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"[ABSTRAKPerkembangan bisnis dan martketing yang sangat cepat mendorong naiknyakebutuhan akan media telekomunikasi yang reliable, menarik, dan dinamis. Metodedalam penyebaran informasi yang populer digunakan saat ini adalah penyiaran. Dimanapenggunaan spektrum frekuensi radio untuk keperluan penyiaran mengacu pada definisilayanan penyiaran pada peraturan radio ITU. Layanan penyiaran adalah suatu serviskomunikasi radio dimana transmisinya ditujukan untuk penerimaan langsung olehmasyarakat umum. Penyiaran televisi lebih sering digunakan sebagai sarana penyebaraninformasi dibandingkan dengan radio, karena dapat menyampaikan informasi secara jelasdengan suara dan gambar. Semakin luas daerah jangkauan siaran suatu stasiun TV, makaakan semakin banyak manfaat yang dapat dirasakan karena informasi dapat diterimadengan baik oleh masyarakat.Terdapat dua stasiun TV swasta di Bandung yang akan melakukan perluasanwilayah ke kota yang berdekatan, yaitu di kota Garut dan Sukabumi denganmenambahkan repeater baru serta menaikkan daya pancarnya. Kedua stasiun TV swastadi Bandung tersebut menempati kanal 42 dan 44. Kedua stasiun TV tersebut merupakanpemancar TV analog dan akan menggunakan kanal yang sama pada kota Garut danSukabumi. Kedua stasiun TV analog ini memiliki kanal bersebelahan dengan stasiun TVanalog dan stasiun TV digital. Penambahan repeater baru dan menaikkan daya pancarnyadapat memungkinkan terjadinya interferensi kanal bersebelahan. Untuk mengatasi haltersebut, maka dibuat sebuah aturan bahwa kuat medan penerimaan televisi siaran UHFpada lokasi titik pengujian atau pengukuran setiap wilayah layanan dibatasi paling besar70 dBμV/m untuk band V.Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis simulasi daya pancar untuk perluasanwilayah siaran TVdari Bandung ke Garut dan Sukabumi, dengan menentukan pola radiasidan menaikan daya pancar repeater baru dengan batasan rasio proteksi agar daerahjangkauan dan populasi di kota Garut dan Sukabumi terlayani. Hasil dari simulasidiperoleh daya pancar pada kanal 42 dan 44 di kota Garut sebesar 42 dBW denganantena 4-1 dan daya pancar pada kanal 42 dan 44 di kota Sukabumi sebesar 38,3 dBWdengan antena 730 372. Dengan penggunaan daya pada masing-masing pemancartersebut telah memenuhi wilayah cakupan yang terlayani pada kota Garut dan Sukabumidan pemancar yang digunakan tidak menginterferensi kanal yang bersebelahan. Namunterdapat beberapa wilayah yang tidak tercakup sinyal pancar karena kontur wilayah yangbergunung-gunung.Kata kunci : interferensiABSTRACTThe rapid growth of various business and marketing leads to the needs of reliable,attractive, and dynamic telecommunication media. Broadcasting is one of the popularmedia which ever used in centuries. In the practical utilities, the broadcasting services usea particular radio spectrum frequency with respect to the ITU-T standard. Thebroadcasting services provide the essential informations which are directly served to thepublic user. Broadcasting is rather used to publicize the information than the radio due toits perceptibility through the sound and image repsentations. Consequently, the larger thecoverage area of the broadcasting services the more advantages can be obtained becausethe informations can be delivered properly to the user.In this final project, there are two private television provider where both arelocated in Bandung. Theirs location are alongside cities which are Garut and Sukabumi.In order to broaden their coverage area, they increased the number of repeater and thelevel of power used by the transmitter respectively. Unfortunately, this method leads to anadjacent channel interference. In order to withstand this effect, policies are made to limitthe usage of the bandwidth. For every service area the allocation is set to be at amaximum of 70 dBμV/m for V band.This final project is aimed to analyze the power used by the transmission tobroaden the coverage area of the television services from Bandung to Garut andSukabumi. The radiation patterns enhancement and the increase of transmitted power bythe new repeaters are used. As a result, it is proved that for Garut