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"The obesity pandemic continues to increase on a world-wide basis with over 70% of the United States population being either overweight or obese. Hematologic malignancies have recently been identified among the obesity associated malignancies spanning the lifespan from childhood to the elderly and include leukemia, myeloma, lymphoma and others. In addition to the etiologic association between obesity and hematologic malignancies, the presence of obesity has profound effects on therapy by impacting pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutic agents, dose, adipocyte metabolism and drug distribution. These may be particularly important in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Another important aspect of the association of obesity with hematologic malignancies is the increased incidence of obesity in children who successfully complete therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This and other observations indicate important relations between the hematopoietic systems and fat metabolism. This volume on Energy Balance in Hematologic Malignancies will provide an important volume in this series and a basis for better understanding etiology, mechanisms, therapeutics implications and experimental approaches. This volume of energy balance and cancer will focus on the relation of obesity to hematologic malignancies, the epidemiology, potential mechanisms, and thereapeutic considerations including effects on pharmacologic and physical approaches as well as the delayed effects of therapy on energy balance."

"Walaupun saat ini kanker dikenal sebagai penyakit yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan dan muncul secara sporadis, namun kanker dipertimbangkan sebagai suatu penyakit genetik karena adanya mutasi gen sebagai faktor yang konsisten. Kromosom Philadelphia yang ditemukan pada pasien-pasien leukemia granulositik kronik (LGK) merupakan penemuan kelainan kromosom bermakna pertama yang berkaitan dengan jenis keganasan tertentu. Berawal dari penemuan ini, sitogenetika yang mempelajari kromosom telah menjadi perangkat yang berharga dalam penatalaksanaan kanker ? membantu penegakan diagnosis, panduan terapi, dan petanda prognosis. Pada kegananasan hematologi, kelainan kromosom sebagian besar ditemukan pada sumsum tulang, dan penemuan tersebut lebih patognomonik. Keadaan yang berbeda ditemukan pada tumor padat, dimana saat tumor terlihat dengan mata telanjang telah terjadi perubahan kromosom yang kompleks sehingga menimbulkan kesulitan teknis bagi para ahli sitogenetika. Namun para ilmuwan percaya bahwa adanya kemajuan dalam teknologi kromosom, dari sitogenetika konvensional menjadi sitogenetika molekuler, akan menyediakan informasi lebih lanjut, berkaitan dengan tumor padat.

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AbstractAlthough presently known as an environmentally-related disease and appears mostly sporadic, cancer is regarded as a genetic disease based on the presence of genetic mutation as a consistent factor. The ?Philadelphia Chromosome? found consistently among chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients was the first significant finding of a chromosomal abnormality specifically related to a particular disease. Starting from this point, cytogenetics as the study of chromosomes has become a valuable tool in the assessment of cancer ? as an aid in diagnosis, thus guiding therapy, and as a prognostic marker. Chromosomal abnormalities are found mostly in hematological malignancies and the findings are more pathognomonic. The situation is different in solid tumors, which when visible to the naked eye already have complex chromosomal changes and thus pose technical difficulties to the cytogeneticist. However, the scientists believe that the shift in chromosomal studies from conventional cytogenetics to molecular cytogenetics will provide further information regarding solid tumors. "

"This book provides a state-of-the-art approach to the molecular basis of hematologic diseases and its translation into improved diagnostics and novel therapeutic strategies. Several representative hemato-oncologic malignancies are analyzed in detail: acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myeloproliferative neoplasms. Experts in the field describe the molecular methods applied for modern diagnostics and therapies, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, donor recipient matching, banking of biological material, analyses of post-transplant chimerism, and minimal residual disease monitoring. The volume concludes with an extensive section comprising thorough step-by-step protocols of molecular techniques in hematology, all of them validated in the authors? own laboratories."

"In the last decade, there has been a remarkable explosion of knowledge in hematologic cancer from basic molecular biology and pathology to clinical therapy. This has led to many new advance and insights in the understanding of pathobiology of malignant hematology. New knowledge of disease molecular pathology, cytogenetic, epigenetic and genomic alterations have provided new strategies to attack and eradicate tumor cells at molecular level and significantly impacted our current therapeutics for hematological malignancies. The recent and ongoing rapid expansion of knowledge in this area has become extensive, dynamic and diffuse over the literature and research publications. This has led to the need to capture and compile the new and current information about hematologic cancer with special emphasis on translation from molecular pathobiology to targeted therapeutics. In this book experts from around the world share their thoughts and knowledge about the pathobiology of hematologic cancer, as well as their view on current treatment approaches and future development in these malignant hematologic diseases. "

