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"[ABSTRAKAlkana merupakan komponen senyawa hidrokarbon terbesar sebanyak 60% penyusun utama minyak bumi. Isolat bakteri potensial pendegradasi alkana telah diisolasi dari daerah perairan tercemar tumpahan minyak di Pulau Pari. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memeroleh isolat dengan kemampuan tinggi mendegradasi alkana. Pengukuran pertumbuhan isolat bakteri dilakukan pada ƛ 600 nm dan analisis degradasi alkana dengan metode GC/MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 15 isolat yang diuji pertumbuhannya dengan menggunakan paraffin oil terdapat 2 isolat mewakili dua tipe kurva pertumbuhan yaitu isolat 97 kelompok I dengan pertumbuhan K(+) rendah (OD < 0,1 pada hari ke-12) dan isolat 19 kelompok II dengan pertumbuhan K(+) tinggi (OD ≥ 0,5 pada hari ke-12). Analisis degradasi alkana menunjukkan penurunan luas area pada isolat 97 dengan kemampuan degradasi docosane (C22H46) paling tinggi sebesar 96,04% dan isolat 19 dengan kemampuan degradasi hexadecane (C16H34) paling tinggi sebesar 61,37%. Identifikasi molekuler menggunakan 16S rRNA menunjukkan isolat 97 sebagai Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica dan isolat 19 sebagai Vibrio alginolyticus.ABSTRACTAlkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively.;Alkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively., Alkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively.]"

"[Telah dilakukan penelitian deteksi gen alkana monooksigenase (alkB) pada bakteri laut di Perairan Pulau Pari Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat bakteri yang membawa gen alkB dari perairan Pulau Pari Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. Penelitian dilakukan selama 5 bulan sejak bulan Februari 2015 sampai bulan Mei 2015 dengan metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) pada 81 isolat yang telah diremajakan. Isolat bakteri diremajakan menggunakan medium marine agar (MA) dengan metode kuadran streak. Hasil deteksi mendapatkan satu isolat yang membawa gen alkB yaitu isolat nomor 71. Hasil amplifikasi isolat 71 menghasilkan pita DNA dengan ukuran 550 pb. Pita DNA dengan panjang 550 pb merupakan gen alkB. Hasil dari sekuensing menunjukkan bahwa Isolat 71 adalah dari spesies Bordetella sp.;Detection gene alkane monooxygenases (alkB) from marine bacteria in Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakartahas been researched. The research aims to obtain bacterial isolates that carry the gene alkBin Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. The study was conducted during the five months from February 2015 to May 2015 with a method of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from 81 isolates that have been rejuvenated. Bacterial isolates rejuvenated using marine medium agar (MA) with the quadrant streak method. Obtain detection results of the isolates that carry the gene which isolates number 71. alkB amplification results of 71 isolates produce ribbon DNA with size 550 bp. DNA tape with a length of 550 bp is alkB gene.The results of sequencing showed that the isolate 71 is Bordetella sp.;Detection gene alkane monooxygenases (alkB) from marine bacteria in Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakartahas been researched. The research aims to obtain bacterial isolates that carry the gene alkBin Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. The study was conducted during the five months from February 2015 to May 2015 with a method of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from 81 isolates that have been rejuvenated. Bacterial isolates rejuvenated using marine medium agar (MA) with the quadrant streak method. Obtain detection results of the isolates that carry the gene which isolates number 71. alkB amplification results of 71 isolates produce ribbon DNA with size 550 bp. DNA tape with a length of 550 bp is alkB gene.The results of sequencing showed that the isolate 71 is Bordetella sp., Detection gene alkane monooxygenases (alkB) from marine bacteria in Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakartahas been researched. The research aims to obtain bacterial isolates that carry the gene alkBin Pari Island Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. The study was conducted during the five months from February 2015 to May 2015 with a method of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) from 81 isolates that have been rejuvenated. Bacterial isolates rejuvenated using marine medium agar (MA) with the quadrant streak method. Obtain detection results of the isolates that carry the gene which isolates number 71. alkB amplification results of 71 isolates produce ribbon DNA with size 550 bp. DNA tape with a length of 550 bp is alkB gene.The results of sequencing showed that the isolate 71 is Bordetella sp.]"

