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"[Pengobatan malaria semakin lama mengalami resistensi di berbagai daerah. Akar pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia) adalah tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai terapi malaria karena memiliki kandungan kuasinoid. Penelitian ini melakukan uji ekstrak akar pasak bumi (E. longifolia) dosis 60 mg/kgBB dan 75 mg/kgBB secara tunggal dan kombinasi masing-masing dengan klorokuin via oral. Jenis penelitian eksperimental in vivo dengan subjek penelitian mencit Swiss yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Hasil penelitian perbandingan hari ke-4 dan hari ke-0 tingkat parasitemia memiliki nilai signifikan (p<0,05) pada uji One way Anova. Persentase inhibisi pertumbuhan pada kelompok kombinasi mencapai 98,5% dan 98,9% dibandingkan klorokuin sebagai obat standar mencapai 100%. Sedangkan pasak bumi tunggal inhibisi <50%. Dapat disimpulkan pemberian kombinasi lebih baik menurunkan dan menekan parasitemia dibandingkan pemberian ekstrak akar pasak bumi secara tunggal berdasarkan hasil analisis data perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05).;Malaria treatment is going to become resistance in various regions. Eurycoma longifolia jack is a plant that has potential as malaria therapy due to contain quassinoid as antimalarial. This study was to test Eurycoma longifolia jack extract dose 60 mg/kgBB and 75 mg/kgBB in single and combination with chloroquine via oral. Type of studies is experimental in vivo with Swiss mice infected by Plasmodium berghei as subject. Results of comparative study day 4 and day 0 levels of parasitemia has significant value (p<0,05). The percentage of growth inhibition in the combination group reached 98,5% and 98,9% compare with reference standard therapy chloroquine that reached 100%, while the single of Eurycoma longifolia jack <50%. It can be concluded combination group better than single group of Eurycoma longifolia jack to reduce and supress parasitemia based on the post-hoc analysis there were significant differences (p<0,05)., Malaria treatment is going to become resistance in various regions. Eurycoma longifolia jack is a plant that has potential as malaria therapy due to contain quassinoid as antimalarial. This study was to test Eurycoma longifolia jack extract dose 60 mg/kgBB and 75 mg/kgBB in single and combination with chloroquine via oral. Type of studies is experimental in vivo with Swiss mice infected by Plasmodium berghei as subject. Results of comparative study day 4 and day 0 levels of parasitemia has significant value (p<0,05). The percentage of growth inhibition in the combination group reached 98,5% and 98,9% compare with reference standard therapy chloroquine that reached 100%, while the single of Eurycoma longifolia jack <50%. It can be concluded combination group better than single group of Eurycoma longifolia jack to reduce and supress parasitemia based on the post-hoc analysis there were significant differences (p<0,05).]"

