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"An introductory book presenting the theories, ACI Code requirements and design of reinforced concrete beams, slabs, columns, footings, retaining walls, bearing walls, prestressed concrete sections, and framework in a clear and understandable manner."

"An introductory book presenting the theories, ACI Code requirements and design of reinforced concrete beams, slabs, columns, footings, retaining walls, bearing walls, prestressed concrete sections, and framework in a clear and understandable manner."

"An introductory book presenting the theories, ACI Code requirements and design of reinforced concrete beams, slabs, columns, footings, retaining walls, bearing walls, prestressed concrete sections, and framework in a clear and understandable manner."

"ABSTRACTThe definition, purposes and applications of Damage Mechanics, which is relatively newly developed, is introduced and reviewed. Initially and mostly, Damage Mechanics relates to metal materials. The appearance of micro cracks due to the application of external load and their propagations cause damage to the material. This paper discusses and reviews Damage Mechanics when applied to concrete. A mathematical model of concrete subjected to tension using Continuum Damage Mechanics Theory proposed by Jean Lemaitre and Jacky Mazars in. 1982 is presented. This initial model, which is called Scalar Damage Model, even relatively simple in the formulation but gives quite good result to model the concrete in tension. This can be seen from the comparison between the numerical and experimental results done by them at laboratory in Cachan, France. Application of the initial model to analysis of reinforced concrete beam of three-point flexion subjected to monotonic loading is presented and evaluated. By using the initial model, the damage evolution, stress evolution and flexural rigidity evolution of the observed beams can be reviewed. The possibility of the application of the initial model to analysis of reinforced concrete beam in three-point flexion subjected to cyclic loading is also reviewed."

"The maturity is a nondesctructive testing"

"Dalam studi yang dilakukan oleh Alfetra Henoch Tandita di Universitas Indonesia pada tahun 2021 mengenai sambungan spun pile-pile cap dengan benda uji berupa spun pile dengan beton pengisi, diperoleh hasil berupa parameter-parameter sambungan, seperti daktilitas, momen rotasi, dan lain-lain. Pada studi lanjutan ini, akan ditinjau mengenai damage atau kerusakan secara khusus dan lebih mendalam, terutama mengenai parameter yang menyebabkan persebarannya pada sambungan spun pile-pile cap. Parameter-parameter yang diujikan untuk mengetahui hubungannya dengan damage yang muncul antara lain parameter tulangan spiral, tulangan longitudinal, dan beban aksial. Dalam pengujian numerik menggunakan software ABAQUS ini, diperoleh hasil bahwa parameter aksial merupakan parameter yang paling konsisten dan signifikan dalam menambah kekakuan spun pile, sehingga damage yang ada lebih tersebar dan tidak terlokalisasi. Parameter berikutnya yang cukup konsisten adalah tulangan spiral, dan yang terakhir adalah parameter tulangan longitudinal. Parameter tulangan longitudinal dinilai tidak konsisten karena perkembangannya tidak mengikuti suatu pola tertentu, yang diduga diakibatkan kapasitas tulangan-tulangan longitudinal parameternya yang telah mendekati titik fracture.

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In a study conducted by Alfetra Henoch Tandita at the University of Indonesia in 2021, regarding the connection between spun pile-pile cap and a test object consisting of a spun pile with filled concrete, results were obtained in the form of connection parameters such as ductility, rotational moment, and others. In this further study, the focus will be on examining the specific and deeper aspects of damage, particularly regarding the parameters that cause its distribution in the spun pile-pile cap connection. The parameters tested to understand their relationship with the emerging damage include spiral reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and axial load. Through numerical testing using the ABAQUS software, it was found that the axial parameter is the most consistent and significant parameter in increasing the stiffness of the spun pile, resulting in more widespread and non-localized damage. The next parameter that showed sufficient consistency is the spiral reinforcement, and the last one is the longitudinal reinforcement parameter. The longitudinal reinforcement parameter is considered inconsistent because its development does not follow a specific pattern, which is suspected to be caused by the longitudinal reinforcement's capacity approaching the point of fracture."

"Sambungan spun pile-pile cap adalah struktur penting yang menyambungkan dan menyalurkan beban dari struktur atas ke struktur bawah hingga ke dalam tanah. Performance Based Design (PBD) belum diizinkan diterapkan di Indonesia sebagai acuan desain. Menurut SNI 8460:2017, penegakkan batas desain fondasi masih mengacu berdasarkan konsep elastik tiang yang menyebabkan ketidakekonomisan pemasangan tiang akibat overdesign dari ukuran dimensi tiang. Damage (kerusakan) adalah bentuk kegagalan atau ketidakmampuan struktur dari tegangan dari yang terlampaui. Pemodelan ABAQUS digunakan untuk melihat output dari berbagai variasi sehingga didapatkan korelasi variabel-variabel yang memengaruhi kerusakan, yaitu volumetrik rasio dan sebaran dari tulangan spiral, tulangan longitudinal, dan besarnya beban aksial. Variasi tulangan spiral dan longitudinal memberi pengaruh persebaran kerusakan yang lebih merata menjadi kerusakan-kerusakan kecil dan mengurangi sebaran localized damage. Sedangkan variasi beban aksial memengaruhi persebaran kerusakan menjadi lebih tinggi akibat membutuhkan gaya yang lebih besar untuk mencapai drift tertentu.

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The continuation of spun pile-pile cap is an important structure that connects and transfers loads from the upper structure to the lower structure and into the ground. Performance Based Design (PBD) is not yet permitted to be implemented in Indonesia as a design reference. According to SNI 8460:2017, the enforcement of foundation design limits still relies on the concept of elastic piles, which leads to uneconomical pile installation due to overdesign in pile dimensions. Damage refers to the form of failure or the inability of a structure to withstand excessive stress. ABAQUS modeling is used to observe the output of various variations to obtain correlations of variables that affect damage, such as volumetric ratio and distribution of spiral reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and axial load magnitude. Variations in spiral and longitudinal reinforcement contribute to a more uniform distribution of small damages and reduce the spread of localized damage. On the other hand, variations in axial load affect the spread of damage, as they require greater force to achieve a certain drift."