"L-glutaminase (L-glutamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.2) telah menarik perhatian para peneliti karena manfaatnya dalam industri farmasi dan makanan. Bakteri laut merupakan sumber penghasil L-glutaminase yang paling diminati, terutama untuk memperoleh L-glutaminase yang tahan garam. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan penapisan dan karakterisasi L-glutaminase ekstraselular yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri laut dari perairan Sangihe-Talaud, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia. Penapisan L-glutaminase secara kualitatif menggunakan media cair (Padma, et.al., 2009) dan metode pengukuran aktivitas L-glutaminase dilakukan secara spektrofotometri berdasarkan metode Imada, et.al (1973). Identifikasi isolat murni dengan aktivitas L-glutaminase paling tinggi dilakukan menggunakan sekuensing gen 16S rRNA. Terdapat 7 isolat menunjukkan hasil positif L-glutaminase, satu diantaranya dengan aktivitas 147,99 U/L atau setara dengan aktivitas spesifik 62,32 Unit/mg dipilih untuk diidentifikasi lebih lanjut. Hasil sekuensing gen 16S rRNA isolat bakteri menunjukkan kemiripan 96% dengan Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8. Parameter fisika yang mempengaruhi produksi L-glutaminase menunjukkan produksi optimum pada suhu 30 0C, kecepatan rotasi 100 rpm, pH media 6, dan konsentrasi starter inokulum 5%. Karakterisasi aktivitas L-glutaminase ekstraselular dari Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8 (isolat II.1) menunjukkan kondisi optimum aktivitas enzim pada suhu 37-45 0C, dan pH 7. Aktivitas enzim stabil pada penambahan larutan NaCl hingga 8% dan aktivitasnya mulai berkurang pada penambahan larutan NaCl 16% dan 20% dengan aktivitas relatif berturut-turut mencapai 79,00% dan 74,22%. Pengaruh penambahan ion-ion logam seperti Mn2+, Mg2+, dan Co2+ menunjukkan kenaikan aktivitas, sedangkan pada penambahan ion logam Zn2+, Fe3+, dan Ca2+ aktivitas enzim menurun. Bobot molekul L-glutaminase berkisar 42 kDa dan 145 kDa.

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L-glutaminase (L-glutamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.2) has attracted much attention with respect to proposed applications in both pharmaceuticals and food industries. Salt-tolerant L-glutaminase produced by marine bacteria become the most desirable in food industry. The current work details the screening of L-glutaminase producing marine bacteria from Sangihe-Talaud Sea, in North of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Screening of L-glutaminase was done using a broth medium (Padma et.al., 2009) and measurement of L-glutaminase activity carried out by spectrophotometry (Imada, et.al., 1973). Identification of selected isolate was performed by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. There are seven isolates showed positive results of L-glutaminase, one of them with the activity 147.99 U/L, equivalent to the specific activity of 62.32 units / mg was selected for further study.

Bacterial identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing has revealed the isolate 96% similarity as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8. Optimization of physical parameters that affect the production of L-glutaminase production showed an optimum at 30 0C, 100 rpm, pH of medium 6, and with 5% of starter inoculum. Characterization of extracellular L-glutaminase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8 (II.1 isolates) showed the enzyme activity was optimum at temperature 37-45 0C, and pH 7. The enzyme activity was stable in the addition of NaCl solution up to 8% and began to decrease on addition of NaCl solution 16% and 20% with relative activity consecutively 79.00% and 74.22%. The effect of metal ions such as Mn2+, Mg2+, and Co2+ showed increased enzyme activity, whereas the addition of others metal ions (Zn2+, Fe3+, and Ca2+) decreased the activity. The molecular weights of L-glutaminase was found around 42 kDa and 145 kDa."