"[Munculnya fenomena resistensi dari berbagai obat malaria yang telah digunakan untuk melawan penyakit malaria merupakan suatu ancaman bagi dunia kesehatan untuk mencari terobosan baru dalam melawan penyakit malaria. Salah satunya dengan strategi pengobatan secara kombinasi. ACT (Artemisinin Combination Therapy) obat standar sebagai antimalaria. Ekstrak tanaman Akar Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia) diketahui memiliki potensi antimalaria. Dalam penelitian ini bertujuan menguji kombinasi ekstrak Akar Pasak Bumi (PB) dan ACT. Dengan menguji 2 dosis terdiri dari PB 60mg/kgBB tambah ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB; PB 75 mg/kgBB tambah ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan eksperimental in vivo pada mencit (Mus musculus) yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Berdasarkan hasil analisa peningkatan parasitemia hari ke-4 menggunakan SPSS menunjukkan hasil tidak bermakna (p>0.05) pada kedua kelompok uji ketika dibandingkan dengan kontrol positif (ACT). Hal ini ditunjang dengan presentase inhibisi kedua kelompok (68.4%;54.46%) lebih kecil daripada kontrol positif (70%). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kedua dosis kombinasi tidak bersifat sebagai antimalaria. Kombinasi dosis ekstrak akar pasak bumi 60 mg/kgBB dan ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB merupakan kelompok yang memiliki presentase daya hambat yang paling baik berdasarkan presentase daya hambat pada hari ke-4.;The emergence of the phenomenon of resistance from the malaria drug that has been used to combat malaria is a threat to the health of the world to search for new breakthroughs in the fight against malaria. One way by using combination treatment strategies. ACT (Artemisinin Combination Therapy) is a standard drug as anti-malaria. The extract of Pasak Bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia) had been known to have anti-malaria potency. This study aimed to test a combination of the extract of Pasak bumi root and ACT. By testing two doses consisting of PB 60 mg/kgBB and ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB; PB 75 mg/kgBB and ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB. Design of this study using an experimental in vivo in a mice (Mus musculus) infected by Plasmodium berghei. Based on the analysis of the increase in parasitemia day 4 using SPSS shows the results are not significant in both groups combination compared with positive control (ACT). It is supported with a percentage of inhibition of the two groups (68.4%;54.46%) is smaller than the positive control(70%). It can be concluded that both of doses combination is not as anti-malaria. Doses combination of PB 60 mg/kgBB and ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB has the best percentage of inhibition parasitemia, The emergence of the phenomenon of resistance from the malaria drug that has been used to combat malaria is a threat to the health of the world to search for new breakthroughs in the fight against malaria. One way by using combination treatment strategies. ACT (Artemisinin Combination Therapy) is a standard drug as anti-malaria. The extract of Pasak Bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia) had been known to have anti-malaria potency. This study aimed to test a combination of the extract of Pasak bumi root and ACT. By testing two doses consisting of PB 60 mg/kgBB and ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB; PB 75 mg/kgBB and ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB. Design of this study using an experimental in vivo in a mice (Mus musculus) infected by Plasmodium berghei. Based on the analysis of the increase in parasitemia day 4 using SPSS shows the results are not significant in both groups combination compared with positive control (ACT). It is supported with a percentage of inhibition of the two groups (68.4%;54.46%) is smaller than the positive control(70%). It can be concluded that both of doses combination is not as anti-malaria. Doses combination of PB 60 mg/kgBB and ACT 1.7 mg/kgBB has the best percentage of inhibition parasitemia]"

"[Resistensi yang terjadi pada beberapa obat antimalaria, seperti klorokuin, mendasari gencarnya dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menemukan terapi antimalaria alternatif, salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan potensi herbal dari alam Indonesia. Ekstrak tanaman yang terbukti pada penelitian in-vivo memiliki efek antimalaria adalah akar pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia jack). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental in-vivo yang menguji ekstrak akar pasak bumi dengan dosis 60 mg/kgbb, 75 mg/kgbb, dan 90 mg/kgbb terhadap mencit (Mus musculus) yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Peningkatan densitas parasitemia pada hari ke-4 terapi dosis 60 mg/kgbb lebih tinggi dari kontrol negatif, sedangkan terapi dosis 75 mg/kgbb dan 90 mg/kgbb lebih rendah dari kontrol negatif namun perbedaannya tidak signifikan secara statistik. Ditinjau dari persentase inhibisi parasitemia, terapi dosis 60 mg/kgbb memiliki persentase inhibisi parasitemia negatif, sedangkan terapi dosis 75 mg/kgbb dan 90 mg/kgbb memiliki persentase inhibisi parasitemia < 50%. Ditinjau dari kadar hemoglobin, ketiga dosis perlakuan memiliki kadar hemoglobin yang fluktuatif dan cenderung menurun hingga pada kondisi anemia. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak akar pasak bumi dosis 60 mg/kgbb tidak memiliki efek antimalaria, sedangkan dosis 75 mg/kgbb dan 90 mg/kgbb memiliki efek antimalaria namun kurang adekuat. Terapi dosis 90 mg/kgbb menunjukkan peningkatan densitas parasitemia hari ke-4 yang paling rendah dan persentase inhibisi parasitemia paling baik. Dengan demikian disimpulkan bahwa terapi ekstrak akar pasak bumi kurang tepat digunakan sebagai terapi tunggal malaria;Resistance on malaria medication, for example klorokuin, underlie the study that aim to find alternative malaria treatment by using herbal potention from the nature of Indonesia. Herbal extract that had been proven in vivo experimental study that has antimalarial effect is Pasak bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia jack). This study is in vivo experimental study that giving Pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw, 75 mg/kgbw, and 90 mg/kgbw to mice (Mus musculus) infected by Plasmodium berghei. The increase of parasitemia density in the 4th day of treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw is higher than negative control, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw are lower than negative control, but the difference is not significant in statistic analysis. Reviewed from parasitemia inhibition persentage, treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw has negative parasitemia inhibition persentage, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have parasitemia inhibition persentage <50%. Reviewed from hemoglobin level, those treatment by three doses have fluctuative hemoglobin level and tend to be decreasing till reaching anemia. It shows that pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw does not have antimalarial effect, while 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have inadequate antimalarial effect. Treatment by dose 90 mg/kgbw shows the lowest increase of 4th day parasitemia density and the best parasitemia inhibition persentage. Thus, it could be concluded that pasak bumi root extract is not good enough to be used as single treatment of malaria, Resistance on malaria medication, for example klorokuin, underlie the study that aim to find alternative malaria treatment by using herbal potention from the nature of Indonesia. Herbal extract that had been proven in vivo experimental study that has antimalarial effect is Pasak bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia jack). This study is in vivo experimental study that giving Pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw, 75 mg/kgbw, and 90 mg/kgbw to mice (Mus musculus) infected by Plasmodium berghei. The increase of parasitemia density in the 4th day of treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw is higher than negative control, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw are lower than negative control, but the difference is not significant in statistic analysis. Reviewed from parasitemia inhibition persentage, treatment by dose 60 mg/kgbw has negative parasitemia inhibition persentage, while treatment by dose 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have parasitemia inhibition persentage <50%. Reviewed from hemoglobin level, those treatment by three doses have fluctuative hemoglobin level and tend to be decreasing till reaching anemia. It shows that pasak bumi root extract by dose 60 mg/kgbw does not have antimalarial effect, while 75 mg/kgbw and 90 mg/kgbw have inadequate antimalarial effect. Treatment by dose 90 mg/kgbw shows the lowest increase of 4th day parasitemia density and the best parasitemia inhibition persentage. Thus, it could be concluded that pasak bumi root extract is not good enough to be used as single treatment of malaria]"