and Sukabumi the 42dBW and 38,3 dBW are appropriate with the use of the 4-1 and 730-372 antennasrespectively in the 42nd and 44th channels. In the attained transmitted power, the adjacentchannel interference can be evaded. In case of the extending the coverage area, there arestill some particular areas which are delicate to overcome due to its geograhical contourwhich are mainly mountains.;The rapid growth of various business and marketing leads to the needs of reliable,attractive, and dynamic telecommunication media. Broadcasting is one of the popularmedia which ever used in centuries. In the practical utilities, the broadcasting services usea particular radio spectrum frequency with respect to the ITU-T standard. Thebroadcasting services provide the essential informations which are directly served to thepublic user. Broadcasting is rather used to publicize the information than the radio due toits perceptibility through the sound and image repsentations. Consequently, the larger thecoverage area of the broadcasting services the more advantages can be obtained becausethe informations can be delivered properly to the user.In this final project, there are two private television provider where both arelocated in Bandung. Theirs location are alongside cities which are Garut and Sukabumi.In order to broaden their coverage area, they increased the number of repeater and thelevel of power used by the transmitter respectively. Unfortunately, this method leads to anadjacent channel interference. In order to withstand this effect, policies are made to limitthe usage of the bandwidth. For every service area the allocation is set to be at amaximum of 70 dBμV/m for V band.This final project is aimed to analyze the power used by the transmission tobroaden the coverage area of the television services from Bandung to Garut andSukabumi. The radiation patterns enhancement and the increase of transmitted power bythe new repeaters are used. As a result, it is proved that for Garut and Sukabumi the 42dBW and 38,3 dBW are appropriate with the use of the 4-1 and 730-372 antennasrespectively in the 42nd and 44th channels. In the attained transmitted power, the adjacentchannel interference can be evaded. In case of the extending the coverage area, there arestill some particular areas which are delicate to overcome due to its geograhical contourwhich are mainly mountains.;The rapid growth of various business and marketing leads to the needs of reliable,attractive, and dynamic telecommunication media. Broadcasting is one of the popularmedia which ever used in centuries. In the practical utilities, the broadcasting services usea particular radio spectrum frequency with respect to the ITU-T standard. Thebroadcasting services provide the essential informations which are directly served to thepublic user. Broadcasting is rather used to publicize the information than the radio due toits perceptibility through the sound and image repsentations. Consequently, the larger thecoverage area of the broadcasting services the more advantages can be obtained becausethe informations can be delivered properly to the user.In this final project, there are two private television provider where both arelocated in Bandung. Theirs location are alongside cities which are Garut and Sukabumi.In order to broaden their coverage area, they increased the number of repeater and thelevel of power used by the transmitter respectively. Unfortunately, this method leads to anadjacent channel interference. In order to withstand this effect, policies are made to limitthe usage of the bandwidth. For every service area the allocation is set to be at amaximum of 70 dBμV/m for V band.This final project is aimed to analyze the power used by the transmission tobroaden the coverage area of the television services from Bandung to Garut andSukabumi. The radiation patterns enhancement and the increase of transmitted power bythe new repeaters are used. As a result, it is proved that for Garut and Sukabumi the 42dBW and 38,3 dBW are appropriate with the use of the 4-1 and 730-372 antennasrespectively in the 42nd and 44th channels. In the attained transmitted power, the adjacentchannel