"Isolat-isolat actinomycetes laut dari ekosistem bakau Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta dilaporkan dapat menghasilkan senyawa bioaktif dengan aktivitas sebagai antibakteri dan antifungi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyeleksi isolat-isolat actinomycetes laut yang berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol berdasarkan aktivitas antagonistik terhadap fungi patogen tanaman Colletotrichum siamense KA, mengevaluasi aktivitas senyawa antifungi, dan menelaah profil isolat actinomycetes laut terpilih. Penapisan isolat dilakukan dengan metode plug dengan penundaan uji hingga 9 hari pada medium Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) modifikasi. Hasil penapisan diperoleh 12 isolat actinomyctes laut mampu menghambat pertumbuhan C. siamense KA, dengan persentase hambatan berkisar antara 47,96% hingga 84,94%. Enam dari 12 isolat diuji aktivitas antagonistik menggunakan metode plug dan gores dengan variasi penundaan uji (6, 9, dan 12 hari). Hasil uji aktivitas antagonistik menunjukkan penundaan uji hingga 12 hari memiliki persentase hambatan pertumbuhan tertinggi hingga 84,16% (metode plug) dan 85,91% (metode gores). Uji antagonistik dengan penundaan (3 dan 5 hari) serta tanpa penundaan menggunakan metode plug menunjukkan dua isolat (SM11 dan SM15) memiliki peningkatan persentase hambatan pertumbuhan hingga 57,99% (SM11) dan 59,88% (SM15). Aktivitas antifungi tiga isolat actinomycetes laut terpilih (SM11, SM14, dan SM15) diuji menggunakan uji antibiosis pada medium Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) modifikasi. Fermentasi untuk memproduksi senyawa antifungi dilakukan selama 6, 9, dan 12 hari. Hasil uji antibiosis menunjukkan isolat SM14 memiliki aktivitas antifungi tertinggi pada hari ke-12 dengan persentase hambatan 64,90%. Tiga isolat actinomycetes laut terpilih memiliki karakter morfologi dan biokimia yang serupa. Identifikasi molekular ketiga isolat tersebut menunjukkan hubungan dekat dengan Streptomyces sanyensis dengan persentase kemiripan hingga 99,66%.

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Marine actinomycetes isolates from mangrove ecosystem Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta have been reported produce bioactive compound with antibacterial and antifungal activity. The aims of this research were to select potential marine actinomycetes isolates as biocontrol agent based on antagonistic activity against fungal phytopathogen Colletotrichum siamense KA, evaluate antifungal activity, and analyze profile of selected marine actinomycetes isolates. Screening of isolates was performed using plug method with delayed antagonist assay for 9 days on modified Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. The result of screening displayed that 12 marine actinomycetes isolates can inhibit the growth of C. siamense KA, with percentage inhibition from 47.96% to 84.94%. Among 12 isolates, six isolates have been subjected for antagonistic assay using plug and streak method with various delayed assay (6, 9, and 12 days). The result presented delayed antagonist assay until 12 days has higher percentage inhibition up to 84.16% (plug method) and 85.91% (streak method). The antagonistic assay using delayed assay (3 and 5 days) and non-delayed assay using plug method presented two isolates (SM11 and SM15) showed increasing percentage inhibition up to 57.99% (SM11) and 59.88% (SM15). Antifungal activity of selected isolates (SM11, SM14, and SM15) was assayed using antibiosis assay in modified Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) medium. Fermentation for producing antifungal compound was performed for 6, 9, and 12 days. The result of antibiosis assay showed SM14 isolate has higher antifungal activity at 12 days incubation with percentage inhibition was 64.90%. The three marine actinomycetes isolates have similar morphological and biochemical characters. Molecular identification of three isolates showed that the isolates were closely related to Streptomyces sanyensis with 99.66% percent similarity."

"Resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik sudah menjadi masalah di rumah sakit Indonesia dan dunia. Banyaknya penggunaan antibiotik dengan dosis yang tidak adekuat, dan pemakaian antibiotik dalam jangka waktu lama memberikan andil besar pada peningkatan resistensi antibiotik. Bangsal Bedah RSUPN CM merupakan salah satu unit kesehatan yang memiliki insiden tinggi terjadinya infeksi. Pola bakteri beserta pola resistensi penting diketahui sebagai pertimbangan dalam penatalaksanaan infeksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola resistensi bakteri yang diisolasi dari bangsal bedah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang; data merupakan data sekunder hasil uji kepekaan bakteri yang diisolasi dari bangsal bedah RSUPN CM pada tahun 2003-2006 yang didapat dari Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik FKUI. Data dibagi dua berdasarkan kurun waktu 2003-2004 dan 2005-2006. Dari data didapatkan tujuh bakteri terbanyak yaitu Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, dan Streptococcus viridans. Staphylococcus aureus mempunyai nilai resistensi terbesar pada Chloramphenicol. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa mempunyai nilai resistensi yang besar pada Amoxicillin dan Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole. Escherichia coli dan Klebsiella pneumoniae juga mempunyai nilai resistensi besar pada Ciprofloxacin. Terjadi peningkatan persentase resistensi beberapa antibiotik uji pada 2003-2004 ke 2005-2006. Namun ada pula uji yang menurun atau menetap. Perbedaan ini dapat terjadi karena berbagai hal dan dipengaruhi bebagai faktor. Harus dilakukan upaya-upaya pengendalian dalam penggunaan antibiotika dan pencegahan resistensi dengan berbagai strategi.

