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"Penelitian ini membahas tentang operasionalisasi dari perampasan tanah yang terjadi di tingkat lokal pada era pasca Orde Baru Dengan metode penelitian kualitatif dan mengambil studi kasus di Karawang penelitian ini berusaha menggambarkan bagaimana politik oligarki menjadi operasionalisasi dari terjadinya perampasan tanah di tingkat lokal. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukan jejaring kekuasaan oligarki yang terbentuk dan beroperasi sejak Orde Baru masih menjadi kekuatan sosial yang dominan dalam proses perampasan tanah di Karawang Hal tersebut juga diikuti dengan cara kerja yang predatoris dengan menggunakan kekuasaan negara untuk akumulasi kekayaan individu relasi patronase diantara para elit ekonomi dan politik penggunaan politik uang pengerahan organisasi kekerasan non negara dan dimungkinkan oleh lemahnya kekuatan sosial di luar jejaring kekuasaan oligarki tersebut Keseluruhan praktek politik yang oligarkis itu dijalankan untuk mendapatkan sumber daya material termasuk dalam kasus perampasan tanah. Studi ini berkesimpulan bahwa jejaring kekuasaan oligarki menjadi bentuk dan cara kerja dari politik lokal di Indonesia Politik oligarki itulah yang menjadi bentuk operasionalisasi dari perampasan tanah di Karawang.

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This study discusses about the land grab that were operationalized by the political oligarchy at the local level after the New Order With qualitative research methods and case study in Karawang this study attempts to describe how the political oligarchy allow the expropriation of land at the local level. This study finds that networking power of the oligarchy was formed and has been in operation since the New Order It is also followed by the predatory way of functioning which are using state power for the accumulation of individual wealth political use of money the deployment of violent non state organizations and made possible by the weakness of social forces beyond the networking power of the oligarchy All oligarchic political practices were carried out to obtain material resources. This study conclusion that the networking power of the oligarchy is still a dominant social force and became the workings of local politics in Indonesia that political oligarchy becomes operational form of land grabbing in Karawang."

"[ABSTRAKTerjadinya kasus perkara dalam Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Bandung Nomor 50/G/2013/PTUN-BDG dimana terdapat gugatan pembatalan sertifikat pengganti membuka beberapa fakta bahwa telah terjadi beberapa permasalahan hukum yang menjadi pokok permasalahan, yaitu adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang terjadi dalam proses pendaftaran tanah pertama kali yang menyebabkan sertifikat hak milik terbit tiga tahun setelah pemegang hak meninggal dunia, juga mengenai faktor-faktor mengapa sertifikat pengganti yang diterbitkan atas bidang tanah yang sama dibatalkan oleh Hakim Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara, penulis mengambil dari sisi pernyataan para pihak dan bukti yang dihadirkan dalam persidangan juga pertimbangan hakim. Penulis juga membahas mengenai penyelesaian yang dapat ditempuh oleh pihak ketiga dalam hal sertifikat pengganti tersebut dibatalkan. Berdasarkan hasil analisa diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa cacat administrasi dalam proses pendaftaran tanah yang telah terjadi tidak menyebabkan sertifikat tanah menjadi batal, karena proses pembatalan harus melalui gugatan di Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara, sedangkan proses penerbitan sertifikat pengganti harus melalui serangkaian pengecekan yang menyeluruh oleh pihak Kantor Pertanahan, tidak terpenuhinya prinsip kehati-hatian Badan Pertanahan Nasional dalam pengecekan, maka dapat terjadi akibat hukum yang dapat melibatkan pihak ketiga yang merasa dirugikan, dimana pihak ketiga dapat memilih alternatif penyelesaian dengan cara musyawarah, peradilan atau arbitrase.

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ABSTRACTThe occurrence of cases in Bandung State Administrative Court No. 50 / G / 2013 / PTUN-BDG where there is a replacement certificate lawsuit have unfold some facts that there have been some legal issues which the issues have been brought up as the main issues which are to determine the factors that occur in the process first land registration that causes property certificate issued three years after the rights holder dies, also of the factors why the replacement certificate issued on the same plot was canceled by the State Administrative Court judge, the author took from the statements of the parties and the evidence are presented in the trial judge also considered. The author also discusses the settlement can be reached by a third party in the event of a replacement certificate is canceled. Based on the analysis we concluded that the defect in the administration of land registration process that has occurred does not cause the land certificate is void, because the process of cancellation must go through a lawsuit in State Administrative Court, while the issuance of a replacement certificate must go through a series of thorough checks by the Land Office, non-fulfillment of the precautionary principle in the National Land Agency while checking process which can lead to legal consequences may involve third parties who feel aggrieved, in which a third party may choose an alternative solution by means of deliberation, a court or arbitration.;The occurrence of cases in Bandung State Administrative Court No. 50 / G / 2013 / PTUN-BDG where there is a replacement certificate lawsuit have unfold some facts that there have been some legal issues which the issues have been brought up as the main issues which are to determine the factors that occur in the process first land registration that causes property certificate issued three years after the rights holder dies, also of the factors why the replacement certificate issued on the same plot was canceled by the State Administrative Court judge, the author took from the statements of the parties and the evidence are presented in the trial judge also considered. The author also discusses the settlement can be reached by a third party in the event of a replacement certificate is canceled. Based on the analysis we concluded that the defect in the administration of land registration process that has occurred does not cause the land certificate is void, because the process of cancellation must go through a lawsuit in State Administrative Court, while the issuance of a replacement certificate must go through a series of thorough checks by the Land Office, non-fulfillment of the precautionary principle in the National Land Agency while checking process which can lead to legal consequences may involve third parties who feel aggrieved, in which a third party may choose an alternative solution by means of deliberation, a court or arbitration.;The occurrence of cases in Bandung State Administrative Court No. 50 / G / 2013 / PTUN-BDG where there is a replacement certificate lawsuit have unfold some facts that there have been some legal issues which the issues have been brought up as the main issues which are to determine the factors that occur in the process first land registration that causes property certificate issued three years after the rights holder dies, also of the factors why the replacement certificate issued on the same plot was canceled by the State Administrative Court judge, the author took from the statements of the parties and the evidence are presented in the trial judge also considered. The author also discusses the settlement can be reached by a third party in the event of a replacement certificate is canceled. Based on the analysis we concluded that the defect in the administration of land registration process that has occurred does not cause the land certificate is void, because the process of cancellation must go through a lawsuit in State Administrative Court, while the issuance of a replacement certificate must go through a series of thorough checks by the Land Office, non-fulfillment of the precautionary principle in the National Land Agency while checking process which can lead to legal consequences may involve third parties who feel aggrieved, in which a third party may choose an alternative solution by means of deliberation, a court or arbitration.;The occurrence of cases in Bandung State Administrative Court No. 50 / G / 2013 / PTUN-BDG where there is a replacement certificate lawsuit have unfold some facts that there have been some legal issues which the issues have been brought up as the main issues which are to determine the factors that occur in the process first land registration that causes property certificate issued three years after the rights holder dies, also of the factors why the replacement certificate issued on the same plot was canceled by the State Administrative Court judge, the author took from the statements of the parties and the evidence are presented in the trial judge also considered. The author also discusses the settlement can be reached by a third party in the event of a replacement certificate is canceled. Based on the analysis we concluded that the defect in the administration of land registration process that has occurred does not cause the land certificate is void, because the process of cancellation must go through a lawsuit in State Administrative Court, while the issuance of a replacement certificate must go through a series of thorough checks by the Land Office, non-fulfillment of the precautionary principle in the National Land Agency while checking process which can lead to legal consequences may involve third parties who feel aggrieved, in which a third party may choose an alternative solution by means of deliberation, a court or arbitration.;The occurrence of cases in Bandung State Administrative Court No. 50 / G / 2013 / PTUN-BDG where there is a replacement certificate lawsuit have unfold some facts that there have been some legal issues which the issues have been brought up as the main issues which are to determine the factors that occur in the process first land registration that causes property certificate issued three years after the rights holder dies, also of the factors why the replacement certificate issued on the same plot was canceled by the State Administrative Court judge, the author took from the statements of the parties and the evidence are presented in the trial judge also considered. The author also discusses the settlement can be reached by a third party in the event of a replacement certificate is canceled. Based on the analysis we concluded that the defect in the administration of land registration process that has occurred does not cause the land certificate is void, because the process of cancellation must go through a lawsuit in State Administrative Court, while the issuance of a replacement certificate must go through a series of thorough checks by the Land Office, non-fulfillment of the precautionary principle in the National Land Agency while checking process which can lead to legal consequences may involve third parties who feel aggrieved, in which a third party may choose an alternative solution by means of deliberation, a court or arbitration., The occurrence of cases in Bandung State Administrative Court No. 50 / G / 2013 / PTUN-BDG where there is a replacement certificate lawsuit have unfold some facts that there have been some legal issues which the issues have been brought up as the main issues which are to determine the factors that occur in the process first land registration that causes property certificate issued three years after the rights holder dies, also of the factors why the replacement certificate issued on the same plot was canceled by the State Administrative Court judge, the author took from the statements of the parties and the evidence are presented in the trial judge also considered. The author also discusses the settlement can be reached by a third party in the event of a replacement certificate is canceled. Based on the analysis we concluded that the defect in the administration of land registration process that has occurred does not cause the land certificate is void, because the process of cancellation must go through a lawsuit in State Administrative Court, while the issuance of a replacement certificate must go through a series of thorough checks by the Land Office, non-fulfillment of the precautionary principle in the National Land Agency while checking process which can lead to legal consequences may involve third parties who feel aggrieved, in which a third party may choose an alternative solution by means of deliberation, a court or arbitration.]"