interference can be evaded. In case of the extending the coverage area, there arestill some particular areas which are delicate to overcome due to its geograhical contourwhich are mainly mountains.;The rapid growth of various business and marketing leads to the needs of reliable,attractive, and dynamic telecommunication media. Broadcasting is one of the popularmedia which ever used in centuries. In the practical utilities, the broadcasting services usea particular radio spectrum frequency with respect to the ITU-T standard. Thebroadcasting services provide the essential informations which are directly served to thepublic user. Broadcasting is rather used to publicize the information than the radio due toits perceptibility through the sound and image repsentations. Consequently, the larger thecoverage area of the broadcasting services the more advantages can be obtained becausethe informations can be delivered properly to the user.In this final project, there are two private television provider where both arelocated in Bandung. Theirs location are alongside cities which are Garut and Sukabumi.In order to broaden their coverage area, they increased the number of repeater and thelevel of power used by the transmitter respectively. Unfortunately, this method leads to anadjacent channel interference. In order to withstand this effect, policies are made to limitthe usage of the bandwidth. For every service area the allocation is set to be at amaximum of 70 dBμV/m for V band.This final project is aimed to analyze the power used by the transmission tobroaden the coverage area of the television services from Bandung to Garut andSukabumi. The radiation patterns enhancement and the increase of transmitted power bythe new repeaters are used. As a result, it is proved that for Garut and Sukabumi the 42dBW and 38,3 dBW are appropriate with the use of the 4-1 and 730-372 antennasrespectively in the 42nd and 44th channels. In the attained transmitted power, the adjacentchannel interference can be evaded. In case of the extending the coverage area, there arestill some particular areas which are delicate to overcome due to its geograhical contourwhich are mainly mountains., The rapid growth of various business and marketing leads to the needs of reliable,attractive, and dynamic telecommunication media. Broadcasting is one of the popularmedia which ever used in centuries. In the practical utilities, the broadcasting services usea particular radio spectrum frequency with respect to the ITU-T standard. Thebroadcasting services provide the essential informations which are directly served to thepublic user. Broadcasting is rather used to publicize the information than the radio due toits perceptibility through the sound and image repsentations. Consequently, the larger thecoverage area of the broadcasting services the more advantages can be obtained becausethe informations can be delivered properly to the user.In this final project, there are two private television provider where both arelocated in Bandung. Theirs location are alongside cities which are Garut and Sukabumi.In order to broaden their coverage area, they increased the number of repeater and thelevel of power used by the transmitter respectively. Unfortunately, this method leads to anadjacent channel interference. In order to withstand this effect, policies are made to limitthe usage of the bandwidth. For every service area the allocation is set to be at amaximum of 70 dBμV/m for V band.This final project is aimed to analyze the power used by the transmission tobroaden the coverage area of the television services from Bandung to Garut andSukabumi. The radiation patterns enhancement and the increase of transmitted power bythe new repeaters are used. As a result, it is proved that for Garut and Sukabumi the 42dBW and 38,3 dBW are appropriate with the use of the 4-1 and 730-372 antennasrespectively in the 42nd and 44th channels. In the attained transmitted power, the adjacentchannel interference can be evaded. In case of the extending the coverage area, there arestill some particular areas which are delicate to overcome due to its geograhical contourwhich are mainly mountains.]"