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Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has been an issue in hospitals in Indonesia as well as around the world. Inappropriate usage of antibiotics for a long period and errors in prescribing inadequate antibiotics dosages have been the main cause of the resistance. Due of its nature, The Surgery ward of RSUPNCM is one of the medical units that has high infection occurrence rates. The knowledge of bacterial resistence patterns must be studied and understood to successfully execute the right antibiotic for a certain infection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate bacterial resistance patterns which were isolated from the surgical ward of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in 2003-2006. During the study, secondary data of bacterial isolation report from Clinical Microbiology Laboratory FKUI in 2003-2006 are also used. The data are divided into two time spans, 2003-2004 and 2005-2006. From the data gathered, we have found the top seven bacteria quantity wise; they are Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Streptococcus viridans. Staphylococcus aureus has the highest resistance to Chloramphenicol. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have the highest resistance to Amoxicillin and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae also have the highest resistance to Ciprofloxacin. The Antibiotics resistance tests show an increasing trend of the isolated bacteria resistance to antibiotics in the comparative study of the two years time spans. Nonetheless, we did also find some of the resistances that are decreasing in trend or stayed constant. These alterations are caused by many factors. Correct procedural usage of antibiotics and, management of infection preventions and treatments for controlling the bacterial resistance growth are essentials."

"The book presents the current state-of-the-art development in the catalytic systems for the catalytic trans-formations of alkanes under homogeneous conditions. The history of C-H bond activation, and the current research described in this book, highlight the current research and present the reader with an outlook of this field which continues to be explored by an increasingly visionary and enthusiastic group of organic, organometallic, biological and physical chemists."

"Penelitian ekperimental untuk menguji aktifitas antifeedant ekstrak metanol Archaster typicus terhadap ikan karang telah dilakukan di Perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Sampel diekstrak dengan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan pelarut metanol. Uji antifeedant dilakukan dengan mengaitkan pakan buatan yang mengandung ekstrak metanol Archaster typicus pada konsentrasi fisiologis (0,0245 g/ml), jeli, makanan ikan, dan pewarna makanan menggunakan peniti pada tali propilen. Pakan tersebut kemudian diuji di terumbu buatan pada kedalaman 3 m dan diamati jumlah pakan yang dimakan dan tidak oleh ikan karang. Analisis chi kuadrat pada tingkat kepercayaan 0,01 menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi antara dimakan dan tidak dimakannya pakan perlakuan terhadap penambahan ekstrak metanol Archaster typicus. Penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak metanol Archaster typicus positif memiliki aktivitas antifeedant terhadap ikan karang dan hal tersebut diduga disebabkan oleh adanya kandungan saponin pada ekstrak metanol Archaster typicus.

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To investigate antifeedant activity of methanol extract of Archaster typicus against reef fishes a field experiment was conducted at Pramuka Island Watery, Seribu Island, DKI Jakarta. Archaster typicus samples were extracted using maceration method while taking methanol as the solvent. The antifeedant assay was conducted by attaching the artificial food that contains methanol extract of Archaster typicus at natural concentration (0.0245 g/ml), jelly, fish food, and food dye, using safety pins to propylene ropes. After that, the artificial food was observed at artificial reef in 3 m depth. The amount of artificial food eaten and left by reef fishes was also observed. Chi square analysis for α (p) = 0.01 revealed that there is correlation between eaten and not eaten of treat food to addition of methanol extract of Archaster typicus. That means methanol extract of Archaster typicus has antifeedant activity againts reef fishes. That was beyond saponin content in the extract."

