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"This book describes both the technologies used in the discovery of melanoma biomarkers and the clinical application of these biomarkers for diagnosis and staging of disease, determination of prognosis, treatment planning, monitoring of response to therapy, identification of novel therapeutic targets and drug development. A broad range of biomarkers (DNA/chromosomal, mRNA, microRNA, mitochondrial DNA, epigenetic and protein) is outlined. As therapies for melanoma become increasingly more target specific, the identification, validation and use of biomarkers will invariably play a greater role in the management of patients with this disease."

"Diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic value of gene signatures provides readers a useful and comprehensive resource about the range of applications of microarray technology in oncological diseases. Topics covered include gene signatures and soft tissue sarcomas, prognostic relevance of breast cancer signatures, gene expression profiling of colorectal cancer and liver metastasis, gene signatures in GISTs, CNVs and gene expression profiles in pancreatic cancer, and gene signatures in head/neck, lung and gastric tumors."

"In this ground–breaking practical reference, the family of aspartic acid proteases is described from a drug developer′s perspective. The first part provides a general introduction to the family of aspartic acid proteases, their physiological functions, molecular structure and inhibition. Parts two to five present various case studies of successful protease inhibitor drug design and development, as well as current and potential uses of such inhibitors in pharmaceutical medicine, covering the major therapeutic targets HIV–1 protease, renin, beta–secretase, gamma–secretase,plasmepsins and fungal proteases. "

"This book provides a comprehensive overview of several promising novel drug targets and approaches against arrhythmias, with particular emphasis placed on malignant ventricular arrhythmias. The individual chapters address a single treatment strategy written by a leading expert on the chapter, including arrhythmia mechanisms, kinase inhibitors, calcium and potassium channel targets, and atrial selective drugs."

"This book provides a comprehensive look at renal cell carcinoma, exploring its biology as well as current and future molecular targets for renal cancer carcinoma."

"Most therapeutics available today are highly toxic, very expensive and exhibit minimum efficacy. The issue of toxicity is even more critical for prevention than for therapy because the former involves normal subjects. Thus, therapeutics that are safe and affordable are needed for both prevention and therapy. Spices of Southeast Asian origin, once employed for taste, appearance and preservation of food, now appear to have therapeutic value for humans. What the active principles in these spices are and how they mediate their effect against various diseases are beginning to emerge from extensive research carried out within the last half-century. The current monograph is an attempt to address the active constituents, their molecular targets and the therapeutic uses of these spices"

"Latar Belakang : Pemahaman mengenai karakteristik biologik dan faktor prognostik melanoma malignum yang merupakan tumor ganas melanositik merupakan hal yang penting karena berhubungan dengan pemilihan terapi serta kesintasan penderita. Agresivitas tumor dapat dinilai dari beberapa faktor histopatologik, antara lain: ada tidaknya ulserasi, aktivitas mitosis, dan keterlibatan kelenjar getah bening. Ekspresi protein p16 dan ki67 merupakan beberapa marker yang memiliki peran dalam prediktif prognostik melanoma malignum. Tujuan : Mengetahui hubungan antara ekspresi protein p16 dan Ki67 pada beberapa faktor prognostik histopatologik yang dapat digunakan sebagai penanda agresivitas tumor yaitu ulserasi, aktivitas mitosis dan metastasis pada tumor primer melanoma malignum jenis nodular. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang dengan metode imunohistokimia menggunakan p16 dan Ki67 pada 25 kasus melanoma malignum jenis nodular. Hasil : Ekspresi protein p16 negatif pada 40% kasus melanoma ulseratif dan 52% kasus dengan aktivitas mitosis tinggi, dan 16% kasus pada metastasis kgb. Ekspresi Ki67 positif pada 44% kasus melanoma dengan aktivitas mitosis tinggi, dan 20 % kasus melanoma metastasis serta 32% kasus dengan ulserasi. Kesimpulan : Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara ekspresi p16 dengan gambaran ulserasi, aktivitas mitosis tinggi, dan metastasis kgb pada melanoma malignum kulit jenis nodular. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara ekspresi Ki67 dengan gambaran ulserasi, aktivitas mitosis tinggi serta metastasis kgb pada melanoma malignum kulit jenis nodular.

