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"Endocrine disruption represents one of the most controversial environmental issues of our time. Mounting evidence stemming from more than 10 years of experimental, epidemiological and clinical studies has transformed the once generally discounted subject of endocrine disruptors into an issue of tremendous concern not only within the scientific community but among society as a whole. Following initial evidence from basic research, endocrine disruption in humans has now emerged as a major medical challenge. In this respect, puberty, a crucial developmental stage, has been definitively identified as a key window of vulnerability with regard to endocrine disruptors. Written by leading authorities in the field, Endocrine Disruptors and Puberty offers an engaging and comprehensive overview of this fascinating and rapidly growing problem. An indispensable resource for all clinicians and scientists interested in this challenging endocrinologic topic, Endocrine Disruptors and Puberty is a timely contribution that will help navigate a path toward understanding the problem and developing solutions. "

"Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been recognized primarily as autocrine/paracrine factors that regulate embryonic development and organogenesis. However, recent studies have revealed that some FGFs function as endocrine factors and regulate various metabolic processes in adulthood. Such FGFs, collectively called endocrine FGFs, are comprised of three members (FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23: FGF15 is the mouse ortholog of human FGF19). These endocrine FGFs share a common structural feature that enables the endocrine mode of action at the expense of the affinity to FGF receptors. To restore the affinity to FGF receptors in their target organs, the endocrine FGFs have designated the Klotho family of transmembrane proteins as obligate co-receptors. By expressing Klothos in a tissue-specific manner, this unique co-receptor system also enables the endocrine FGFs to specify their target organs among many tissues that express FGF receptors."

"This book is a unique resource that will help pediatric radiologists, pediatricians, and pediatric endocrinologists to optimize the work-up and treatment of pediatric patients with endocrine disorders. Acclaimed experts in the field present and discuss the imaging findings obtained in disorders of the various endocrine systems, including the hypothalamo-pituitary axis, the thyroid and parathyroids, the adrenals, and the pancreas. Detailed advice is also provided on the assessment of bone growth and on imaging of the fetal glands, ambiguous genitalia, and the female pelvis in the context of precocious puberty. Throughout, care is taken to highlight characteristic findings and diagnostic clues. All of the currently used imaging techniques are covered, with clear explanation of their benefits and limitations. The informative text is supported by a wealth of high-quality illustrations, the large majority of them in color."

"Endocrinologists have engaged in thisnew method and have thus acquired many new and sophisticated tools. Withoutthese advances in molecular biological tools, could we have imagined, for example,that variants of the leptin receptor missing the part for signal transductionmight stillserve as a vehicle for leptin uptake through the blood–brain barrier? In this book, we aim to integrate such new results into an enhanced understanding of endocrinology."

"Summary: "Over the past two decades, an unprecedented burst of entrepreneurialism has transformed China's economy from a closed, impoverished, state-run system into a major power in global business. As products in China become more and more sophisticated, and as its companies embrace domestically developed technology, we will increasingly see Chinese goods setting global standards. Meanwhile, companies in the rest of the world wonder how they can access the fast-rising incomes of China's 1.3 billion consumers. Now Edward Tse, a leading global strategy consultant, reveals how China got to this point, and what the country's rise means for the United States and the rest of the world"

"Pubertas prekoks didefinisikan sebagai perkembangan pubertas yang timbul lebih dini. Batasan usia pubertas prekoks ini didasarkan pada awitan pubertas pada populasi normal. Beberapa kriteria yang dipertimbangkan adalah ras, jenis kelamin, kondisi nutrisi, dan secular trend. Pada perempuan, pubertas prekoks didefi nisikan sebagai perkembangan payudara yang timbul sebelum usia 8 tahun. Pada laki-laki, pubertas prekoks didefi nisikan sebagai gonadarke atau pubarke sebelum usia 9 tahun. Perjalanan klinis pubertas prekoks bervariasi, mulai dari alternating, progresif lambat, dan progresif cepat. Bentuk pubertas prekoks sentral idiopatik progresif cepat harus diterapi karena mengakibatkan penutupan epifi sis dini dan tinggi akhir pendek. Tujuan terapi adalah untuk menghentikan maturasi fi sik, mencegah menarke lebih dini dan juga memperbaiki tinggi dewasa. Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue adalah terapi pilihan untuk pubertas prekoks sentral. GnRHa memiliki efek supresif terhadap aksis pituitari-gonad sehingga mampu mensupresi sekresi LH. Hal ini menyebabkan estradiol dan testosteron berada pada level prepubertal. Terapi menggunakan GnRHa mengurangi ukuran payudara, rambut pubis, ukuran uterus dan ovarium pada anak perempuan, serta mengurangi ukuran testis pada anak laki-laki. Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue efektif menghambat progresi perkembangan karakteristik seks sekunder, siklus menstruasi, menghambat perkembangan usia tulang, dan memperbaiki tinggi akhir.

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Precocious puberty is defi ned as pubertal development which occurs too early. The age limit in this term is based on the onset of puberty in normal population. Some points have to be taken into account, such as ethnicity, gender, nutritional conditions, and secular trends. In girls, precocious puberty is defi ned by breast development occured before 8 years old. In boys, precocious puberty is defi ned as gonadarche or pubarche before 9 years of age. The clinical course of precocious puberty varies widely, ranging from alternating, slowly progressive, and rapidly progressive form. The rapidly progressive forms of idiopathic central precocious puberty need to be treated because it may result in early epiphyseal closure and short fi nal height, and also pyschosocial problems in the affected children and the family. The aims of treatment are to arrest physical maturation, prevent early menarche, and also improve adult height combined with normal body proportions. Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue is the treatment of choice for central precocious puberty. Gonadotropin releasing horomone analogue has suppressive effect on the pituitarygonadal axis, therefore it suppresses LH secretion. This leads to the return of estradiol and testosterone to prepubertal levels. Treatment using gonadotropin releasing horomone analogue is shown to reduce breast size, pubic hair, ovarian and uterine size in girls, and decrease testicular size in boys. Gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue is effective in halting progression of secondary sexual characteristics development, presenting menstrual cycle, slowing bone-age advancement, and also improving final height."