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Latar Belakang : Infeksi intraabdomen (IIA) merupakan respons inflamasi peritoneum oleh mikroorganisme penyebab sepsis dan kematian kedua terbanyak di ruang intensive care unit (ICU).^1,2Complicated intra-abdominal infection worldwide observational study (CIAOW) menunjukkan angka kematian infeksi intraabdomen komplikata sebesar 10,5%. Terapi antimikroba atau antibiotik merupakan hal penting dalam penanganan IIA. Dalam mendukung keberhasilan penanganan kasus IIA dibutuhkan informasi akurat mengenai karakteristik dan pola kepekaan terhadap antibiotik yang dapat digunakan sebagai acuan penggunaan antibiotik pada kasus IIA. Tujuan: Mendapatkan karateristik mikrobiologis dan klinis pada kasus IIA dan mengetahui hubungan antara faktor klinis dan mikrobiologi dengan luaran klinis pasien.

Metode: Data diambil secara prospektif  dengan desain pontong lintang. Sampel penelitian berupa jaringan intraabdomen dan darah yang diambil saat pembedahan. Uji identifikasi dan uji kepekaan dilakukan untuk deteksi bakteri aerob dan bakteri anaerob. Hasil:. Infeksi intraabominal komplikata lebih banyak dibandingkan IIA non-komplikata (63,63%), kasus sepsis (63,63%) dan peritonitis (45,45%). Infeksi intraabominal terkait rumah sakit lebih banyak dibanding IIA komunitas yaitu 56,36%). Patogen yang paling sering ditemukan adalah Eschericia coli (34,78%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10,86%) dan Enterococcus faecalis ((8,69%). Pola kepekaan terhadap amikasin, meropenem, ertapenem dan tigesiklin adalah 100% pada isolat E. coli, sementara piperasilin/tazobaktam lebih rendah (90,62%), seftazidim dan sefepim (68,75%). Ditemukan E. coli resisten multiobat  (62,5%), K. pneumoniae resisten multiobat (50%) dan E. faecalis resisten multi obat (50%). Terdapat hubungan antara faktor klinis sepsis dengan luaran klinis. Pemberian terapi antimikroba sebaiknya mengacu kepada rekomendasi yang dibuat berdasarkan pola kuman dan pola kepekaan setempat.

Kesimpulan: Bakteri Gram negatif masih merupakan bakteri yang paling sering ditemukan pada kasus IIA. Dengan tingginya temuan bakteri resisten multiobat makan pemberian antimikroba harus mempertimbangkan cakupan antimikroba terhadap patogen penyebab.

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Background: Intraabdominal infection (IAI) is the peritoneum inflammatory process due to microorganisms, the leading cause of sepsis, and the second cause of death in the intensive care unit (ICU). Complicated intra-abdominal infection worldwide observational study (CIAOW) showed the mortality rate of complicated IAI of 10.5%. Antimicrobial therapy or antibiotics is important in managements of IAI. Accurate information is needed to improve IAI management; regarding the characteristics and patterns of sensitivity of antibiotics as a reference for antibiotics use in IAI.

Aim: This study aims to obtain microbiological and clinical pictures in IAI and the correlation between clinical and microbiological factors with the patient’s clinical outcomes.

Method: Data were collected prospectively using a cross-sectional design. The sampel in this study is intraabdomen tissue and blood that was taken during surgery. Identification and antimicrobial sensitivity testing was carried out to detect aerob and anaerob bacteria.

Result: Complicated cases is larger in number more than non-complicated IAI (63.63%), sepsis (63.63%) and peritonitis (45.45%). Hospital-related IAI much more than community IAI (56.36%). The most common pathogens are Eschericia coli 34.78%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.86%) and Enterococcus faecalis (8.69%). The sensitivity of amikacin, meropenem, ertapenem and tigesycline was 100% in E. coli, while piperacillin/ tazobactam was lower (90.62%), ceftazidime and cefepime (68.75%). It was found that multi-drug E. coli was (62.5%), multi-drug resistant K. pneumoniae (50%) and multi-drug resistant E. faecalis (50%). There is correlation between sepsis clinical factors with patient’s outcome. The administration of antimicrobial therapy should refer to recommendations made based on local microba and sensitivity patterns. 