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Background : To understanding about biological behaviour and prognostic factor of melanoma malignum as a malignant tumor from melanocyte is important, because its relationship with choise of therapy and survival of the patiens. The aggresivity of the tumour, can be predicted from several prognostic factors: ulceration of the tumour, mitotic activity, and lymph nodes metastasis. P16 and Ki67 protein expressions can be used as a prognostic markers in cutaneous nodular melanoma malignum.

Aim : Assesing p16 and Ki67 protein expression and its relatinoship with several histopatological prognostic factors as a marker of aggressiveness of the tumors: ulceratin, mitotic activity, and lymph nodes metastasis in cutaneous nodular melanoma malignum.

Metode : This was a cross-sectional study on 25 cases of nodular melanoma, stained with p16 and ki67 antibody with immunohistochemical methods.

Result : P16 negative expression can be found in 40% of ulcerated melanoma cases, and 52% cases with high mitotic activity and 16% of cutaneous nodular melanoma with lymph nodes metastasis. Ki67 positive expression was found in 44% of cases with high mitotic activity, 20% cases of metastasis melanoma and 32% cases in ulcerated melanoma.

Conclusion : There was no statistically significant association between p16 expression with ulcerated melanoma, high mitotic activity,and metastatic melanoma in lymph nodes. Also no statistically significant between Ki67 expression with ulcerated melanoma, high mitotic activity and lymph nodes metastatic melanoma."

"Latar Belakang: Melanoma konjungtiva adalah keganasan konjungtiva yang jarang dijumpai, namun berpotensi agresif. Rekurensi melanoma konjungtiva pada kasus melanoma konjungtiva mencapai 40% disertai persentase mortalitas yang tinggi (18%). Aktivitas mitosis dan ekspresi pulasan imunohistokimia (IHK) Ki-67 sebagai penanda proliferasi memiliki potensi sebagai prediktor prognosis kondisi ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai hubungan aktivitas mitosis dan ekspresi Ki-67 dengan faktor prognosis klinis dan histopatologi pada melanoma konjungtiva yaitu lokasi tumor, invasi lokal, keterlibatan kelenjar getah bening (KGB), rekurensi, metastasis jauh, tipe sel, invasi limfovaskular, dan penyebaran pagetoid. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pengumpulan data rekam medis dan blok parafin pasien melanoma konjungtiva di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo selama periode Januari 2013 – Desember 2023. Sampel dikaji ulang dan dilakukan pewarnaan hematoksilin-eosin (HE) serta pulasan IHK menggunakan antibodi Ki-67. Hasil hitung mitosis dan ekspresi Ki-67 selanjutnya dicek silang dengan faktor-faktor prognosis lain yang ditemukan dari rekam medis dan sampel yang diuji. Kemudian dilakukan analisis statistik untuk mengetahui hubungan keduanya. Hasil: Didapatkan 34 sampel penelitian yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Tidak ditemukan adanya hubungan yang signifikan secara statistik antara aktivitas mitosis dan ekspresi Ki-67 dengan faktor prognosis klinis dan histopatologi yang diuji (p>0.05). Mayoritas pasien melanoma konjungtiva pada penelitian ini memiliki aktivitas mitosis tinggi (85.3%), temuan ini melebihi persentase proporsi pada penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya. Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara aktivitas mitosis dan ekspresi Ki-67 dengan faktor prognosis buruk klinis dan histopatologi pada pasien melanoma konjungtiva. Terdapat ketimpangan proporsi populasi berupa ditemukannya hampir seluruh pasien dengan aktivitas mitosis tinggi.

