy, but further evaluation of the cholangiography still showed the presence of stones in intrahepatic biliary duct. Laparotomy exploration of CBD was done and it revealed multiple stones and dilatation of distal CBD. Surgical treatment selected for this case was chole docojej unostomy."

"This undergraduate thesis covers policies, phenomena, and critical situations in Indonesian economy during the period of 1980 through 2005. This long period is divided into two periods: policy reform era in 1988-1997 and post crisis era in 1998-2005. In order to be able to properly identify the most binding constraint of Indonesian economy and to compare it to other economies, the method used is fixed effect model or least square dummy variables. The empirical results and narrative analysis suggest that the most binding constraint during the two periods is educational attainment. The most interesting result is the meager influence of institutions quality on economic activity during the New Order Era but increasing after it. Another staggering result is that the financial and banking deregulations implied by access to sound money were negatively related to growth. The results also indicate that Indonesia needs to sharpen its expenditure on productive sectors. In addition, democracy needs good treatment in the long term."