"[ABSTRAKPasak bumi (PB) (Eurycoma longifolia Jack), adalah tanaman herbal Indonesia yangdigunakan sebagai antimalaria. Penelitian terdahulu meliputi efek anti ageing dan antiinflamasi, namun belum pernah diteliti tentang efek terhadap aktivitas enzimantioksidan pada penggunaan ekstrak akar PB. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui apakah pengaruh ekstrak akar PB sebagai antimalaria dapat menurunkanaktivitas spesifik antioksidan enzimatik. Penelitian ini menggunakan mencit yangdiinfeksi Plasmodium berghei, diterapi dengan ekstrak akar PB, klorokuin 10 mg/kgBB (kontrol positif, KP), kontrol negatif (akuades, KN), kontrol normal (K0), PB 30(TI), 60 (TII) dan 90 mg/kg BB (TIII). Parameter yang diukur adalah inhibisiparasitemia, kadar karbonil, aktivitas spesifik SOD, katalase (CAT). Inhibisiparasitemia hari ke 7 dari KP, TI, TII dan TIII adalah 69,81%, 39,37%, 41,72% dan12,92%. Aktivitas spesifik enzim SOD dan CAT plasma tidak ada perbedaanbermakna. Aktivitas spesifik SOD hati menunjukan perbedaan bermakna antara K0-KN (p=0,000), K0-KP (p= 0,025), KN-TI (p=0,001), KP-TI (p=0,042), KN-TII(p=0,002), KN-TIII (0,005). Aktivitas spesifik CAT hati menunjukkan perbedaanbermakna antara KP-TI (p=0,009), KP-TII (p=0,009), KP-TIII (p=0,014), KP-K0(p=0,009), TI-TIII (p=0,014), KN-TI (p=0,009), KN-TII (p=0,047), K0-KN(p=0,047). Kadar karbonil plasma dan hati tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermaknaantar kelompok. Korelasi positif bermakna (r=0,690, p=0,000) terjadi antara aktivitasspesifik SOD dan CAT hati. Korelasi negatif bermakna terjadi antara aktivitasspesifik SOD, CAT hati dan parasitemia (r= -0,637, p=0,000) (r=-0,557, p=0,002).Kesimpulan: Potensi PB sebagai antimalaria diragukan karena herbal ini jugamemiliki efek antioksidan yang menguntungkan bagi parasit.