"This book is essentially a guided tour of the fundamental concepts in digital signalprocessing (DSP) and analysis, in which the guide is not a theoretician of thevarious algorithms involved, but a user of them; a scientist that early in her lifestarted studying these techniques to apply them in a proper and fruitful way in herresearch work. Therefore the approach to the various topics is the approach of auser, more concerned about the way to best exploit the possibilities they offer,rather than their purely mathematical facets."

"This book comprises select proceedings of the International Conference on Advancement in Energy, Drives, and Control. It covers frontier topics in optimization and control. It covers applications of optimization processes in areas such as computer architecture, communication systems, system optimization, signal processing, fluid dynamics and process control. This book is of use to researchers, professionals, and students from across engineering disciplines."

"Pada saat ini, radio broadcasting masih menjadi salah satu pilihan yang dapat dinikmati oleh berbagai lapisan masyarakat sebagai sarana untuk mendapatkan informasi dan hiburan. Radio juga menjadi sarana broadcasting yang lebih baik jika dibandingkan dengan teknologi televisi karena hanya data audio yang dikirim. Sehingga informasi-informasi terbaru dapat diinformasikan lebih cepat ke masyarakat. Pada radio broadcasting analog dibagi menjadi radio broadcasting AM (Modulasi Amplitudo) dan radio broadcasting FM (Modulasi Frekuensi). Kondisinya, radio broadcasting FM lebih banyak peminatnya dibanding AM, karena kualitas suara yang lebih baik dan tahan terhadap noise.Di kota Medan, saat ini terdapat 35 stasiun radio FM yang mengudara. Namun sejak diterbitkannya Peraturan Menteri 13/2010 terjadi perubahan jumlah kanal dan penomoran kanal di seluruh wilayah Indonesia. Akibatnya terdapat dua stasiun radio di kota Medan yang memperebutkan satu kanal. Sehingga dibutuhkan perancangan kanal baru di kota Medan untuk memenuhi permintaan tersebut. Penambahan kanal tersebut, harus mempertimbangkan kondisi stasiun radio eksisting yang ada di kota Medan. Artinya, ketika stasiun radio baru siaran, sedapat mungkin tidak menginterferensi stasiun radio baru itu sendiri maupun stasiun radio eksisting lainnya. Selain itu perlu diperhatikan juga batasan teknis pemancar berupa field strength, daya, pattern antena, dan adjacent channel.Pada skripsi ini dirancang penambahan kanal baru untuk kota Medan dengan kemampuan minimum dapat melayani lebih dari 50% populasi dan wilayah cakupannya serta memenuhi persyaratan Minimum Field Strength. Hasil dari simulasi diperoleh suatu sistem pemancar radio FM yang bekerja pada frekuensi 106,1 MHz atau pada kanal 186 dengan daya 3 kW mampu melayani hingga 72,7% populasi dan 52,58% cakupan di wilayah Medan. Walaupun nomor kanal yang digunakan berada pada adjacent-channel kedua dari kanal eksisting di wilayah Medan, akan tetapi kondisi ini masih dapat dipertimbangkan mengingat tidak adanya interferensi yang terjadi ketika stasiun radio tersebut mengudara.

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Nowdays, broadcasting radio is still society?s choice as a medium for information and entertainment. Radio is also a better broadcacting medium compared to television because it is only transferred audio data. This would mean that the updated information can be received faster to society. Analog broadcasting radio divided into AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation). It turned out FM broadcasting radio has more listeners than AM for having better sound quality and resistant to noise.There are currently 35 FM radio stations in Medan. However, the channel amounts and numbering was changed due the Indonesia Ministerial Regulation number 13 that was published in 2010. As a result, there are two radio stations in Medan that have to compete each other for one channel. The situation would require a new planning for new channel in Medan to fulfill the demands. It means, when a new radio station broadcasts, it doesn?t interfere with itself and any other existing radio. Moreover, it has to consider also the transmitter technique limitations for the planning such as field strength, power, antenna pattern, and adjacent channel.In this Final Project, there will be a design for a channel addition in the city of Medan with the minimum capacity of serving more than 50 percent of the population on the region and able to meet the requirement of minimum field strength. The result of the simulation is acquired through a FM transmitter on 106,1 MHz or on channel 186 with power of 3 kilowatts which able to serve up to 72,7 percent of population and 52,58 percent coverage area of Medan. Though the channel's number that is used is on the second adjacent channel of the existing channels in Medan, the condition is still be able to considered given while the radio broadcasts that there are no interference."

"Motor induksi adalah mesin yang memanfaatkan prinsip induksi elektromagnetik untuk mengubah energi listrik menjadi energi mekanik dan digunakan sebagai penggerak dalam dunia industri. Ketika motor induksi dengan kapasitas yang besar terhubung ke jaringan sistem yang besar maka motor induksi membutuhkan torsi awal sehingga menghasilkan arus start yang besar yang akan mengakibatkan jatuh tegangan pada bus di sekitar motor. Dalam mengoperasikan motor induksi, waktu starting perlu diperhatikan karena semakin lama waktu starting motor maka akan memungkinkan motor untuk gagal beroperasi. Untuk menghindari dampak yang diakibatkan karena arus start yang sangat besar maka diperlukan pemilihan metode starting motor induksi berkapasitas 94.8 kW di Stasiun Dukuh Atas. Simulasi startingdilakukan menggunakan perangkat lunak ETAP 19.0.1 untuk melihat karakteristik motor dengan metode Direct On Line(DOL) dan Star-Delta. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan metode Direct On Line (DOL) menghasilkan arus starting yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan metode starting secara Star-Delta (Y/D) yaitu 613.72% dari FLA, sedangkan pada metode Star-Delta menghasilkan arus start sebesar sebesar 373.61% dari FLA. Torsi start metode Direct On Line (DOL) lebih besar dibandingkan dengan metode Star-Delta yaitu sebesar 81.44% dari torsi minimal, sedangkan torsi start pada metode Star-Delta sebesar 30.18% dari torsi nominal. Nilai arus dan torsi start akan memengaruhi waktu sistem untuk mencapai kondisi tunak. Pada metode Direct On Line (DOL) membutuhkan waktu 13.06 detik untuk mencapai kondisi tunak, sedangkan metode Star-Delta waktu tercepat yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai kondisi tunak yaitu 14.56 sekon saat waktu switching pada detik ke-2.