"Dalam Garis-garis Besar Haluan Negara pada tahun 1994/1995 ditetapkan bahwa dalam Repelita VI pembangunan Industri tetap menjadi bagian usaha jangka panjang dalam upaya untuk tercapainya struktur ekonomi yang lebih kokoh dan seimbang yaitu dengan titik berat industri yang didukung oleh pertanian yang tangguh. Sasaran utama pembangunan kawasan industri yaitu di samping sebagai sarana pengaturan ruang untuk pengalokasian kegiatan industri yang sesuai dengan tata ruang daerah yang telah disusun dan tercapai pula pembangunan yang berwawasan lingkungan sekaligus sebagai sarana percepatan pembangunan industri di daerah. Setelah diterbitkannya 5K Gubernur KDH tingkat I Jawa Barat No.5931SK.629Bapp11990 sebagai langkah operasional dari Keppres No.53 tahun 1989 tentang kawasan industri, dapat menyebabkan munculnya masalah pembangunan industri di daerah Karawang, Jawa Barat, karena pembangunan industri menuntut penyediaan lahan untuk kawasan industri. Mengingat lahan disuatu wilayah biasanya telah digunakan sesuai dengan fungsinya seperti untuk sawah, pemukiman, tegalan, perkebunan, industri, hutan dan sebagainya, maka akibat meningkatnya lahan untuk keperluan pembangunan industri tidak menutup kemungkinan akhirnya industri menggunakan lahan pertanian baik sawah berpengairan teknis maupun non-teknis yang telah memiliki jalan penghubung. Konversi fungsi lahan persawahan menjadi kawasan industri tersebut tentu akan memberikan dampak terhadap kualitas hidup petani pemilik lahan. Konversi fungsi lahan tersebut di atas, menimbulkan pertanyaan dalam penelitian: (1) Adakah pengaruh luas lahan yang dikonversikan dapat memberi dampak terhadap peningkatan pendapatan keluarga petani?. (2) Adakah perbedaan kualitas hidup bekas petani pemilik lahan dengan kualitas hidup perani pemilik lahan yang usahanya tetap? (3) Faktor-faktor apakah yang berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kualitas hidup masyarakat bekas petani pemilik lahan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah dibatasi untuk mengetahui: (1) Adanya konversi lahan pertanian menjadi kawasan industri. (2) Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terhadap kualitas hidup bekas petani pemilik lahan. (3) Adanya perbedaan kualitas hidup bekas petani pemilik lahan dengan kualitas hidup petani pemilik lahan (tetap bertani). Penelitian ini dilakukan di desa Teluk jambe dan di desa Purwadana, Kecamatan Teluk jambe, di mana di kedua desa tersebut telah banyak mengalami konversi penggunaan lahan, khususnya lahan persawahan sebagian besar telah beralih fungsi menjadi kawasan industri. Pengambilan sampel melalui pendekatan terhadap masyarakat bekas petani pemilik lahan dan sebagai kontrol dilakukan penelitian terhadap masyarakat petani pemilik lahan yang lahan usaha taninya tidak beralih fungsi (tetap). Pengambilan contoh responden dilakukan dengan cara sistematik yaitu untuk bekas petani pemilik lahan di desa Teluk jambe dan di desa Purwadana masing-masing dipilih sebanyak 60 responden. Sebagai kontrol diambil 80 responden petani pemilik lahan di desa Pinayungan. Pengolahan data dilakukan media Personal Computer dan dianalisis dengan deskriptif. Pengujian hipotesis menggunakan uji Chi-square (X2) Hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan, sebagai berikut: (1) Faktor luas lahan yang dikonversikan berpengaruh balk terhadap kualitas hidup bekas petani pemilik lahan. Semakin luas lahan yang dikonversikan, semakin baik kualitas hidupnya. (2) Faktor besar uang ganti rugi berpengaruh baik terhadap kualitas hidup bekas petani pemilik lahan. Semakin besar uang ganti kerugian yang diterima, semakin baik kualitas hidupnya. (3) Terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antara kualitas hidup bekas petani pemilik lahan petani dengan yang tidak mengkonversikan lahan pertanian menjadi lahan industri masih tetap sebagai petani pemilik lahan. Indikator-indikator yang menguatkan derajat kehidupan masyarakat bekas petani pemilik lahan dapat diungkapkan dari tingkat ekonomi keluarga, pendidikan, kualitas perumahan, tingkat kesehatan, dan kesempatan kerja umumnya lebih baik apabila di banding dengan masyarakat petani pemilik lahan. Sedangkan indikator pendidikan di desa Teluk Jambe tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kualitas hidup bekas petani pemilik lahan, hal ini disebabkan bahwa sebagian besar masyarakat yang diteliti mempunyai tingkat pendidikan yang rendah dengan usia rata-rata di atas 54 tahun. Sungguhpun pembangunan kawasan industri pada saat ini telah berhasil memberi manfaat pada peningkatan kualitas hidup bekas petani pemilik lahan, namun perlu dipikirkan langkah-langkah penanganan lebih lanjut terhadap kemungkinan terjadinya dampak negatif terhadap kualitas hidup petani khususnya, maupun kualitas lingkungan pada umumnya di masa yang akan datang. Apabila diperhatikan dalam Peta Rencana Umum Tata Ruang Kecamatan Teluk jambe tahun 1991 (Peta No.4) bahwa terdapat kecenderungan pembangunan kawasan industri di masa yang akan datang akan mengkonversikan sebagian besar jenis penggunaan lahan persawahan produktif, tentunya hal ini akan menambah semakin sempitnya lahan usaha tani, dan akan berakibat semakin banyaknya pengangguran petani yang sekaligus akan menambah menurunnya produksi di sektor pertanian. Dengan dibangunnya kawasan industri, tentu membutuhkan sarana dan prasarana penunjang lainnya seperti perumahan, sekolah, pasar, kantor dan lain-lain yang berarti membutuhkan pula lahan, tidak menutup kemungkinan akan mengalihkan lahan produktif atau setengah produktif. Di samping itu dengan adanya pabrik-pabrik di kawasan industri dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan hidup balk langsung ataupun tidak langsung pada masyarakat sekitarnya seperti adanya limbah industri, polusi udara, kebisingan dan lain-lain. Maka dalam penelitian ini disarankan agar darnpak-dampak negatif dimaksud dapat menjadi bahan pertimbangan yang positif dalam rangka mencari pemecahan yang terbaik secara proporsional di masa mendatang.