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ABSTRACTPasak bumi (PB)(Eurycoma longifolia Jack), is an Indonesian herb used asantimalarial. Previous studies had been done on its anti-ageing and anti-inflammationproperties, but its effect on antioxidant enzyme had not been researched. This studyaim to investigate the antimalarial influence of PB extract on the reduction of specificantioxidant activity of the SOD and CAT enzyme. We used mice infected byPlasmodium berghei treated with: PB 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg BW as (TI, TII, andTIII), positive control (chloroquine 10 mg/kg BW) (KP), negative control (aquadest)(KN), normal mice control (K0). The parameters were: growth inhibition, carbonylconcentration, specific activity of SOD and CAT. Growth inhibition in 7 day groupsof KP, TI, TII, and TIII were 69,81%, 39,37%, 41,72%, and 12,92%. Specific activityof plasma SOD and CAT were insignificant between groups. Liver SOD specificactivity showed significant different between K0-KN (p=0,000), K0-KP (p= 0,025),KN-TI (p=0,001), KP-TI (p=0,042), KN-TII (p=0,002), KN-TIII (0,005). Specificactivity of liver CAT showed significant different between KP-TI (p=0,009), KP-TII(p=0,009), KP-TIII (p=0,014), KP-K0 (p=0,009), TI-TIII (p=0,014), KN-TI(p=0,009), KN-TII (p=0,047), K0-KN (p=0,047). Carbonyl concentrations showinsignificant between groups in plasma and liver. Positive correlation (r=0,690,p=0,000) showed between liver SOD and CAT specific activity, negative correlationshowed between liver SOD (r= -0,637, p=0,000), CAT (r= -0,557, p=0,002) specificactivity and paracytemia. Therefore, The potential use of PB as an antimalarial was ofdoubtful effectiveness due to its antioxidant effect which could be beneficial to theparasite, Pasak bumi (PB)(Eurycoma longifolia Jack), is an Indonesian herb used asantimalarial. Previous studies had been done on its anti-ageing and anti-inflammationproperties, but its effect on antioxidant enzyme had not been researched. This studyaim to investigate the antimalarial influence of PB extract on the reduction of specificantioxidant activity of the SOD and CAT enzyme. We used mice infected byPlasmodium berghei treated with: PB 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg BW as (TI, TII, andTIII), positive control (chloroquine 10 mg/kg BW) (KP), negative control (aquadest)(KN), normal mice control (K0). The parameters were: growth inhibition, carbonylconcentration, specific activity of SOD and CAT. Growth inhibition in 7 day groupsof KP, TI, TII, and TIII were 69,81%, 39,37%, 41,72%, and 12,92%. Specific activityof plasma SOD and CAT were insignificant between groups. Liver SOD specificactivity showed significant different between K0-KN (p=0,000), K0-KP (p= 0,025),KN-TI (p=0,001), KP-TI (p=0,042), KN-TII (p=0,002), KN-TIII (0,005). Specificactivity of liver CAT showed significant different between KP-TI (p=0,009), KP-TII(p=0,009), KP-TIII (p=0,014), KP-K0 (p=0,009), TI-TIII (p=0,014), KN-TI(p=0,009), KN-TII (p=0,047), K0-KN (p=0,047). Carbonyl concentrations showinsignificant between groups in plasma and liver. Positive correlation (r=0,690,p=0,000) showed between liver SOD and CAT specific activity, negative correlationshowed between liver SOD (r= -0,637, p=0,000), CAT (r= -0,557, p=0,002) specificactivity and paracytemia. Therefore, The potential use of PB as an antimalarial was ofdoubtful effectiveness due to its antioxidant effect which could be beneficial to theparasite]"