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An induction motor is a machine that utilizes the principle of electromagnetic induction to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and is used as a driving force in the industrial world. When an induction motor with a large capacity is connected to a large system network, the induction motor requires an initial torque so that it produces a large starting current which will result in a voltage drop on the bus around the motor. In operating an induction motor, the starting time needs to be considered because the longer the starting time the motor will allow the motor to fail to operate. To avoid the impact caused by the very large starting current, it is necessary to choose the method of starting an induction motor with a capacity of 94.8 kW at Dukuh Atas Station. The starting simulation was carried out using the ETAP 19.0.1 software to see the characteristics of the motor using the Direct On Line (DOL) and Star-Delta methods. The simulation results show that the Direct On Line (DOL) method produces a larger starting current compared to the Star-Delta (Y/D) starting method, namely 613.72% of FLA, while the Star-Delta method produces a starting current of 373.61% of FLA. The starting torque for the Direct On Line (DOL) method is greater than the Star-Delta method, which is 81.44% of the minimum torque, while the starting torque for the Star-Delta method is 30.18% of the nominal torque. The rated current and starting torque will affect the time it takes for the system to reach steady state. The Direct On Line (DOL) method takes 13.06 seconds to reach a steady state, while the Star-Delta method takes the fastest time to reach a steady state which is 14.56 seconds when the switching time is in the 2nd second.

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"Material Ca0.9La0.05Bi0.05Mn1-xCuxO3(x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1) disintesis menggunakan metode sol-gel. Karakterisasi menggunakan X-ray Diffractometer(XRD) menunjukkan bahwa material Ca0.05La0.05Bi0.05Mn1-XCuXO3memiliki struktur kristal perovskite orthorombik dan akibat dari subtitusi Cu ditemukan distorsi struktur pada material yang diindikasi dengan perubahan parameter kisi. Sedangkan hasil dari Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) menunjukkan adanya perubahan ukuran grainyang meningkat dengan meningkatnya jumlah konsentrasi Cu pada material. Fenomena distorsi struktur memiliki pengaruh terhadap sifat kelistrikan dan kemagnetan dari material. Dari sifat kelistrikan, dengan menggunakan pengujian RLC meter pada rentang 1 – 100,000 Hz diperoleh bahwa pada temperatur ruang dengan meningkatnya subtitusi Cu, menghasilkan impedansi listrik material yang meningkat dari sekitar 266.4 (x = 0)menjadi sekitar 589465.3 (x = 0.1). Dengan meningkatnya impedansi bisa dianggap meningkatnya juga sifat resistansi. Sifat resistansi material menghasilkan resistansi yang meningkat dari sekitar 252 (x = 0) menjadi sekitar 589463 (x = 0.1). Hal ini disebabkan oleh meningkatnya konsentrasi subtitusi Cu mengakibatkan kurangnya hoppingelektron dikarenakan hilangnya ion Mn3+(Brajendra Singh, 2015) dan hasil Retvield Refinementyang menunjukkan bahwa transfer elektron yang lebih sulit yang disebabkan oleh berkurangnya sudut ikatan Mn-O-Mn dan bertambahnya panjang ikatan Mn-O (Rahman, 2019). Namun pada suhu 773 K, sifat resistansi material menurun dibandingkan dengan sifat resistansi pada temperatur ruang dari sekitar 143 (x = 0) hingga sekitar 100 (x = 0.1) pada masing-masing konsentrasi subtitusi Cu. Pada analisa magnetik, material Ca0.9La0.05Bi0.05Mn1-XCuXO3memiliki fasa paramagnetik. Dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi subtitusi Cu pada material, mengakibatkan nilai magnetisasi pada medan magnet sebesar 2 T yang cenderung menurun dari 1.1 emu/gr (x = 0) menjadi 0.9 emu/gr (x = 0.1). Hal ini dikarenakan oleh subtitusi Cu yang menghasilkan interaksi super-exchangeyang dimana meningkatnya ion Cu2+menyebabkan bertambahnya ion Mn4+dan berkurangnya ion Mn3+(K. Sakthipandi, 2019).