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The State Guideline of the fiscal year 1994/95 stipulated that during Repelita V development was aimed at industrial development stressing on heavy industry supported by a strong agricultural sector. The main objective was to achieve a solid and well balanced economic structure.

The main objective of setting up an industrial estate is to accelerate industrial development in the region. Besides, this policy is also aimed at allocating industrial activities in line with the existing space allocation policy and at the same time environmental friendly in national.

After the promulgation of the decree of the Governor/Regional Head of West Java No. 5931SK.6291Bapp11990 which is the operational guidance of the Presidential decree No 53 year 1989 on industrial zone, industrial development may problems come into being in the Karawang area, West Java, in particular in relation with a demand for land for that purpose.

Since land in some region is already used as paddy field, settlements, pasture, horticulture, industry, forest etc, increase in land demand for the purpose of industrial development has to be met by the use of agriculture land, both technically and non-technical irrigated with interconnecting channels. The conversion of paddy field into an industrial zone will certainly produce impacts upon the quality of life of farmers who originally own the land.

Conversion of land function as stared above resulted in problems, which can be put into questions as follows :(1) What is the influence of land size and amount of money received by the farmers upon their quality of life? (2) What is the difference between the quality of life of farmers still owning and working on their land and those whose land was transformed into industrial zone? (3) What factors are at work in promoting the farmer?s community's quality of life, which were land owning farmers before?

The objective of this study is to know: (1) The presence of agriculture land conversion into an industrial zone, (2) Factors influencing the quality of life of former land-owning farmers, and (3) The presence of different of quality of life between former land-owning farmers and farmers who are still wadding on their land.

This study was carried out in Teluk Jambe and Purwadana villages. It was in Teluk Jambe sub-district, where conversion of land use take place, especially from agriculture land into an industrial zone.

The sample was taken from among former land-owning farmers with land-owning farmers whose land has not been changed in functions as control group.

Systematic sampling was carried out in Teluk Jambe and Purwadana villages with 60 respondents respectively. The control group consisted of 80 respondents who are land-owning farmers in Pinayungan village.

Data processing was carried out by using Personal Computer and the results analyzed descriptively. Hypothesis testing was carried out by using the Chi Square test.

The results of this study concluded that : (1) The size of land converted seems to have a great influence upon the quality of life of farmers land-owning farmers. The bigger the size converted, the better the quality of life. (2) The amount of money has good influence upon the quality of life of former land-owning farmers. The bigger the amount of money received, the better their quality of life. (3) There is significant difference between the quality of life of former land-owning farmers and those who did not converse their agriculture land into industrial use and remain as land-owning farmers.

Indicators that supported the living standard of former land-owning farmers can be disclosed by observing the family economic standard, education, quality of housing, health and working opportunities, which are in general, better than land-owning farmer community.

In Teluk Jambe village, education as indicator has no obvious influence upon the quality of life of former land-owning farmers. This is due to the fact that the majority of the community studied were on the average more than 54 years of age with low level of education.

Although industrial zone development, at present, succeeded in providing benefit towards promoting the quality of life of former land-owning farmers, policies have to be considered to address the possibility of negative impact upon environmental quality in general, the quality of life of farmers in particular in the year to come.

Going over the map of General Spatial Plan of Teluk jambe subdistrict of the year 1991 (Map No. 4), there seems to be a tendency of industrial zone development in the future and thus the conversion of greater portion of productive paddy field which will results on ever decreasing productive farming land. This will be followed by an increasing number of unemployment and at the same time a decline in the production within the agriculture sector.

By establishing an industrial zone, supporting infra-structure will certainly be needed, such as housing, schools, market, office space etc. This in turn needs land also; hence, another conversion of productive or half productive land will take place.