"Sejauh ini banyak dilaporkan empat spesies plasmodium yang dapat menginfeksi manusia di Indonesia, keempat plasmodium itu adalah Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae dan Plasmodium ovale. Indonesia dihadapkan pada tantangan perubahan epidemiologi malaria, yaitu dengan dilaporkannya kasus malaria Plasmodiun knowlesi. Di kota Sabang kasus malaria P.knowlesi mengalami peningkatan dari tahun 2017-2018 ditemukan kasus malaria P. knowlesi dengan total sebanyak 57 kasus, hal ini merupakan salah satu bukti bahwa telah terjadi penularan jenis malaria tersebut di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor risiko kasus malaria Plasmodium knowlesi di kota Sabang provinsi Aceh. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kasus kontrol dengan data primer dan sekunder. Analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat, bivariat chi square dan multivariat regresi logistik. Faktor-faktor yang diteliti adalah jarak pemukiman penduduk dengan populasi monyet, adanya genangan air disekitar tempat tinggal, pekerjaan, umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, pengetahuan, penggunaan kelambu, pemeliharaan binatang ternak, penggunaan obat anti nyamuk, aktifitas ke dalam hutan, pemasangan kasa ventilasi, kebiasaan keluar rumah pada malam hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan faktor risiko jarak pemukiman penduduk dengan keberadaan monyet diperoleh nilai p = 0,001 dan OR sebesar 3,970 (95%CI; 1,749-9,01), adanya genangan air di sekitar rumah menunjukkan adanya hubungan diperoleh nilai p = 0,001 dan OR sebesar 3,684 (95%CI; 1,900-7,145), adanya aktifitas kedalam hutan menunjukkan adanya hubungan diperoleh nilai p = 0,001 dengan nilai OR= 3,636 (95%CI; 1,855-7,128) dan adanya aktifitas dimalam hari menunjukkan adanya hubungan diperoleh nilai p=0,004 dengan OR = 2,663 (95%CI; 1,392-5,095). Kesimpulan faktor yang paling dominan terhadap kasus malaria Plasmodium knowlesi di Kota Sabang adalah aktifitas responden kedalam hutan.

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In Indonesia four species of Plasmodium can infect humans, such as Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale. Indonesia challenge the change of malaria epidemiology, by reported of Plasmodiun knowlesi malaria cases. In Sabang city P.knowlesi malaria incidence increased in 2017-2018 found cases of P. knowlesi malaria cases with total were 57 cases, proofing that there has been transmission of malaria in Indonesia. The purpose of this study to determine the risk factors for malaria Plasmodium knowlesi in Sabang city of Aceh province. Design case control studies with primary and secondary data. Analysis of data using univariate, bivariate chi square and multivariate logistic regression. The factors examined were the distance of population settlements with monkey populations, the presence of standing water around the place of residence, occupation, age, sex, education, knowledge, use of mosquito nets, maintenance of livestock, use of mosquito repellent, activities in the forest, installation gauze ventilation, the habit of going out at night. The results showed an association of risk factors within settlements with the presence of monkeys obtained p value 0.001 and OR of 3.970 (95% CI; 1.749 to 9.01), the presence of stagnant water around the house shows an association obtained p value 0.001 and OR amounted to 3.684 (95% CI; 1.900 to 7.145), presence of activity on forest indicate an association obtained by p value = 0,001 with OR = 3.636 (95% CI; 1.855 to 7.128) and their activity at night shows an association obtained by p value = 0,004 with OR = 2.663 (95% CI; 1.392 to 5.095). Conclusion the most dominant factor in Plasmodium knowlesi malaria cases in Sabang City is the activity of respondents into the forest."

"ABSTRAKMalaria merupakan penyakit endemik yang disebabkan oleh Plasmodium sp melalui nyamuk Anopheles. Pemberian terapi klorokuin merupakan terapi lini pertama sebagai antimalaria, terutama pada Plasmodium falciparum. Penggunaan klorokuin menjadi tidak terkontrol dan resisten pada beberapa wilayah disebabkan penggunaan dosis obat yang tidak adekuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan dalam menemukan terapi herbal yang dapat bekerja sebagai efek antimalaria. Pemberian herbal yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Spirulina crude yang dalam bentuk bubuk. Spirulina merupakan tanaman yang bekerja dengan menghambat pertumbuhan parasit dengan memodulasi sistem imun. Selain itu, Spirulina juga memiliki kemampuan sebagai antioksidan dan antiinflamasi. Zat aktif yang terkandung dalam Spirulina adalah fikosianin. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian dari efek pemberian Spirulina baik secara tunggal maupun kombinasi dengan klorokuin secara oral kepada mencit Swiss yang terinfeksi Plasmodium berghei.  Dosis Spirulina yang diujikan adalah 250 mg/kgBB mencit dan 500 mg/kgBB mencit. Perbandingan densitas parasitemia dengan metode the 4 days suppression test pada semua kelompok perlakuan, mendapati nilai signifikan (p<0.01) dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa kombinasi Spirulina dengan klorokuin dapat menghambat pertumbuhan parasitemia lebih tinggi dibandingkan pemberian tunggal klorokuin maupun Spirulina. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan pemberian Spirulina menunjukkan sinergisme dengan klorokuin sebagai terapi antimalaria. 