"Game theory merupakan algoritma yang mencari solusi permasalahan dengan menganalogikan masalah seperti permainan, kemudian diselesaikan dengan pendekatan matematis. Varian karakter dalam Game theory sangat beragam, dan pada perkembangannya selain diimplementasikan pada bidang sosial ekonomi, ternyata dapat diimplementasikan pada jaringan nirkabel. Pada penelitian ini Game theory dikembangkan dengan diimplementasikan pada jaringan sensor nirkabel sebagai metode optimasi . Jaringan sensor nirkabel sebagai pendukung sistem monitor membutuhkan dukungan jaringan yang andal dan stabil. Kondisi ini sangat membutuhkan ketersediaan energi. Karena keterbatasan ketersediaan energi maka semua proses bisnis jaringan harus dilakukan secara efektif dan efisien. Hal yang dilakukan adalah optimasi dengan pengelolaan jaringan yang baik. Optimasi yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini terkait dengan proses lokalisasi berbasis pengklasteran. Alasan pemilihan metode ini karena pengklasteran umumnya tidak memperhatikan permasalahan gangguan lingkungan terhadap sinyal, sementara lokalisasi adalah penempatan node dengan metode memanfaatkan informasi kekuatan sinyal yang diterima. Lokalisasi yang memanfaatkan informasi pengklasteran berupa konfigurasi sensor node berbasis ketersediaan energi, membantu proses pelacakan sensor node, karena dimulai dengan cluster head dengan tingkat ketersediaan energi yang lebih tinggi dibanding sensor node. Oleh karena itu, pada langkah selanjutnya, node yang dilacak dapat menjadi node referensi untuk node lain yang tidak diketahui. Game theory sebagai algoritma optimasi akan membantu menentukan koalisi anchor node. Pemilihan node sebagai anggota koalisi menggabungkan pendekatan geometris dengan Game theory. Konsep yang diusulkan ini akan divalidasi menggunakan simulator yang dibangun di atas platform Matlab. Akurasi adalah salah satu indikator kinerja lokalisasi, dan Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) dipilih sebagai parameter pengukuran untuk menunjukkan tingkat akurasi. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa jumlah sensor node mati dapat ditunda sekitar 1000 siklus jika dilakukan lokalisasi dengan Game theory. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa kinerja jaringan cenderung meningkat setelah proses lokalisasi berbasis pengklasteran. Hal ini diindikasikan dengan peningkatan jumlah paket data yang dikirim dan masa hidup sensor node yang lebih lama. Hasil simulasi memvalidasi bahwa pada skenario pengujian pengiriman data terjadi peningkatan paket data yang dikirim sekitar 20%. Lokalisasi sendiri dalam implementasinya dapat mengalami kendala berupa interferensi . Interferensi sinyal radio dapat mengurangi akurasi hasil lokalisasi target node. Kondisi ini dapat mempengaruhi kualitas informasi yang diambil oleh sensor node terutama ketika jaringan mendukung sistem penginderaan jauh atau pemantauan yang nilai informasi sangat krusial. Gangguan ini timbul karena transmisi terjadi secara simultan pada suatu kanal transmisi, atau karena letak sensor yang kurang tepat. Oleh karena itu perlu dijadwalkan transmisi selama lokalisasi dan mengatur posisi anchor node. Pengaturan jadwal transmisi direpresentasikan dalam komputasi probabilitas transmisi node menggunakan pendekatan Game theory dengan mempertimbangkan energi sisa. Probabilitas transmisi untuk menghindari interferensi membentuk skema penjadwalan transmisi node. Komunikasi data yang lancar akan membuat kualitas proses lokalisasi baik. Hal ini ditandai dengan nilai RMSE yang rendah. Berdasarkan hasil eksperimen, probabilitas keberhasilan transmisi meningkat sekitar 20%. Terdapat korelasi yang kuat antara realibilitas dan parameter throughput.