Conclusion: Gram-negative bacteria are still the most common bacteria found in patient intraabdominal infections. With the high findings of multi-drug resistant bacteria, antimicrobial administration must consider the antimicrobial coverage of the causative pathogen.

 

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"Enam isolat bekteri pembentuk histamin telah ditapis untuk melihat kemampuannya menghasilkan histamin pada medium Niven termodifikasi. Hasil penapisan menunjukkan ke enam isolat mampu menghasilkan histamin dengan ditandai terjadinya perubahan warna merah jambu/pink pada medium. Produksi histamin ke enam isolat pada medium Niven cair diukur menggunakan metoda Hardy & Smith. Hasil uji menunjukkan ke enam isolat menghasilkan histamin pada medium cair sebanyak 92,35 - 305,49 mg/100 ml medium. Dari enam isolat tersebut, Enterobacter spp. menghasilkan aktivitas tertinggi (305,49 mg/100 ml). Medium sintetik digunakan untuk mempelajari pola pertumbuhan dan waktu optimum produksi enzim HDC pada Enterobacter spp and Morganella morganii (kontrol). Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa untuk kedua jenis bakteri tersebut, jam ke 8 merupakan waktu optimum untuk memproduksi enzim.

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Selection and test of L-histidine decarboxylase enzyme activity of six isolates of histamine forming bacteria. Six isolates of histamine forming bacteria were screened to see the degree of ability in producing histamine on modified Niven?s medium. The result showed that the six bacteria were able to produce histamine by giving a pinkish color on the medium, which could be used as a preliminary identification of histamine-forming bacteria (HFB). The isolates were grown in liquid modified Niven medium to measure the production of histamine. The histamine produced were determined by Hardy and Smith method. The result showed that all of the isolates produced high level of histamine (92.35 - 305.49 mg/100 ml of the medium). From all of them, Enterobacter spp. produced the highest level of histamine (305.49 mg/100 ml). A synthetic medium was used to measure the growth pattern and optimum time required by Enterobacter spp and Morganella morganii (as control bacteria) to produce the L-histidine decarboxylase enzyme (HDC) which is responsible for histamine production. The result showed that for both bacteria, the optimum enzim production was 8 hours after incubation."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian distribusi vertikal bakteri dan kaitannya dengan klorofil-a di perairan Kalimantan Timur pada bulan Agustus - September 1999. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengamati kaitan bakteri dengan klorofil -a. Analisa bakteri menggunakan metoda Acridine Orange- Epifluorescence Microscopy sedangkan analisa klorofil-a menggunakan metode fluorometrik.Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa pada lokasi yang populasi bakterinya tinggi cenderung diikuti dengan tingginya kandungan klorofil-a. Di lokasi yang populasi bakterinya tinggi, konsentrasi klorofil-a nya juga tinggil. Populasi bakteri dan konsentrasi klorofil-a yang tinggi diperoleh pada lapisan kedalaman 25 m, berkisar antara (4 hingga 90) x 106 sel per ml untuk populasi bakteri dan berkisar antara (0,2 hingga 1,14) mg per m3 untuk konsentrasi klorofil-a. Kesimpulan hasil pengamatan, distribusi vertikal populasi bakteri ada kaitannya dengan konsentrasi klorofil-a.

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Vertical distribution of bacteria population in relation to chlorophyll-a in East Kalimantan waters. Study on distribution of bacteria population and its relation to concentration of chlorophyll-a has been conducted in August - September 1999 in East Kalimantan waters. The purpose of the study was to observe the correlation between population of bacteria and concentration of chlorophyll-a in water column. Acridine Orange Epifluorescence Microscopy method was used to analyze bacteria population, while fluorometric method was used to determine chlorophyll-a concentration.The result of the study showed that bacteria population was positively correlated to chlorophyll-a concentration, area with high bacteria population has high concentration of chlorophyll-a. The high bacteria population was found in the water columnh of the 25 m deep,as well as for chlorophyll-a concentration, ranged between (4 and 90) x 106 cell per ml and (0.2 and 1.14) mg per m3 respectively. It was concluded that vertical distribution of bacteria population was closely correlated to the concentration of chlorophyll-a."