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ABSTRACTMalaria is an endemic disease caused by Plasmodium sp. through Anopheles mosquitoes. Chloroquine therapy is the first line therapy as antimalarial, especially in Plasmodium falciparum. The use of chloroquine as antimalarial becomes uncontrolled and resistant in some areas due to inadequate use of drug doses. This study aims to find an herbal therapy that can act as an antimalarial agent. Herbal therapy that used in this study is crude spirulina powder. Spirulina is a plant that works by inhibiting the growth of the parasite by modulating the immune system. In addition, Spirulina also has the ability as an antioxidant and antiinflammatory. The active substances contained in Spirulina are flavonoids. This study examined the herbal therapy of Spirulina either single or in combination with chloroquine to Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei orally.  The dose of Spirulina used was 250 mg / kgBW mice and 500 mg / kgBW. The ratio of parasite density to the 4 days suppression test method in all treatment groups found significant value (p <0.01) with Kruskal-Wallis test. The results prove that the combination of Spirulina with chloroquine has stronger the growth inhibitory activity of parasitemia than single-chloroquine and Spirulina therapy. It can be concluded that Spirulina therapy shows synergism with chloroquine as antimalaria therapy. "

"Infeksi malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan yang masih menjadi perhatian dunia karena meningkatnya resistensi terhadap obat standar malaria, yaitu ACT. Pada penelitian ini, ekstrak tumbuhan yang digunakan adalah pasak bumi dan propolis sebagai antimalaria. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek antimalaria pada kelompok tunggal propolis dan kelompok kombinasi propolis dengan ekstrak akar pasak bumi. Mencit yang digunakan sejumlah 35 ekor dan terbagi atas 6 kelompok. Kelompok perlakuan terdiri atas dua kelompok kontrol, kelompok propolis tunggal dengan dosis 90 mg/kgBB dan 180 mg/kgBB dan kelompok kombinasi propolis dosis sama seperti tunggal dengan pasak bumi dosis 60 mg/kgBB dan 75 mg/kgBB. Plasmodium berghei 2 diinjeksikan pada setiap mencit dan dibuat apusan darahnya selama 8 hari untuk dilihat tingkat parasitemianya. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara kontrol positif dengan kedua kelompok kombinasi p=0,136 dan 0,289 . Akan tetapi pemberian kedua dosis kombinasi propolis dengan pasak bumi GI: 97,97 dan 97,83 jauh lebih baik dibandingkan penggunaan tunggal propolis. Kontrol positif GI: 98,63 memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan propolis tunggal GI: 23,88 dan 51,66 . Perlakuan kombinasi lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan tunggal dalam menghambat parasitemia.

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Malaria infection is still being a global concern because of the increasing resistance to standard drug malaria, Artemisinin Combination Therapy. In this research, plant extract, pasak bumi and propolis, was using as antimalarial. This study was conducted to find out antimalarial effect of single propolis and combination of propolis with pasak bumi root extract. Using 30 mice, the treatment group divided to 6 groups, consisted of two control groups, two groups of Single propolis with doses of 90 mg kgBW and 180 mg kgBW and two Combination groups of propolis doses same as Single propolis group with pasak bumi dose 60 mg kgBW and 75 mg kgBW. Plasmodium berghei 2 was injected in each mouse and made blood smear for 8 days to be seen parasitemia level. The results of the study showed that there was no significant difference between positive control with the two Combination groups p 0.136 and 0.289 . However, the Combination group of propolis and pasak bumi GI 97.97 and 97.83 is much better than Single propolis group. Positive control GI 98.63 had a better outcomes than Single propolis group GI 23.88 and 51.66 . Combination group is better than Single propolis group in inhibiting parasitemia. "