The presence of factories in the industrial zone might cause negative impacts upon the living environment, both directly and indirectly in the form of industrial waste, air pollution, noise etc. Hence, it is suggested the negative impacts in question should be serious considered within the framework of solving the problem proportionally in the future. "

"Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir telah terjadi perubahan penggunaan lahan dari lahan sawah menjadi kawasan industri dan permukiman di Kabupaten Karawang. Keberadaan industri juga menarik masyarakat untuk beralih profesi dari sektor pertanian ke sektor industri. Selain konversi lahan pertanian, industri juga menyerap lebih banyak air yang membuat air untuk pertanian berkurang. Hal tersebut terjadi karena pengelolaan air yang kurang efisien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan penggunaan lahan, mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis dampak dari pembangunan kawasan industri pada lingkungan, dampak kawasan industri pada kondisi sosial dan ekonomi, serta menyusun strategi perlindungan lahan sawah berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis spasial, korelasi, MDS, dan analisis stakeholders. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa perubahan lahan pertanian sebagian besar berubah menjadi kawasan industri. Perubahan lingkungan karena industri menyebabkan penurunan luas lahan sawah dan produksi padi, dan jaringan irigasi. Selain itu, keberlanjutan petani pada dimensi sosial dan ekonomi berada pada kategori kurang berkelanjutan. Strategi yang direkomendasikan untuk perlindungan lahan pertanian adalah dengan memprioritaskan sosial dan ekonomi petani.

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In recent years, there has been land-use changes from the paddy field to the industrial and housing in Karawang. Industries also attracted people to switch professions from farming to the industrial. Besides land conversion, transfer in water usage also increased for industrial needs. This is caused by poor water management in terms of distribution and control of water usage. The purpose of the study are to  analyze land use changes, to identify and analyze the impact of industrial estate development, to analyze social and economic changes, and to arrange sustainable rice field protection strategies. The study uses the Spatial analysis, Correlation analysis, Multi-Dimensional Scaling and stakeholders analysis. The results found changes in agricultural land mostly turned into industrial estates. Changes in the environment due to industry caused a decrease in paddy fields and rice production also in irrigation channels. In addition, the sustainability of farmers in the social and economic dimensions is in the less sustainable category. The recommended strategy for protecting agricultural land is to prioritize farmers' social and economy."

"Perkembangan kota dengan industrinya telah menyebabkan terjadinya urbanisasi. Masalah kependudukan merupakan masalah bagi perkotaan, terutama bagi pembangunan kota. Makin padat penduduk kota, semakin menurun pola hubungan kemasyarakatan karena lingkungan kehidupan yang lebih mengutamakan efisiensi ekonomi, telah menimbulkan degradasi sosial. Sedangkan faktor ekonomi lebih ditentukan oleh dua hal pokok, yaitu kegiatan usaha dan politik ekonomi.Kabupaten Karawang terletak di Pantai Utara Pulau Jawa dengan letak geografis yang strategis. Sejak dulu, Kabupaten Karawang telah dikenal sebagai lumbung beras, baik untuk Jawa Barat maupun nasional. Berdasarkan letak geografis, Kabupaten Karawang dan posisinya yang tidak terlalu jauh dengan Ibukota Jakarta, menjadikan Kabupaten Karawang sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai daerah pendukung Jakarta.Salah satu kawasan dan zona industri yang paling akhir dikembangkan di Kabupaten Karawang adalah kawasan dan zona industri Kota Teluk Jambe yang merupakan Ibukota Kecamatan Teluk Jambe. Dalam rencana pembangunan jangka panjang di Kabupaten Karawang, kawasan industri Kecamatan Teluk Jambe akan dikembangkan menjadi kota industri. Dengan berkembangnya industri di Kabupaten Karawang, maka kebutuhan akan tenaga kerja yang terampil akan sangat dibutuhkan. Guna memenuhi kebutuhan akan tenaga kerja di atas, fenomena urbanisasi tidak dapat dihindari. Pengaruh positif yang mungkin timbul akibat urbanisasi adalah kegiatan industri dapat berjalan dan diharapkan dapat meningkatkan perekonomian daerah, sedangkan dampak negatif yang mungkin timbul adalah terjadinya perubahan sistem sosial dalam masyarakat dan kemungkinan munculnya konflik antara masyarakat asli dan pendatang.Rumusan permasalahan yang dapat disusun adalah sebagai berikut:

1. Bagaimanakah pengaruh industrialisasi di Kecamatan Teluk Jambe terhadap kondisi sosial masyarakat di sekitarnya yang berupa perubahan sikap masyarakat akibat keberadaan pendatang?
2. Bagaimanakah pengaruh industrialisasi di Kecamatan Teluk Jambe terhadap kondisi ekonomi masyarakat di sekitarnya yang meliputi kesempatan kerja, kesempatan berusaha, dan peningkatan pendapatan?

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah:

1. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh industrialisasi di Kecamatan Teluk Jambe terhadap kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat di sekitarnya.
2. Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara struktur sosial masyarakat dengan pendapatan setelah terjadinya industrialisasi.

Hipotesis kerja dalam penelitian ini adalah:

1. Industrialisasi di Kecamatan Teluk Jambe berdampak positif terhadap kondisi sosial masyarakat di sekitarnya yang berupa perubahan sikap masyarakat akibat keberadaan pendatang?
2. Industrialisasi di Kecamatan Teluk Jambe berdampak positif terhadap kondisi ekonomi masyarakat di sekitarnya yang meliputi kesempatan kerja, kesempatan berusaha, dan peningkatan pendapatan?

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan metode survei. Lokasi penelitian ini di Kecamatan Teluk Jambe, Kabupaten Karawang dan berlangsung sejak Maret 2000 - September 2000.Populasi sampel penelitian ini adalah masyarakat yang bertempat tinggal di wilayah penelitian, yaitu di Kecamatan Teluk Jambe dan beberapa nara sumber yang berasal dari aparat pemerintah daerah Kabupaten Karawang.Data yang dikumpulkan berupa data primer dan sekunder. Data primer meliputi hasil yang diperoleh dari kuesioner, wawancara mendalam dengan nara sumber baik berstruktur maupun tidak berstruktur, dan pengamatan lapangan. Data sekunder meliputi data statistik Kabupaten Karawang dan Kecamatan Teluk Jambe serta bahan-bahan dari studi literatur.Teknik pengambiian sampel menggunakan metode purpossive sampling atau sampel terpilih dan jumlah responden yang dipilih adalah 100 orang. Data dianalisis secara kualitatif, dimana pengolahan data dimulai sejak masuknya data atau informasi pendahuluan pada saat orientasi kegiatan awal penelitian kualitatif.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa :

1. Industrialisasi di Kecamatan Teluk Jambe memberi pengaruh positif terhadap kondisi ekonomi masyarakat di sekitarnya, namun muncul pula pengaruh negatif terhadap kehidupan sosial masyarakatnya.
2. Industrialisasi di Kecamatan Teluk Jambe memberi pengaruh pada tingkat kemakmuran masyarakat di sekitarnya pada semua lapisan masyarakat.

