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"We investigate the extent to which household heads' earnings volatility is translated into household consumption volatility, and, in the process, identify measures of smoothing idiosyncratic earnings variation ..."

"Dengan adanya penetapan Penghasilan Tidak Kena Pajak (PTKP), maka disposable income dari rumah tangga tertentu akan meningkat. Peningkatan disposable income akan menaikkan konsumsi rumah tangga. Kenaika tersebut belum diketahui apakah akan meningkatkan konsumsi merit goods atau justru non-merit goods. Dengan menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) Tahun 2018, dan metodologi Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR), diperoleh informais bahwa peningkatan disposable income menurunkan presentase belanja bahan makanan, dan meningkatkan presentase belanja barang/jasa lainnya. Sedangkan belanja non-merit good cenderung memiliki persentase yang tetap. Namun dampak positif lebih banyak dibandingkan dampak negatif sehingga Pemerintah tidak perlu mengkawathirkan dampak negatif dari kenaikan PTKP

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With the determination of Non-Taxable Income (NTI), the disposable income of certain households will increase. An increase in disposable income will increase household consumption. It is not yet known whether the increase will increase the consumption of merit goods or non-merit goods. Using data from the 2018 National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas), and the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) methodology, information is obtained that an increase in disposable income reduces the percentage of spending on food, and increases the percentage of spending on other goods/services. Meanwhile, non-merit good spending tends to have a fixed proportion. However, the positive impacts outweigh the negative impacts, so the Government does not need to worry about the negative impacts of the increase in NTI."

"ABSTRAKPNPM Mandiri Perdesaan ditujukkan untuk menanggulangi kemiskinan melalui kemandirian dan melibatkan partisipasi aktif dari masyarakat. Pinjaman bergulir merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang dinaungi oleh PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan untuk mendorong kegiatan ekonomi produktif dari masyarakat miskin.Pada akhir Desember 2015 PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan secara resmi berakhir. Tesis ini meneliti dampak pinjaman bergulir PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan terhadappendapatan usaha dan pengeluaran rumah tangga. Lingkup penelitian adalah di Kecamatan Sukakarya Kabupaten Bekasi. Data sampel 168 individu diperoleh melalui penyebaran kuesioner terhadap 84 peserta pinjaman bergulir (treatment) dan 84 non-peserta (kontrol). Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan pendekatan instrumental variabel. Ditemukan bahwa partisipasi pinjaman bergulir memiliki hubungan yang positif dan tidak signifikan baik terhadap pendapatan usaha maupun terhadap pengeluaran rumah tangga. Modal awal, tabungan, jumlah anggota keluarga, status usaha, dan pendidikan tidak tamat SD memberikan pengaruh signifikan pada pinjaman bergulir terhadap pendapatan usaha. Modal awal, tabungan, usia, jumlah anggota keluarga, rasio ketergantungan, gender kepala keluarga, dan pendidikan tidak tamat SD memberikan pengaruh signifikan pada pinjaman bergulir terhadap pengeluaran rumah tangga

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ABSTRACTPNPM Rural aim for alleviating poverty through self-reliance and community participation. Revolving loan fund is one of the activity under PNPM Rural to encourage poor's economic productive activity. In the end of December2015 PNPM Rural officially ended. This Thesis research the impact of PNPMRural revolving loan fund income enterprise and household expenditure. Thescope of the research is in Sub District Sukakarya Bekasi. Sample data 168individual gather through questionnaires to 84 revolving loan fund participant(treatment) and 84 non-participant (control). Quantitative method used to estimate the impact with instrumental variable approach. The result show that revolving loan fund participation has positive and insignificant effect to income enterprise and household expenditure. Initial capital, saving, household size, business status, and do not completed primary education status has significant impact on revolving loan fund through income enterprise. Initial capital, saving, age, household size, dependency ratio, household head gender, and do not completed primary education status has significant impact on revolving loan fund through household expenditure"

