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"This groundbreaking text has been augmented with new material and fully updated to prepare students for the new-style MLC exam."

"This book concerns the origins of mathematical problem solving at the internationally active Osram and Telefunken Corporations during the golden years of broadcasting and electron tube research. The woman scientist Iris Runge, who received an interdisciplinary education at the University of Göttingen, was long employed as the sole mathematical authority at these companies in Berlin. It will be shown how mathematical connections were made between statistics and quality control, and between physical-chemical models and the actual problems of mass production. The organization of industrial laboratories, the relationship between theoretical and experimental work, and the role of mathematicians in these settings will also be explained. By investigating the social, economic, and political conditions that unfolded from the time of the German Empire until the end of the Second World War, the book hopes to build a bridge between specialized fields, mathematics and engineering, and the general culture of a particular era. It hopes, furthermore, to build a bridge between the history of science and industry, on the one hand, and the fields of gender and women’s studies on the other. Finally, by examining the life and work of numerous industrial researchers, insight will be offered into the conditions that enabled a woman to achieve a prominent professional position during a time when women were typically excluded from the scientific workforce."

"Komposisi pegawai Instansi XYZ yang sebagian besar berasal dari mahasiswa ikatan dinas, memunculkan potensi risiko berupa kerugian Instansi jika pegawai tersebut berhenti sebelum masa ikatan dinasnya berakhir. Dengan demikian, Instansi XYZ perlu memberikan perhatian yang khusus atas risiko yang berkaitan dengan sumberdaya manusia. Berhentinya pegawai merupakan salah satu risiko operasional yang berkaitan dengan sumberdaya manusia. Pengukuran risiko yang merupakan salah satu tahapan dalam manajemen risiko dan akan digunakan sebagai salah satu langkah bagi Instansi XYZ dalam menerapkan manajemen risiko. Penelitian yang dilakukan menyimpulkan bahwa (1) dengan Chi-Square goodness of fit test, frequency of loss distribution pemberhentian pegawai sebelum masa ikatan dinasnya berakhir pada Instansi XYZ mengikuti distribusi Poisson karena hasilnya signifikan pada tingkat keyakinan 95% maupun 99%; (2) dengan Chi-Square goodness of fit test, distribusi severitas kerugian pemberhentian pegawai mengikuti distribusi Lognormal pada confidence level 95% maupun 99%; (3) Pengukuran OpVaR dengan menggunakan Loss Distribution Approach - Actuarial Model memperoleh nilai Operational Value at Risk (OpVaR) pada tingkat keyakinan 95 % sebesar Rp 220.683.463,00 dan untuk tingkat keyakinan 99% sebesar Rp 348.157.546,00; (4) pengujian validitas model dengan Kupiec Test untuk confidence level 95% dan 99% menunjukkan Loss Distribution Approach - Actuarial Model valid untuk digunakan dalam pengukuran Operational Value at Risk (OpVaR) atas pemberhentian pegawai sebelum masa ikatan dinasnya berakhir pada Instansi XYZ.

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The composition of XYZ Institution's employees who mostly come from the students bond department, raises the potential risk of loss when the employee quit before the end of his official bond. Thus, XYZ Institution should give particular attention on the risks associated with human resources. Dismissal of employees is one of the operational risk associated with human resources. Risk measurement is one of the stages in risk management and to be used as one step for the XYZ Institution in applying risk management.

Research carried out the conclution that (1) by Chi-Square goodness of fit test, the frequency of loss distribution on dismissal of employees before the period ends on his official bond in XYZ Institution follows a Poisson distribution because the results are significant at a confidence level of 95% or 99%, (2) with Chi-Square goodness of fit test, the distribution of loss severity on dismissal of employees follows the lognormal distribution at the confidence level of 95% or 99%, (3) Measuring OpVar using the Loss Distribution Approach - Actuarial Models obtained value of Operational Value at Risk (OpVar) at the confidence level of 95% amounting IDR 220,683,463.00 and for the confidence level of 99% amounting IDR 348,157,546.00, (4) test on validity of the model with the Kupiec test for the confidence level of 95% and 99% indicated that Loss Distribution Approach - Actuarial Models is valid for the usage in measuring Operational Value at Risk (OpVar) over the dismissal of employees before the period ends on his official bond in XYZ Institution."

"Tesis ini membahas metode pengukuran untuk mengetahui jumlah besaran nilai klaim sebagai pencadangan biaya klaim kecelakaan pada perusahaan asuransi PT Jasa Raharja (Persero). Hasil yang diperoleh menyatakan bahwa distribusi frekuensi mengikuti pola distribusi Poisson dengan perhitungan Chi Square baik pada tingkat keyakinan 95 % maupun 99 %. Sementara distribusi severitas menghasilkan bahwa distribusi severitas mengikuti pola distribusi Eksponensial melalui pendekatan Chi Square pada tingkat keyakinan 95 % dan 99 %. Dalam pengukuran OpVaR menggunakan metode Loss Distribution Approach-Actuarial Model pada tingkat keyakinan 95 % dan pada tingkat keyakinan 99 %. Uji validitas yang menggunakan Kupiec Test untuk tingkat keyakinan 95 % dan 99 % yang menunjukkan metode Loss Distribution Approach-Actuarial Model valid digunakan dalam pengukuran OpVaR pada klaim kecelakaan PT Jasa Raharja (Persero).

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Increasing society in their activity and to be easier for transportation access can appear accident risk. In regional, it will impact to accident claim proposal. From Operational Value at Risk Measurement notice that the frequency of loss distribution follows a Poisson distribution. It has a significant at confidence level in 95 % and also 99 %. Distribution of loss severity follows the exponential distribution with confidence level of 95 % and 99 %. Operational Value at Risk measurement by LDA-Actuarial method are IDR 223.023.374.267,- in confidence level of 95 % and IDR 295.023.374.267,- in confidence level of 99 %. Back testing with Kupiec Test is used for validity model to find out the accuracy of potential loss in confidence level of 95 % and 99 % that showed Loss Distributioan approach-Actuarial Method is valid to calculate Operational Value at Risk on Accident Claim in Jasa Raharja Company."