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The Influences of Industrialization against the Community Socioeconomic Sector City industrialization has a result namely urbanization. Population problem is also a problem for the city, especially for the city development. The more densely populated in the city more decreasing the pattern of the society relationship, cause of the living give priority to economical efficiency, and cause a social degradation. However, the economical factor more determined by two factors, namely commerce activity and economical politic.

Karawang located in North Coast of Java, with a strategic geographical location. Since along time ago, Karawang has known as a rice producer, not only in West Java but also in national scope. Based on its geographical location, Karawang and its position is not too far from Jakarta, and makes Karawang more potential to be developed as the hinterland of Jakarta.

One of an industrial area and industrial zone that the latest developed in Karawang is Teluk Jambe industrial area and zone. By the long term development planning of Karawang, Kecamatan Teluk Jambe industrial area will be developed to be an industrial city.

By the developing of industry in Karawang, the demand of skilled labor is needed. To realize that, the urbanization phenomenon is can't avoid. The positive influences that could be appear by urbanization is industrial activity can running and it hoped to increase the local economic activity, and the other hand a negative influence that could be appear is the changing of the social system in society and the probability of the appearance conflict between local people and the urban.

The problems of this research are formulated as follow:

1. How the industrialization influence in Kecamatan Teluk Jambe against the social condition of the community vicinity in the changing of people behavior because of migrant?
2. How the industrialization influence in Kecamatan Teluk Jambe against the economic condition of the community vicinity that consist of opportunity to work, doing business and making a better income?

The aims of this research are as follow:

1. To know the industrialization influence in Kecamatan Teluk Jambe against the society social condition.
2. To know the relation between society social structure and income after industrialization.

The working hypotheses of this research are as follow:

1. Industrialization in Kecamatan Teluk Jambe gives a positive influence to the society social economic condition.
2. Industrialization gives influences to the society income at all strata.

This research is a qualitative research with a survey method. The location of this research is Kecamatan Teluk Jambe, Karawang and was conducted since March 2000 - September 2000.

The sample population of this research is society where lives in research field, namely Kecamatan Teluk Jambe and several key informant from the Karawang government officer.

The collected data are primary and secondary data. The primary data consist of the questioner, depth interview, and field survey. The secondary data consist of Karawang and Teluk Jambe statistic data and any literature study.

The sampling technique uses a purposive sampling method and the number of respondent is 100. Data was analyzed in a qualitative method, since the entry data or introduction information at the orientation of the qualitative beginning research.

The conclusions of this research are as follow:

1. Industrialization in Kecamatan Teluk Jambe gives a positive influences against the society economic condition, but a negative influences is also appear against the society social living.
2. Industrialization in Kecamatan Teluk Jambe gives an influence against society welfare at all strata.

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"Konversi hutan mangrove menjadi lahan tambak adalah salah satu penyebab utama terjadinya penurunan luas hutan mangrove. Pesisir Kabupaten Karawang mengalami penurunan luas mangrove dari seluas 2.66,3 ha (1972) menjadi seluas 233,7 ha (2013). Pemanfaatan ekosistem hutan mangrove di Desa Sedari ini tidak diimbangi dengan pemahaman akan pentingnya kelestarian ekosistem hutan mangrove di kemudian hari. Tujuan dari riset ini adalah mengidentifikasi jasa lingkungan dari hutan mangrove, menghitung nilai ekonomi hutan mangrove, dan menganalisis potensi skema pembayaran jasa lingkungan dalam pengelolaan ekosistem mangrove berkelanjutan di Desa Sedari. Riset ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. pengumpulan data primer dan data sekunder dilakukan dengan metode kuesioner kepada 45 responden petani tambak dan observasi lapangan. data dianalisis dengan Model Burkhard dan statistik deskriptif. Potensi skema PES divalidasi oleh tenaga ahli PES. Hasil yang diperoleh, jasa-jasa lingkungan dari hutan mangrove yang utama dirasakan masyarakat adalah pelindung dari abrasi pantai dan daerah tangkapan ikan, kepiting serta udang. Nilai proksi ekonomi total ekosistem hutan mangrove di Desa Sedari sebesar Rp. 8.394.459.800/tahun dengan nilai bersih sekarang (NPV) dihitung untuk jangka waktu 10 tahun, menggunakan tingkat suku bunga 8% sebesar Rp. 61,0720655,400. Potensi skema PES yang dapat diterapkan di Desa Sedari adalah antara kelompok OTAP sebagai aktor penyedia jasa lingkungan/seller, masyarakat Sedari yang berasosiasi dengan hutan mangrove (petani tambak, nelayan, dan petani sawah) sebagai buyer dan pemerintah daerah/PERHUTANI/LSM yang menjadi fasilitator. Nilai willingness to pay/WTP yang harus dibayarkan oleh buyer untuk pengelolaan ekosistem hutan mangrove di Desa Sedari sebesar Rp. 1.324.054/ha/tahun. Sebaliknya, nilai willingness to accept/WTA yang akan diterima secara tidak langsung oleh pihak petani tambak sebesar Rp. 24.374.324 ha/tahun untuk keberlanjutan ekosistem hutan mangrove di masa mendatang.

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Land conversion of mangrove forests into fishponds is one of the main causes of the decline of mangrove forest area at Indonesia. Mangrove in the coastal area of Karawang District has declined from an area of 2699,3 ha (1972) became an area of 233,7 ha (2013). Utilization of mangrove forest ecosystems in Sedari village is not matched by an understanding of the importance of conservation of mangrove forest ecosystems in the future. The aims of this research are to identify the ecosystem services of mangrove forests, calculate the economic value of mangrove forests, and to analyze the potential for payment for ecosystem services in the sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems that can be applied in Sedari village. This research uses a quantitative approach. The collection of primary data and secondary data was conducted by questionnaire to 45 respondents (Fishpond?s farmer). Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Burkhard Model. The potential for PES schemes is validated by PES experts. The results obtained, the main ecosystem services of the mangrove forest choosed by communities is protecting the coastal area from erosion and mangrove as fishing ground, spaing ground and nursery ground for fish, crabs and shrimp. A proxy for the total economic value of mangrove forest ecosystems in the Sedari village is Rp. 8.394.459.800/year. Net present value (NPV) is Rp. 61,072,655,400. The NPV was calculated for a period of 10 years and discount rate of 8%. The potential for PES schemes that can be applied in the Sedari village is among a group of OTAP as ecosystem seller, all Sedari communities that associated with mangrove forests (fishpond farmers, fishermen and rice farmers) as ecosystem buyer and the local government/PERHUTANI/NGO as intermediaries/facilitators. The value of willingness to pay/WTP to be paid by the buyer for sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems in the village is Rp 1,324,054/ha/year. Meanwhile, the value of willingness to accept/WTA to be accepted indirectly by the fish farmers is Rp. 24,374,324 ha / year for the sustainability of mangrove forest ecosystems in the future."