"Sejumlah literatur menunjukan bahwa kepemilikan kredit mikro memiliki dampak positif bagi kesejahteraan keluarga. Dalam demografi, perubahan kesejahteraan terutama pendapatan rumah tangga memiliki pengaruhnya terhadap keputusan terkait dengan fertilitas. Namun apakah hubungan antara tingkat fertilitas dengan kepemilikan kredit mikro pada perempuan lebih disebabkan karena adanya penurunan permintaan rumah tangga terhadap anak atau adanya perubahan pada pola preferensi individu, tidaklah terlalu jelas. Studi ini bermaksud untuk mengkaji permasalahan tersebut. Dengan menggunakan model regresi 2SLS (Intrument Variable) pada data panel IFLS tahun 2007-2014 dengan responden 1.212 perempuan kawin, terlihat bahwa responden dengan kepemilikan kredit cenderung memiliki tingkat fertilitas yang lebih rendah -0,0143 poin, dibandingkan mereka yang tidak memiliki pinjaman mikro. Temuan ini secara tidak langsung dapat mendukung hipotesis bahwa kepemilikan kredit mikro dapat diasosiasikan dengan penurunan pada tingkat fertilitas perempuan.

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A number of literatures show that micro credit ownership has a positive impact on family welfare. In demographics, changes in welfare, especially household income, have an effect on decisions related to fertility. However, whether the relationship between fertility rates and microcredit ownership among women is due more to a decrease in household demand for children or a change in individual preference patterns isn’t very vivid. This study intends to examine these problems. By using the 2SLS (Intrument Variable) regression model on the IFLS panel data for 2007-2014 with 1,212 married women respondents, it seen that respondents with credit ownership tend to have a lower fertility rate of -0,0143 point, compared to those who do not have micro loans. This finding clearly supports the hypothesis that owning a microcredit can be associated with a decrease in the fertility rate of women."

"Jumlah kepala rumah tangga (KRT) perempuan di Indonesia terus meningkat. Untuk dapat menafkahi keluarganya, KRT perempuan harus bekerja keras, berpikir kreatif dan memanfaatkan teknologi digital sembari menjalani dua peran dalam kehidupan rumah tangganya. Salah satu upaya yang dapat meningkatkan pendapatan mereka adalah dengan memanfaatkan Internet. Saat ini layanan internet yang paling banyak digunakan masyarakat adalah berbasis jaringan pita lebar generasi keempat (4G). Infrastruktur jaringan 4G pun sudah tersedia di sebagian besar wilayah Indonesia. Melalui teknologi 4G, masyarakat dapat merasakan layanan digital dengan kualitas data lebih baik, lebih cepat dan biaya lebih terjangkau. Meski teknologi sudah canggih, KRT perempuan dengan berbagai keterbatasan, belum tentu bisa memanfaatkannya secara optimal. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan menganalisa pengaruh teknologi jaringan 4G terhadap pendapatan per kapita rumah tangga, khususnya yang dikepalai perempuan dan menggunakan data yang berasal dari Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) tahun 2015 dan 2019 dengan sampel sebanyak 601.580 KRT. Metode yang digunakan adalah regresi linear berganda. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa penerapan teknologi 4G melalui layanan internet pada jaringan bergerak terbukti memiliki kontribusi positif terhadap pendapatan per kapita keluarga, khususnya pada rumah tangga yang dikepalai perempuan non miskin.

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The number of female household heads (KRT) in Indonesia continues to increase. In order to fulfill the needs of their family life, female head of household must be able to work hard, think creatively and utilize digital technology while carrying out two roles in her household life. One of the efforts that can increase their income is by utilizing the Internet. Currently, the most widely used internet service by the community is based on the fourth generation (4G) broadband network. 4G network infrastructure is also available in most parts of Indonesia. Through 4G technology, people can experience digital services with better data quality, faster and more affordable costs. Even though technology is advanced, female head of household with various limitations, may not be able to use it optimally. Therefore, this study will analyze the effect of 4G network technology on the income per capita of households, especially those headed by women and use data from the 2015 and 2019 National Socio-Economic Surveys (Susenas) with a sample of 601,580 household heads. The method used is multiple linear regression. The results of the study found that the application of 4G technology through internet services on mobile networks proved to have a positive contribution to the income per capita of families, especially in households headed by non-poor women."