"ABSTRAKMalaria adalah penyakit infeksi oleh Plasmodium sp. yang saat ini mengalami perkembangan resistensi pengobatan, sehingga diperlukan alternatif terapi baru dengan mengkombinasikan ACT yang menjadi terapi lini pertama malaria di Indonesia dengan bahan lain seperti herbal. Propolis merupakan perekat sarang lebah yang memiliki aktifitas anti-oksidan yang tinggi. Kombinasi ACT dan propolis diharapkan dapat menurunkan kadar parasitemia lebih rendah dan mencegah terjadinya resistensi ACT. Sebanyak 30 mencit diinjeksikan dengan Plasmodium berghei dan diberikan terapi ACT sebagai kontrol positif, propolis 75mg/kgBW, propolis 150mg/kgBW, ACT dengan propolis 75mg/kgBW, dan ACT dengan propolis 150mg/kgBW. Kadar parasitemia didapatkan dari apusan darah tipis yang di ambil selama 7 hari terapi. Data menunjukan bahwa terjadi penurunan kadar parasitemia yang lebih tinggi pada kombinasi ACT dengan propolis 150mg/kgBB dibandingkan kontrol positif. Terapi tunggal propolis tidak memberikan efek inhibisi parasit, namun dosis 150mg/kgBB efektif digunakan sebagai terapi tambahan ACT untuk mengobati malaria pada mencit coba.

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ABSTRACTMalaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium sp. which is developing resistance to several therapies. There is a need to find a new therapy by combining ACT, first line malaria therapy in Indonesia, with another substance, such as herbal. Propolis is a hive bee product which has high anti oxidant activity. Combination between ACT and propolis I assume to enhance effectiveness of malarial therapy and to avoid further resistance of ACT. 30 mice were injected by Plasmodium berghei and were given ACT therapy as positive control, propolis 75mg kgBW, propolis 150mg kgBW, ACT with propolis 75mg kgBW, and ACT with propolis 75mg kgBW. Parasites density was calculated from thin blood smear for 7 days therapy. The results shows that the declining parasites density of ACT with propolis 150mg kgBW are found more than the positive control. Single therapy of propolis does not give inhibition effect for parasites, though its 150mg kgBB dose is effective as ACT adjuvant malaria therapy in mice."

"Malaria masih merupakan masalah kesehatan di dunia, termasuk Indonesia dengan angka kejadian setiap tahun mencapai 500 juta jiwa dan lebih dari satu juta diantaranya meninggal dunia. Munculya, strain Plasmodium yang resisten menjadikan pengobatan kurang efektif sehingga dibutuhkan bahan alami sebagai alternatif antiplasmodium. Flamboyan diketahui telah digunakan untuk pengobatan malaria, namun masih sedikit penelitian mengenai aktivitas antiplasmodium tanaman ini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan menggunakan ekstrak kulit batang dan ekstrak bunga Delonix regia yang dilakukan uji penapisan fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antiplasmodium secara in vivo pada mencit Swiss-webster yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Dari 24 sampel dibagi menjadi 8 kelompok perlakuan yang terdiri atas 3 kelompok ekstrak kulit batang dan bunga masing-masing dengan dosis 2,8 mg, 8,4 mg, dan 14 mg, serta 1 kelompok kontrol positif dan 1 kelompok kontrol negatif. Setiap kelompok perlakuan diamati densitas parasit dan dihitung persentase pertumbuhan dan persentase penghambatan yang terjadi. Data kemudian dilakukan uji normalitas dengan Shapiro-wilk dan uji hipotesis menggunakan One Way Anova dilanjutkan dengan uji Post Hoc. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kulit batang dosis 2,8 mg dan 8,4 mg menunjukan aktivitas antiplasmodium. Aktivitas antiplasmodium terbesar terjadi pada kulit batang dosis 8,4 mg sebesar 66,25% (p=0,314) diikuti kulit batang dosis 2,8 mg sebesar 38,88% (p=0,550).