"Pertambahan penduduk dari hari ke hari selalu meningkat, mengakibatkan kebutuhan pangan semakin meningkat pula. Peningkatan produksi pangan memerlukan lahan pertanian, sedangkan lahan pertanian dari hari ke hari luasnya cenderung berkurang.Oleh karena itu satu-satunya usaha peningkatan produksi pertanian agar dapat mengimbangi pertambahan penduduk adalah melalui intensifikasi pertanian, khususnya melalui peningkatan mutu intensifikasi. Dalam peningkatan produksi pertanian, perlindungan tanaman mempunyai peranan yang penting dan menjadi bagian yang tak dapat dipisahkan dari usaha tersebut. Pestisida merupakan bahan-bahan kimia atau alami yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan populasi organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT) terutama dengan cara membunuh organisme (hama, penyakit, gulma dan sebagainya).Penggunaan pestisida meningkat dengan pesat, terutama di negara-negara berkembang, dimana pestisida dianggap sebagai suatu cara mudah untuk meningkatkan produksi dan seringkali secara aktif dipromosikan dan disubsidi. Namun kerugian dan bahaya penggunaan pestisida lambat laun sangat dirasakan oleh manusia diantaranya : hama menjadi resisten terhadap pestisida, yang kemudian memaksa penggunaan pestisida dalam dosis yang lebih tinggi, sehingga akhimya perlu diciptakan pestisida baru dengan biaya semakin mahal. Pestisida bukan hanya membunuh organisme yang menyebabkan kerusakan pada tanaman, namun juga membunuh organisme yang berguna seperti musuh alami hama. Populasi hama dan serangan hama sekunder bisa meningkat setelah penggunaan pestisida (resudensi).Pestisida yang dipakai di lahan pertanian, hanya sebagian kecil mengenai organisme yang seharusnya dikendalikan, sebagian besar pestisida itu masuk ke dalam udara, tanah, atau air yang bisa membahayakan kehidupan organisme lain. Pestisida yang tidak mudah terurai, akan terserap dalam rantai makanan dan sangat membahayakan serangga, hewan pemakan serangga, burung pemangsa, dan pada akhirnya manusia (bioakumulasi).Menyadari kian besarnya bahaya penggunaan pestisida, maka pemerintah mengintroduksikan konsep pengendalian berdasarkan pendekatan prinsip ekologis (lingkungan) dan ekonomi serta sosial yaitu Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT). Introduksi PHT dilakukan melalui penyuluhan rutin dan Sekolah Lapang Pengendalian Hama Terpadu.Penggunaan pestisida yang tidak selektif dapat menurunkan populasi musuh alami hama, serangga berguna dan makhluk bukan sasaran. Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan penurunan keragaman spesies (diversitas spesies) dalam ekosistem pertanian tersebut yang mempengaruhi kestabilan ekosistem dan berarti pula telah terjadi penurunan kualitas lingkungan.Perumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah :1. Apakah pemakaian pestisida yang tidak selektif dapat mempengaruhi keragaman spesies serangga di ekosistem sawah?2. Apakah pemakaian pestisida mempengaruhi populasi serangga hama ?3. Apakah pemakaian pestisida mempengaruhi populasi serangga musuh alaminya (predator dan parasitoid telur)?4. Apakah pemakaian pestisida dapat menimbulkan residu pada lahan pertanian dan gabah?5. Apakah penggunaan pestisida dengan sistem Konvensional/Non PHT pada lahan sawah, efisien dibandingkan dengan sistem PHT?Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk :1. Menelaah pengaruh pemakaian pestisida pada keragaman spesies/jenis serangga ekosistem sawah.2. Menelaah pengaruh pemakaian pestisida pada populasi serangga hama.3. Menelaah pengaruh pemakaian pestisida pada populasi serangga musuh alami (predator dan parasitoid telur).4. Menelaah ada tidaknya residu pestisida pada lahan pertanian dan gabah.5. Menelaah efsiensi yang diperoleh jika tidak menggunakan pestisida (sistem PHT).Hipotesis penelitian ini adalah :1. Pemakaian pestisida menurunkan keragaman spesies/jenis serangga di ekosistem sawah.2. Pemakaian pestisida menurunkan populasi serangga hama.3. Pemakaian pestisida menurunkan populasi serangga musuh alami (predator dan parasitoid telur).4. Terdapat residu pestisida di lahan pertanian dan pada gabah.5. Pemakaian pestisida, pada sistem Non PHT/Konvensional tidak efisien dibandingkan sistem PHT.Metode penelitian eksperimen (Demonstrasi plot) di Desa Telagasari, Kecamatan Telagasari, Kabupaten Karawang, Jawa Barat. Menggunakan tiga petak lahan masing-masing berukuran 500 m2. Design penelitian One Way Anova, yaitu menguji antara petak Kontrol dengan petak PHT dan petak Non PHT. Parameter yang diamati : populasi dan jenis serangga hama; populasi dan jenis musuh alami (predator). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada sub-petak (petak contoh permanen) yang ditetapkan berdasarkan Diagonal System, dan pada masing-masing petak perlakuan terdapat 5 sub petak. Data dianalisis menggunakan SPSS (Statistical Produts and Service Solutions) yaitu Uji F atau Analisis Varian (ANOVA).Hasil Penelitian yang diperoleh adalah sebagai berikut :1. Keragaman spesies serangga yang diperoleh pada petak PHT nilai rata-rata sebesar 1.554;1.864 lebih besar dari petak Non PHT (1.127:1.592) dan petak Kontrol (1.380;1.894), pada pertumbuhan fase vegetatif signifikan, dan pada fase generatif tanaman padi, tidak signifikan.2. Populasi serangga hama ulat daun dan wereng coklat pada fase vegetatif, antara Kontrol (392), PHT (280) dan Non PHT (373) tidak signifikan, sedangkan populasi predator antara Kontrol (583), PHT (470) dan Non PHT (193) signifikan. Populasi serangga hama wereng coklat dan walang sangit (fase generatif sistem PHT (320) dan Non PHT (333) tidak signifikan antar perlakuan, sedangkan populasi predator antara Kontrol (376), PHT (342) dan Non PHT (188) signifikan.3. Hasil analisis residu pada sampel lahan dan gabah menunjukkan bahwa pestisida yang digunakan selama penelitian di petak Non PHT/Konvensional tidak terdeteksi (tidak meninggalkan residu) demikian juga pada gabah.4. Jumlah kelompok telur penggerek padi putih tertinggi dijumpai pada petak Kontrol 3 kelompok, diikuti petak PHT 1.66 kelompok dan masing-masing kelompok telur diparasit oleh parasitoid Telenomus sp. (yang persentase tingkat parasitasinya bervariasi), sedangkan terendah pada petak Non PHT yaitu 1.33 kelompok dan tidak terdapat parasitoid Telenomus sp.5. Hasil gabah Kering Panen per Rumpun pada petak Kontrol dan petak PHT hampir sama (55.150 gramfrumpun), sedangkan pada petak Non PHT lebih rendah yaitu 51.49 gramlrumpun (tidak signifikan).6. Jumlah malai per rumpun ketiga petak perlakuan hampir sama, pada petak Kontrol (17.99 malai per rumpun), petak PHT (18.14 malai per rumpun) dan Non PHT/Konvensional (18.14 malai per rumpun) dan tidak signifikan.7. Pelaksanaan sistem PHT lebih efisien dibandingkan dengan sistem Konvensional, terutama terlihat dari penurunan jumlah dan frekuensi penggunaan pestisida. Pemakaian pestisida selama musim tanam menambah input akibat adanya biaya pengendalian OPT sebesar Rp. 628.0001Ha (Enam ratus dua puluh delapan ribu rupiah per hektar), belum termasuk ongkos pengamatan, sedangkan biaya produksi keseluruhan tanpa menggunakan pestisida sebesar Rp. 2.893.0001Ha (Dua juta delapan ratus sembilan puluh tiga ribu rupiah per hektar), jadi penerapan sistem PHT meningkatkan efisiensi sebesar 21.7% dari input.Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah :1. Keragaman spesies serangga pada ekosistem sawah dengan penerapan sistem PHT, berkisar antara 0.908 sampai 3.122, lebih besar dibandingkan dengan sistem Non PHT yang berkisar antara 0.592 sampai 2.166. Pemakaian pestisida signifikan menurunkan keragaman spesies serangga di ekosistem sawah.2. Penggunaan pestisida tidak signifikan menurunkan jumiah populasi serangga hama. Jumlah populasi serangga dengan penerapan sistem PHT sebesar 600 per 100 rumpun, sedangkan dengan sistem Non PHT sebesar 706 per 100 rumpun.3. Penggunaan pestisida signifikan menurunkan jumlah populasi predator di ekosistem sawah. Jumlah populasi predator pada penerapan sistem PHT sebesar 812 per 100 rumpun dan dengan sistem Non PHT sebesar 381 per 100 rumpun. Penggunaan pestisida Spontan 400 WSC dan Furadan 3 G menyebabkan populasi parasitoid Telenomus sp. yang menetas dari telur penggerek batang padi putih (T. innotata) menurun.4. Pestisida yang digunakan selama penelitian (2 minggu setelah tanam, pertengahan masa tanam dan 2 minggu menjelang panen) belum meninggalkan residu di tanah dan di gabah, namun demikian bukan berarti tidak berpotensi untuk menimbulkan residu. Hasil analisis tanah ditemukan residu pestisida yang tidak digunakan selama penelitian yaltu : 0.0002 ppm Lindane; 0.0002 ppm HEE dan 0.9859 ppm PCP (pada lahan PHT) serta, 0.0021 ppm Lindane; 0.0001 ppm HEE dan 0.1899 ppm PCP (pada lahan Non PHT).5. Penerapan sistem PHT lebih efisien 21.7% dibandingkan sistem Non PHT/Konvensional yang menggunakan pestisida,dengan tidak memperhatikan Ambang Pengendalian dan keberadaan serangga musuh alami.The total population is rising from day to day; it's also caused the need of food increasingly. The raise of food production needs a wide agriculture field, while it tends to decrease from day to day.