"The objective of this research is to identify and analyze the distribution and stability of family income in connection to agroecosystem. This research was carried out in three provinces; these are Central Java, Lampung and South Sulawesi. In every province the study selected 4 villages that is classified based agroecosystems, i.e. wet land and dry land villages. The study interviewed 50-60 households who were the Patanas research household sample. The study employs descriptive analysis. Result of the research showed that income from agricultural sector has a dominant contribution, generally. Nevertheless, this domination tends to shifts gradually where the proportion of non-agricultural income increases significantly. Household income distribution in the village falls into high skewed criteria, especially in wet land villages. Household income in wet land villages fluctuates more than those of in dry land villages. Contribution of agricultural income is dominant in wet land villages, but it is a seasonal income. Farmers in dry land has more non-agricultural activity than those of in wet land villages."

"Kepala rumah tangga perempuan seringkali dianggap sebagai kelompok yang rentan terhadap kemiskinan. Beberapa literatur menunjukkan bahwa terdapat bias dalam pernyataan ini, dan perlu dilakukan pemisahan subkelompok untuk melihat tantangan yang dialami tiap jenis kepala rumah tangga perempuan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pola dan perbedaan partisipasi kerja kepala rumah tangga perempuan di Indonesia dan pengaruh status perkawinan kepala rumah tangga perempuan (de facto dan de jure) di Indonesia terhadap partisipasi kerja mereka setelah dikontrol terhadap pengaruh faktor sosial ekonomi tertentu. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan data sekunder dari Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) Maret 2018. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data tersebut adalah analisis regresi logistik multinomial. Analisis dilakukan terhadap kepala rumah tangga perempuan usia produktif (15-64 tahun). Ditemukan bahwa kepala rumah tangga perempuan yang berstatus kawin (de facto) lebih cenderung menghabiskan waktunya pada pekerjaan berbayar dan tidak berbayar (mengurus rumah tangga) dibandingkan kepala rumah tangga perempuan yang tidak berstatus kawin (de jure). Temuan penelitian ini dapat dijadikan sebagai rekomendasi bagi pemangku kepentingan terkait dalam menentukan intervensi kebijakan terhadap berbagai subkelompok kepala rumah tangga perempuan di Indonesia.

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Female household heads are often seen as a vulnerable group to poverty. Some literature suggests bias in this statement, and it is necessary to disaggregate the subgroups to see the challenges faced by each type of female household head. Therefore, this study aims to explain the patterns and differences in the work participation of female household heads in Indonesia and the effect of the marital status of female household heads (de facto and de jure) in Indonesia on their work participation after controlling for the effects of socio-economic factors. This study uses a quantitative approach with secondary data from the March 2018 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas). The method used to analyze this data is the multinomial logistic regression. The analysis is conducted on female household heads in their productive age (15-64 years old). It is found that female household heads who are married (de facto) are more likely to spend their time in paid and unpaid work (domestic work) than female household heads who are not married (de jure). This study’s findings can be used as recommendations for relevant stakeholders in determining policy interventions for various subgroups of female household heads in Indonesia"