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Malaria is still a worldwide health problem, including Indonesia. Each year there are 500 million cases and more than one million people died. Resistant Plasmodium's strains makes the treatment less effective, therefore, discovery of natural substance as an alternative antiplasmodium treatment is necessary. Flamboyan is used to treat malaria, but only few research were done about it. This study is an experimental research using extract from Delonix regia's flower and bark. This study conducted phytochemical and antiplasmodium activity test using Swiss-Webster mice infected with Plasmodium berghei in vivo. From 24 samples, they were divided into 8 groups that consists of 3 groups of bark extracts and flowers, each with a dose of 2.8 mg, 8.4 mg, and 14 mg, 1 positive control and 1 negative control group. Each group were counted the percentage of growth and inhibition parasite density. The normality data is tested with Shapiro-Wilk and the hypothesis test using One Way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc test. The results showed extract of bark dose 2.8 mg and 8.4 mg have antiplasmodium activity. The greatest effect occured at dose of 8,4 mg with 66.25% (p=0,314) growth inhibition percentage, followed by bark dose's extract of 2,8 mg with 38,88% (p=0,550)."

"[Resistensi obat antimalaria mendorong pengembangan obat antimalaria baru. Salah satu alternatif pengembangan obat antimalaria adalah mengombinasikan klorokuin dengan komponen lain, contohnya ekstrak akar pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia jack.). Berbagai penelitian in vitro maupun in vivo telah membuktikan potensi pasak bumi sebagai antimalaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pemberian kombinasi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dan klorokuin secara injeksi subkutan pada mencit (Mus musculus) yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah pemberian ekstrak akar pasak bumi dengan dosis 10 mg/kgBB, 20 mg/kgBB, serta kombinasi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dengan dua dosis tersebut dan klorokuin. Berdasarkan Peters 4-days suppressive test, pertumbuhan parasitemia mencit yang diberikan kombinasi obat memiliki nilai yang mendekati kontrol positif (0,60%), yaitu 0,60% pada dosis kombinasi pasak bumi 10 mg/kgBB dan 0,50% pada dosis 20 mg/kgBB namun analisis statistik menunjukkan perbedaan tersebut tidak bermakna (p>0,05). Hasil penghitungan penghambatan pertumbuhan parasit menunjukkan kecenderungan yang sama. Penghambatan pertumbuhan parasit kontrol positif menunjukkan angka 97,9% sementara pemberian kombinasi obat menunjukkan angka 97,7% (dosis pasak bumi10 mg/kgBB) dan 98,2% (dosis pasak bumi 20 mg/kgBB). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara efek pemberian kombinasi ekstrak akar pasak bumi dan klorokuin secara injeksi subkutan dibandingkan dengan terapi klorokuin saja;Antimalarial drug resisstance demand us to develop new antimalarial drug. One of the alternative is combining chloroquine with new compund, for example pasak bumi root extract (Eurycoma longifolia jack). Many studies have shown the potency of pasak bumi root extract as a antimalarial drug. This study is aim to investigate the effect of combination of pasak bumi root extract and chloroquine which is administrated by subcoutaneous injection to Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Mice were given pasak bumi root extract only with 10 mg/kgBW and 20 mg/kgBW dose , also combination therapy of pasak bumi root extract on same dose and choloquine. Based on Peters 4-days suppressive test, parasite growth in mice with combination therapy was nearing the postive control value (0.60%), 0.60% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 0.50% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. However, the statistic analysis showed the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Growth inhibition counting showed the same trend. Positive control growth inhibiton value is 97.9% meanwhile the combination therapy group has 97.7% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 98.2% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. The study suggests that there were no significat difference between the effect of subcutaneously administrated combination of pasak bumi extract root-chloroquine and chloroquine only therapy., Antimalarial drug resisstance demand us to develop new antimalarial drug. One of the alternative is combining chloroquine with new compund, for example pasak bumi root extract (Eurycoma longifolia jack). Many studies have shown the potency of pasak bumi root extract as a antimalarial drug. This study is aim to investigate the effect of combination of pasak bumi root extract and chloroquine which is administrated by subcoutaneous injection to Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Mice were given pasak bumi root extract only with 10 mg/kgBW and 20 mg/kgBW dose , also combination therapy of pasak bumi root extract on same dose and choloquine. Based on Peters 4-days suppressive test, parasite growth in mice with combination therapy was nearing the postive control value (0.60%), 0.60% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 0.50% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. However, the statistic analysis showed the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Growth inhibition counting showed the same trend. Positive control growth inhibiton value is 97.9% meanwhile the combination therapy group has 97.7% for 10 mg/kgBW dose and 98.2% for 20 mg/kgBW dose. The study suggests that there were no significat difference between the effect of subcutaneously administrated combination of pasak bumi extract root-chloroquine and chloroquine only therapy.]"