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Ca0.9La0.05Bi0.05Mn1-xCuxO3(x = 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1) materials has been synthesized using sol-gel method. Characterization using the X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) showed that Ca0.9La0.05Bi0.05Mn1-xCuxO3has perovskite crystal structure of an orthorhombic and because of Cu substitution that been found a structure distortion on the materials which indicated with the changes of lattice parameters. Results form Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed that there is an increasing of grain size with the increasing Cu substitution on the materials. Structure distortion phenomenon has some influence to the electrical and magnetic properties from the materials. From the electrical properties, using LRC meter testing with frequency range 1 – 100,000 Hz resulting that in the room temperature with the increasing Cu substitution, the electrical impedance of the materials become increased from around 266.4 (x = 0) become around 589465.3 (x = 0.1).With the increasing of the electrical impedance can be assumed that resistance of the materials is increasing as well. The resistance of the materials resulting in the increasing resistance from around 252 (x = 0) become around 589463 (x = 0.1). the increasing resistance caused by increasing Cu substitution which result in lack of hopping electron caused by absence of Mn3+(Brajendra Singh, 2015) and Retveild Refinement showed that decresing bond angle Mn-O-Mn and increasing bond length Mn-O wich made the electron transport become more difficult (Rahman, 2019) . But on the 773K, the materials resistance is decreasing compare with each Cu subtitution the resistance on room temperature from around 143 (x = 0) to around 100 (x = 0.1) in each Cu substitution sampels. On magnetic properties, Ca0.9La0.05Bi0.05Mn1-xCuxO3materials has paramagnetic phase. With the increasing Cu substitution on the materials, causing the decreased magnetization value on the 2T magnetic field from 1.1 emu/gr (x = 0) become 0.9 emu/gr (x = 0.1). This caused by Cu substitution which produced super-exhange interaction where the increasing Cu2+causing increased Mn4+and decreasing of Mn4+(K. Sakthipandi, 2019)."

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ABSTRAK

   Double perovskite (A₂B’B”O₆ dan A₂B’B”X₆) merupakan material yang saat ini banyak diteliti karena memiliki berbagai macam sifat fisika dan kimia sebagai variasi dari kation pada site A maupun site B. Material tersebut dapat memiliki sifat fisika lebih dari satu atau bersifat multiferroic. Beberapa penelitian menemukan bahwa Mn³⁺ yang didoping pada kation site B sehingga membentuk formasi double perovskite La₂FeMnO₆ memiliki sifat magnetik yang baik untuk aplikasi thin films. Didalam penelitian ini, material double perovskite La₂FeMnO₆ (LFMO) telah disintesis menggunakan metode sol-gel dengan variasi durasi sintering. Hasil analisa XRD menggunakan software Fullproof  menunjukkan semua sampel memiliki struktur cubic dan pm-3m space group. Pertambahan nilai pada parameter kisi, volume maupun ukuran kristal terjadi karena semakin berkurangnya octahedral tilting didalam sampel seiring dengan bertambahnya durasi sinter. Hasil analisa XRF menunjukkan unsur utama yaitu La, Fe dan Mn pada sampel memiliki stoichiometric double perovskite dengan perbandingan 2:1:1. Hasil analisa SEM menunjukkan butir partikel sampel yang secara umum memiliki bentuk inhomogeneous spherical. Ukuran grain pada hasil SEM yang tidak linier disebabkan adanya aglomerasi partikel pada sampel setelah melalui proses sintering yang cukup lama yaitu 6 jam. Pengujian sifat listrik dilakukan menggunakan metode spektroskopi impedansi dengan variasi frekuensi (1 kHz – 1 MHz) dan temperatur (30 ° – 125 °C). Optimasi sifat struktur pada double perovskite La₂FeMnO₆ dapat terlihat pada semakin lama durasi sintering yang digunakan peak intensitas pada pola XRD semakin bertambah yang mengindikasikan bahwa sampel memiliki struktur yang semakin baik. Optimasi sifat listrik terlihat pada sampel dengan durasi sintering selama 1 jam dimana sampel tersebut memiliki nilai konstanta dielektrik yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang lainnya.