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Background: Conjunctival melanoma is a rare but potentially aggressive conjunctival malignancy. Local recurrence of conjunctival melanoma cases reaches 40% with a high mortality rate (18%). Mitotic activity and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining expression as proliferation markers can predict this condition's prognosis. This study aims to assess the association between mitotic activity and Ki-67 expression with clinical and histopathological prognostic factors in conjunctival melanoma, namely tumor location, local invasion, lymph node involvement, recurrence, distant metastasis, cell type, lymphovascular invasion, and pagetoid spread. Methods: This study was conducted using data from medical records and paraffin blocks of conjunctival melanoma patients at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from January 2013 - December 2023. Samples were reviewed, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained, and IHC stained using Ki-67 antibody. The mitotic count and Ki-67 expression results were then cross-checked with established prognostic factors. Then, statistical analysis was performed to determine the association between these two. Results: 34 research samples met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. There was no statistically significant association between mitotic activity and Ki-67 expression with the clinical and histopathological prognostic factors tested (p>0.05). Most conjunctival melanoma patients in this study had high mitotic activity (85.3%); this finding exceeds the percentage proportion in previous studies.Conclusion: In conjunctival melanoma patients, there was no statistically significant association between mitotic activity and Ki-67 expression with poor clinical and histopathological prognostic factors. There was an imbalance in the population proportion in the form of almost all patients with high mitotic activity."

"Tujuan: untuk menganalisis penanda biologi CXCR4, IL11-RA, TFF1 dan MLF1P, klinikopatologi dan profil ekspresi genetik mRNA sebagai penanda peningkatan kejadian metastasis tulang pada pasien kanker payudara stadium lanjut.Metode: studi ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang. Analisis dilakukan pada total 92 pasien kanker payudara, terdiri atas 46 pasien metastasis tulang dan 46 pasien dengan metastasis nontulang. Analisis imunohistokimia dan microarray, dilakukan pada 81 sampel formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) dari 81 pasien yang didapat. Data dikumpulkan melalui rekam medis, pemeriksaan imunohistokimia (IHK), dan microarray dengan nanoString nCounterTM.Hasil: artikel ini merupakan bagian satu dari dua tahap pelaporan hasil penelitian. Pada tahap satu diperoleh hasil analisis IHK, IL11-RA dengan cut-off ≥103,5 menunjukkan peningkatan kejadian metastasis tulang, dengan OR 3,803 (95 % interval kepercayaan [IK], 1,375-10,581), p=0,010, dan MLF1P dengan cut-off ≥83,0 menunjukkan peningkatan kejadian metastasis tulang, dengan OR 2,784 (95% IK, 1,009-7,681), p=0,048. Status ER+ menunjukkan peningkatan kejadian metastasis tulang, dengan OR 7,640 (95 % IK, 2,599-22,459), p<0,000. AUC gabungan IL-11RA, MLF1P dan ER+, mempunyai ketepatan hampir 80% (meningkat dibandingkan AUC masing-masing secara terpisah), untuk membedakan dan menjelaskan kejadian metastasis tulang, pada kanker payudara stadium lanjut.Kesimpulan: IL11-RA, MLF1P dan ER+, merupakan determinan peningkatan kejadian metastasis tulang pasien kanker payudara stadium lanjut.

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Aim: to analyze expression of biomarkers CXCR4, IL11-RA, TFF1 and MLF1P, and clinico pathology in advanced breast cancer patients with bone metastatic.

Methods: this is a cross-sectional study. Analysis was done against a total of 92 breast cancer patients, including 46 bone metastatic patients and 46 non-bone metastatic patients. Immunohistochemistry and microarray analysis was performed in 81 formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples from 81 patients were used. Data were collected through medical records, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and microarray with nanoString nCounterTM.

Results: this article is part one of a two stage reporting research results. In part one we got the results of the IHC analysis, IL11-RA with cut-off ≥103.5 showed OR 3.803 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.375-10.581), p=0.010, MLF1P with cut-off ≥83.0 OR 2.784 (95% CI, 1.009-7.681), p=0.048, and ER+ OR 7.640 (95 % CI, 2.599-22.459), p<0.000, were associated with bone metastastic incidences in advanced breast cancer, and were statistically significantly different. A combination of IL-11RA, MLF1P and ER+, showed an accuracy of approaching 80% to discriminate between bone metastatic and non bone metastatic in advanced breast cancer patients.

Conclusion: IL11-RA, MLF1P, and ER+ were the determinants that were associated with increasing bone metastasis incidence."