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Game theory is an algorithm that overcomes problems by analogizing games and then solving them with a mathematical approach. Variants of characters in Game theory are very diverse, and in their development, apart from being implemented in the socio-economic field, it can actually be implemented in wireless networks. In this study, Game theory was developed and implemented on a wireless sensor network as an optimization method. Wireless sensor network as a monitoring system support requires reliable and stable network support. This condition really requires the availability of energy. Due to the limited energy availability, all network business processes must be carried out effectively and efficiently. What is done is optimization with good network management. The optimization carried out in this study is related to the clustering-based localization process. The reason for choosing this method is that clustering generally does not pay attention to environmental interference problems to the signal. Localization is the placement of nodes by utilizing the received signal strength information. Localization that utilizes clustering information in sensor node configurations based on energy availability helps the sensor node tracking process. This is because it starts with the cluster head with a higher energy availability level than the sensor node. Therefore, the tracked node can be a reference node for other unknown nodes in the next step. Game theory as an optimization algorithm will help determine the anchor node coalition. The selection of nodes as coalition members combines a geometric approach with Game theory. This proposed concept will be validated using a simulator built on the Matlab platform. Accuracy is an indicator of localization performance, and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was chosen as a measurement parameter to indicate the level of accuracy. The simulation results show that the number of dead sensor nodes can be delayed by approximate 1000 cycles if localization is carried out with Game theory. The experiment results show that network performance tends to increase after the clustering-based localization process. This is indicated by an increase in the number of data packets sent and a longer sensor node lifetime. The simulation results validate that there is an increase in data packets sent by about 20% in the data delivery test scenario. Localization itself in its implementation can experience obstacles in the form of interference. Radio signal interference can reduce the accuracy of the target node localization results. This condition can affect the quality of information retrieved by sensor nodes. This happens especially when the network supports remote sensing or monitoring systems where information is valuable. This disturbance arises because the transmission coincides on a transmission channel or the sensor is not located correctly. Therefore, it is necessary to schedule transmissions during localization and set anchor node positions. The transmission schedule arrangement is represented in the computation of the node transmission probability using a Game theory approach by considering the residual energy. The transmission probability of avoiding interference forms a node transmission scheduling scheme. Smooth data communication will make the quality of the localization process good. A low RMSE value characterizes it. Our experiments show that the probability of successful transmission increases by 20%, as shown by the graph. "

"ABSTRAKPermintaan energi Indonesia sebagai negara berkembang, mengalami peningkatan yang cukup besar setiap tahunnya. Akan tetapi, disisi lain jumlah cadangan energi primer semakin berkurang setiap tahunnya. Ekspor energi yang merupakan salah satu penghasil devisa semakin menurun sedangkan impor energi semakin meningkat. Reference Energy System (RES) dapat digunakan untuk melihat kondisi penyediaan dan permintaan energi saat ini dan juga memprediksi keadaan mendatang sehingga dapat merencanakan kebijakan energi nasional.Metode untuk mensimulasikan RES adalah demand side driven dengan tujuan memperoleh jumlah suplai yang dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi permintaan energi yang berasal dari minyak dan gas dan juga neraca energi dan neraca keuangan nasional. Simulasi menggunakan piranti lunak powersim studio.Skripsi ini membahas tentang neraca energi nasional untuk minyak dan gas. Dari neraca ini diketahui bahwa Indonesia sejak tahun 2003 telah menjadi negara net importer minyak dengan selisih mencapai 78.621 ribu SBM pada tahun 2007. Pertumbuhan produksi migas Indonesia mencapai 0,48% per tahun. Losses pada neraca minyak mencapai 8% dari total produksi minyak bumi Indonesia. Pada neraca gas losses yang terjadi mencapai 20% dari total produksi gas bumi Indonesia. Neraca keuangan yang dihasilkan menunjukkan nilai subsidi pemerintah untuk sektor minyak pada tahun 2007 sebesar 10.104 Juta US$ atau sekitar 23% dari total penjualan domestik

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ABSTRACTAs a developing country, Indonesia energy demand has been increasing every year. In the other hand, our major energy reserve begun to depleted. Nowadays, energy export start decreasing whiles its import increasing. Reference Energy System (RES) is a tool that can be used to watch over the condition of supply and energy demand and also able to forecast the future situation. These allow the government to create a correct plan for energy policy.The method that used to simulate RES is called “Demand Side Driven”. The objective is to get amount of supply that needed to accomplish the demand of oil and gas sourced energy. Another objective is to obtain national energy balance and finance. It uses “Powersim Studio” software to simulate the condition.This research was relating to national energy balance for oil and gas. From the investigation, it found that Indonesia has become a net importer country since 2003s. Indonesia net import gets to 78.62 million Barrel Oil Equivalent (BOE) in 2007s. The simulation showed that oil and gas production growth in Indonesia reach 0.48% per year. During the process from well to end user, oil losses up to 8% from its total production, while gas was 20%. From financial balance, it also found that government had to spend USD 10.1 billion to subsidize oil. This is equivalent with 23% of total domestic selling."