"The Indonesian Government is setting up a program of city gas utilization for household sector. People are not convinced of the safety of city gas utilization. One of the accidents people worry about is gas leaks in utilization systems, such as kitchen. Leaking gas is not dangerous when ones can prevent fire ignition. Therefore, information on potential fires caused by leaking gas and methods to prevent their occurrence is needed. This research was intended to obtain the information on fire prevention caused by leaking gas in a kitchen through simulation. The system simulated in the research is a rectangular room of 3 m × 2 m × 3 m. The models consider mass and momentum transfers. The simulation results show that when leaking gas is detected, the leak source must be closed. With the leak source being open, the safe limit is not reached, even if an exhaust fan is provided."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak perbaikan sumber daya perempuan pada kekerasan ekonomi perempuan dalam rumah tangga. Pertanyaan ini didorong dari fakta bahwa partisipasi kerja perempuan di Indonesia telah meningkat, terutama di daerah perkotaan. Fakta ini didukung oleh gagasan bahwa pendidikan secara signifikan meningkat menuju kesetaraan dengan laki-laki di semua tingkat pendidikan UNESCO, 2015 . Hal ini menunjukkan hasil dari upaya untuk mencapai kesetaraan gender. Namun demikian, ini menarik untuk melihat, apakah perubahan yang mengesankan dalam peluang, kesempatan bersuara dan agensi, memberikan dampak yang lebih baik terhadap posisi mereka dalam keluarga? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak dari partispasi kerja dan pencapaian pendidikan perempuan menikah pada kekerasan ekonomi dalam rumah tangga. Studi ini akan menggunakan Survei Nasional Indonesia tentang Pengalaman Hidup Wanita SPHPN tahun 2016 dan model logistik multinomial untuk memperkirakan hasilnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sumber daya yang dimiliki oleh perempuan memiliki hubungan yang berbeda terhadap pengalaman kekerasan ekonomi. Status kerja membantu perempuan dalam mengurangi risiko kekerasan ekonomi. Namun demikian, dalam hal pendidikan, tidak menunjukkan pola seragam dalam menjelaskan pengalaman kekerasan ekonomi. Studi ini akan berkontribusi pada literatur kekerasan ekonomi yang kurang mendapat perhatian dibandingkan dengan bentuk-bentuk kekerasan lainnya.

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This study aims to analyze the impact of women rsquo s better position and resources on economic abuse for the married couple in the household. This question driven from the fact that female labour force in Indonesia has been increasing, particularly in urban areas. This fact supported by the notion that educational significantly increase toward equality with men at all level of education UNESCO, 2015 . This shows that the efforts to achieve gender equality leads to wonderful results. Nevertheless, this leave us some questions, while women have impressive change in endowment, chance, voice and agency, does these resources give better impact to their position in the family This study aims to analyze the impact of married women rsquo s educational attainment and women rsquo s participation in employment on economic abuse in the household. This study will use The Indonesian National Survey on Women rsquo s Life Experience SPHPN year 2016 and the multinomial logistic model to estimate the result. The result of this research shows that resources own by the women has different relations towards economic abuse experiences. Working status helps women in decreasing economic abuse risks. Nevertheless, in terms of education, it does not show the uniform pattern in explaining the economic abuse experience. This study will contribute to the literature of economic abuse which has received less attention than the other forms of violence."

"Abundant political economy work has found that societies tend to be less supportive of the political system that governs their country when the economy deteriorates. This paper seeks to enrich the existing literature on economic and democratic assessments by including the relatively under-explored group of developing countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, many of which are Muslim countries. Using public opinion data from the World Values Survey of 78 countries from 2005 to 2020, the author applies multi-level regressions to test whether the relationship between democratic support and economic growth varies along three dimensions: country affluence, MENA versus non-MENA regions, and type of political regime. Consistent with past studies, the findings in this paper confirm that higher real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita growth significantly enhances public support for democracy. However, it also identifies that the more robustly significant predictors of public support for democracy are political variables, particularly evaluation of government performance. The interaction variables analysis reveals that the effects of economic growth on public support for democracy is weaker in the presence of higher country affluence as well as in more liberal democracies, while being located in the MENA region strengthens the relationship between economic growth and public support for democracy. In addition, respondents who consider free and fair elections as well as protection of civil liberties to be essential features of democracy tend to be more supportive of democracy itself. Meanwhile, those who associate democracy with redistributive policies tend to have a more negative assessment of democracy."