Therefore, the only effort of agriculture production increase in order to balance the increase population is to intensify the agriculture production, and the plant protection has very important role and to be unseperated part of such efforts. Pesticide is chemical substance or the nature used to control the disturbing organism population of plant (OPT), especially by exterminating the organism (pest, plant disease, weed, etc).

The use of pesticide is rapidly increasing, especially in the developing countries where the pesticide is considered as the easy ways to raise the production and it' frequently and actively promoted and subsidized. But, the loss and danger of pesticide utility is gradually experienced mostly by the people, among other things, the insects would be resistance against the pesticide, and they're forced to use it in the higher dosages. Finally, it's created new pesticide with the higher cost. Pesticide is not only exterminating the organism that caused the damages on the plants, but also exterminating the useful organisms such as natural enemies of insects. The insects? population and secondary insects attack can be increasing after the pesticide kills its natural enemies (resurgence).

The pesticide used in the agriculture field is only a small part about the organisme that should be controlled, and the most part of pesticide mixed in to the air, soil, or water that can be endanger other living organisms. The pesticide that is not easily mixed up, will absorbd in the food chains and it's very dangerous for the insects, insect eater of animal, bird attacker, and human in the end (bioaccumulation).

To realize the great deal of danger of pesticide utility, the Government introduces the control system based on the ecological, economical and social principle approach, namely Integrated Pest Management (IPM).

The introduction of IPM is implemented by giving the intensive information and Integrated Pest Management Field School. The unselected pesticide utility can decrease the natural enemies? population of insects, useful insects, an non-target insects. This case can cause the decrease of species diversity in the agriculture ecosystem that influences the ecosystem stability and it also means that it has decreased the environmental quality.

The problem in this investigation, as follows:

1. Can the unselected pesticide utility influence the species diversity of insects in the rice field ecosystem?

2. Does the pesticide utility influence the population of insects?

3. Does the pesticide utility influence the population of insects as its natural enemy (predators and parasitoids)?

4. Can the pesticide utility cause residual on the rice field and unhusked grains?

5. Will the pesticide utility with conventional system or non-IPM system on the rice field, be efficient than IPM system?

This investigation is intended to:

1. To study the influence of pesticide utility on the diversity of insect species on rice field ecosystem.

2. To study the influence of pesticide utility on the insect population.

3. To study the influence of pesticide utility on the insect population as natural anemy.

4. To study either existed or not of pesticide residual in the rice field and unhusked grains.

5. The pesticide utility, on non-IPM system/conventional system is not efficient than IPM system.

Investigation method experiments in Telagasari District, Telagasari -Subdistrict, Karawang Regency, West Java. By using the three plots of land and each of them has a size 500 m2. The investigation design of One Way Anova, is to examine among the control plot, 1PM plot and non IPM plot. The observed parameters are population and short of insects? species; population and short of natural enemy (predators). The sample catchment is implemented on the subplot (permanent sample plot) stated based on the Diagonal System, and each plot of treatment consists of 5 sub-plots. Analysis data is using SPSS (Statistical product and Service Solution), namely F test or Variant Analysis (Anova).