 

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ABSTRACT

   Double perovskite (A₂B’B”X₆) are materials which most intensely studied due to various chemicals and physical properties as a variation of cation at A site or B site. These materials have a multiferroic behavior. La₂FeMnO₆ double perovskite compounds that have been reported in the literature, it has magnetic properties that matching well for thin films. LFMO materials have been synthesized using a sol-gel method with variation sintering duration. XRD characterization using software fullproof showed that all of the samples have a cubic structure and pm-3m space group. Increasing the value of lattice parameter, volume, and crystallite size due to decreasing octahedral tilts on a sample as increasing sintering duration. The XRF analysis showed that La, Fe, and Mn on the sample had a double perovskite stoichiometric with a ratio of 2:1:1. SEM analysis results showed the particles of samples generally have an inhomogeneous spherical form. Grain size in SEM results that are not linear it is because there are agglomeration on particles with sintering process along 6 H. Optimization on the structural properties of La₂FeMnO₆ double perovskite showed that the longer sintering duration the peak intensity on XRD pattern is increase which indicates the sample has a better structure. Optimization of electrical properties can be seen in samples with a sintering duration of 1 H where the sample has a higher dielectric constant value than the others.

 

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"Mobile gasifier merupakan prototipe untuk memproduksi listrik dari feedstock berbahan baku biomassa dengan fleksibilitas yang cukup tinggi dan dapat dipindahkan kemana-kemana, sangat memudahkan pengguna untuk menghasilkan listrik di daerah yang belum memiliki listrik. Dalam hal ini bahan baku yang digunakan adalah sekam padi. Peran mesin dalam mengenerasi engine sangatlah penting. Maka dalam penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi putaran mesin dan Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) dengan variasi putaran yang berbeda-beda. Penelitian ini menggunakan variasi putaran pada mesin dengan putaran 100 untuk initial dan 250 hingga 3500 rpm dengan variasi 250 serta Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) yaitu 0,75 hingga 1.2 dengan variasi 0.05 menggunakan bahan bakar syngas. Syngas berasal dari proses gasifikasi downdraft gasifier dengan bahan bakar sekam padi. Pengujian dilakukan pada unit mesin Mitshubishi Colt Diesel dengan tipe engine PS-100 dan menggunakan metode modelling. Modelling dilakukan untuk meanalisa hubungan antara putaran mesin dengan Daya Efektif (NE), indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), Pumping Mean Effective Pressure (PMEP), Break Mean Effective Pressure(BMEP), torsi dan nilai NOx. Dari percobaan ini dapat disimpulkna dengan membandingkan Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) dari campuran lean hingga campuran rich, diketahui bahwa campuran rich cenderung menghasilkan daya dan torsi yang besar, akan tetapi konsumsi bahan bakar spesific lebih tinggi. Dari hasil percobaan menunjukan nilai torsi tidak berbanding lurus dan cenderung terbalik dengan peningkatan putaran mesin (rpm) dan berbanding terbalik apabila dibandingkan dengan Air Fuel Ratio (AFR). Setelah pengujian dilakukan, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada putaran 2750rpm merupakan putaran yang optimum dimana menghasilkan 383 Nm dan dengan BMEP sebesar 8.2 Bar serta menghasilkan daya efektif sebesar 109.29 Hp. Hasil emisi pada putaran 2750 menghasilkan 182.30 mg/Nm3, dibawah ambang batas berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Republik Indonesia Nomor P.15 / MENLHK / SETJEN / KUM. 1/ 4 / 2019.

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The mobile gasifier is a prototype for producing electricity from biomass raw materials with high flexibility and can be moved anywhere, making it very easy for users to generate electricity in areas that do not have electricity. In this case, the raw material used is rice husk. The role of the engine in generating the engine is very important. So this study aims to determine variations in engine speed and Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) with different rotation variations. This study uses engine speed variations with a rotation of 100 for the initial and 250 to 3500 rpm with a variation of 250 and the Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) of 0.75 to 1.2 with a variation of 0.05 using syngas fuel. Syngas comes from the downdraft gasifier gasification process with rice husk as fuel. The test was carried out on the Mitsubishi Colt Diesel engine unit with the PS-100 engine type and using the modeling method. The modeling is carried out to analyze the relationship between engine speed and Effective Power (NE), showing the mean effective pressure (IMEP), Pumping Mean Effective Pressure (PMEP), Break Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP), torque and NOx values. From this experiment, it can be concluded that by comparing the Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) from a lean mixture to a rich mixture, it is known that a rich mixture will produce greater power and torque, but higher fuel consumption. The experimental results show that the torque value is not directly and inversely proportional to the increase in the engine (rpm) and inverse rotation when compared to the Air Fuel Ratio (AFR). It can be concluded that at 2750rpm rotation is the optimal rotation which produces 383 Nm and with a BMEP of 8.2 Bar and produces an effective power of 109.29 Hp. The emission results in the 2750 cycle produce 182.30 mg/Nm3, below the threshold based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number P.15 / MENLHK / SETJEN / KUM. 1/4/2019.

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"Tesis ini membahas pengaruh substitusi alga kedalam resin pembentuk akrilik dalam konteks material transparan bangunan berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan fokus kuantitatif, nilai performa mekanis dan spektroskopi bidang material transparan dikuantifikasi untuk membandingkan dengan nilai material yang lain dan juga standar SNI yang berlaku. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa alga mempunyai pengaruh dan tidak kehilangan karakteristiknya meskipun digunakan dalam bentuk ekstrak.

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This thesis examines the effect of substitution of algae into acrylic-forming resins in the context of transparent sustainable building materials. This research is an experimental study with a quantitative focus, quantified mechanical performance values and field spectroscopy of transparent materials to compare with other material values and also the applicable SNI standards. The results showed that algae had an effect and did not lose its characteristics even though it was used in extract form."

"Voice scrambler dapat diimplementasikan secara real time dengan menggunakan prosesor DSP yang terintegrasi pada suatu stater kit, yakni DSP Starter Kit TMS320C6713. Metode voice scrambler yang digunakan dalam implementasi ini adalah dengan menggunakan frequency inversion. Frequency inversion adalah suatu metode yang mengubah frekuensi rendah menjadi frekuensi tinggi dan sebaliknya. Voice scrambler ini menghasilkan karakter output yang dapat dianalisis dengan menggunakan bantuan garfik FFT (Fast Fourier Transform). Analisis performa dilakukan dengan menggunakan frekuensi sampling pada codec, yaitu 8, 16, 32, 48, dan 96 kHz. Dalam percobaan yang dilakukan didapat hubungan pengaruh besarnya frekuensi sampling codec terhadap performa voice scrambler. Hubungannya, semakin besar frekuensi sampling codec, maka akan semakin banyak jumlah frekuensi efektif voice scrambler. Sehingga dengan semakin banyaknya jumlah frekuensi efektif scrambling tersebut, menyebabkan semakin baik performa voice scrambler tersebut.

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Voice scrambler can be implemented on DSP procesor using DSP Starter Kit TMS320C6713. The scrambling method used is frequency inversion. The frequency inversion is change the low frequency to the high frequency, and vice versa. Voice scrambler generate the output character, that can be analyzed by using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) method. The Performance analysis using codec frequency sampling, that is 8, 16, 32, 48, and 96 kHz. The result of the experiment is the relationship between codec frequency sampling with voice scrambler performance. The relation is if the codec frequency sampling increase, then the sum of efective scrambling frequency is increase too. This point will be make voice scrambler better."