The result of investigation as follows:

1. The diversity of insect species obtained in IPM plot has average value as much as 1.554; 1.864 higher than Non IPM plot (1.127; 1.592) and Control plot (1.380; 1.894), on growth of significant vegetative phase is significant but generative phase is not significant.

2. Insects population of leave caterpillar and Nilaparvata lugens on the vegetative phase among the control (392), IPM (280) and non IPM (373) are not significant, while the predator?s population among the control (583), IPM (470) and non IPM (193) are significant. Insect population of N. lugens and Leptocorisa acuta on the generative phase among the IPM system (320) and non IPM system (333) are not significant, while the predator population among the control (376), IPM system (342) and non IPM system (188) are significant.

3. The residual analysis result on the soil sample and unhusked grains indicated that pesticide utilized during investigation in the non IPM system is not detected (not leaving residual).

4. Total egg group of Tryporiza inotata is highly found in the control plot (3 group), followed by the 1PM plot (1.66 group) and each of them were parisitating by Telenomus sp parasitoid (whose parasitation level percentage is varied), while the lowest nonlPM plot is 1.33 group and is not found parasitoid Telenomus sp.

5. Harvest of dry unhusked grain each cluster in the control plot and the IPM plot are almost the same (55.150 gram/cluster), while non IPM plot is lower, namely 51.490 gram/cluster (it's not significant).

6. Number of malai each cluster in three plots is almost the same. on the control plot (17.99 malai/cluster) is lower than 1PM plot (18.14 malai/cluster) and non IPM plot (18.14 malai/cluster) and it's not significant.

7. Implementation IPM system is more efficient than conventional/non IPM system, especially seen from the decrease of amount anf frequency of pesticide utility during the planting seasons will increase input resulted from plants-disturbing organism control cost as much as Rp. 628.000,00/Ha (six hundred and twenty eight thousand rupiah per hectare), and it's not included the cost of workers, hire of spray equipment, while the whole production cost without using the pesticide as much as Rp. 2.893.000,00/Ha (two million eight hundred and ninety three thousand rupiah per hectare), so the IPM system is increasing efficiently as much as 21.7 % from input.

The conclusion obtained from this investigation as follows:

1. The diversity of insect species on rice field ecosystem by using IPM system, approximately 0.908 up to 3.122 is higher than the non IPM system (0.592 upto 2.166). The pesticide utility is decreasing significant for diversity of insect species in the rice field ecosystem.

2. The pesticide utility is decreasing not significant for the amount of insect population. Total insect population with the IPM system application as much as 600 per 100 clusters, while using the non IPM system as much as 381 per 100 clusters.

3. The pesticide utility is decreasing significant for the amount of predator population, on the IPM system application as much as 812 per 100 clusters and the nonIPM system as much as 381 per 100 clusters.

4. The pesticide utility of Sponan 400 WSC and Furadan 3 G causes the population of parasitoid Telenomus sp.hatched from eggs of Tryporiza inotata, is decreasing. The pesticide utilized during the investigation is not left the residual in the soil and in the unhusked grains, but its not mean not potential residues. Soil analysis result is found unused residual pesticide during the investigation, namely 0.0002 ppm Lindane; 0.0002 ppm HEE and 0.9895 ppm PCP (on IPM plot) and 0.0021 ppm Lindane; 0.0001 ppm HEE and 0.1899 ppm PCP (on nonIPM plot).

5. The IPM system application is more efficient as much as 21.7 % than the non IPM/conventional system that used the pesticide, without paying attention to control balance and the insects existence as the natural enemies."

"Penelitian ini mempelajari posisi perempuan kepala keluarga sebagai petani penggarap tak bertanah yang mengalami eksklusi berlapis dan posisinya dalam perjuangan atas tanah di lahan eks HGU Perkebunan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan menggunakan kerangka teori ekologi politik feminis, teori kuasa atas eksklusi, dan teori feminis tentang keadilan sosial. Subyek utama penelitian ini adalah perempuan kepala keluarga tak bertanah di Desa Nanggung, Kecamatan Nanggung, Kabupaten Bogor, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Sebagian besar petani di desa ini adalah petani penggarap. Situasi di Desa Nanggung merupakan representasi terjadinya ketimpangan struktur kepemilikan dan penguasaan sumber-sumber agraria dimana tanah yang dimiliki masyarakat, termasuk di dalamnya area pemukiman, sesungguhnya hanya 23 persen dari total wilayah desa. Sebagian besar tanah di desa ini merupakan tanah negara yang penguasaan pengelolaannya berada di tangan perusahaan swasta pemegang HGU perkebunan PT. Hevindo dan pengusahaan negara bidang kehutanan Perhutani.Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perempuan kepala keluarga tak bertanah mengalami eksklusi berlapis yakni pada ranah keluarga inti, keluarga besar, komunitas, warga desa, organisasi pendamping, dan negara. Eksklusi berlapis di tingkat keluarga inti, keluarga besar, dan komunitas menyebabkan perempuan kepala keluarga tak bertanah ditinggalkan dalam perjuangan memperoleh akses atas tanah yang diupayakan organisasi tani setempat dengan memanfaatkan program Tanah Obyek Reforma Agraria TORA . Di sisi lain, program yang merupakan bagian dari kebijakan nasional tentang reforma agraria tidak menempatkan petani perempuan, apalagi petani perempuan kepala keluarga tak bertanah sebagai subyek kebijakan.

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This research studied the position of women heads of household as landless peasants who faces multi layer exclusions and their position within struggle over land in the ex plantation concession land. This research used qualitative approach and adopts feminist political ecology theory, the power of exclusion theory, and feminist theory of social justice. Primary subjects of this research are landless women heads of household in Nanggung Village, Nanggung Sub District, Bogor Regency, West Java Province. Most of villagers are tillers. Situation in Nanggung Village is representation how agrarian injustice where only 23 percent of total village lands owned by its inhabitants in form of housing area. The rest of lands in this village is considered by state lands, controlled by private plantation company namely PT. Hevindo and state forestry company namely Perhutani.This research showed that landless women heads of household face multi layer exclusions on main family, large family, community, villagers, NGOs, and state. Multi layer exclusions on main family, large family, and community ignored on struggle over land by local peasants organization which used Land Object of Agrarian Reform TORA program. On the other hand, program that is part of national government policy of agrarian reform have neglected women peasants, especially landless women heads of household as subject of these policy. "

"Permasalahan kebersihan menjadi salah satu masalah yang sulit untuk diatasi di Desa Sedari, khususnya sanitasi pada rumah tangga. Karena sanitasi rumah yang buruk adalah mencerminkan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat PHBS yang buruk juga. Jika kualitas sanitasi buruk maka akan meningkatkan risiko terjadinya penularan penyakit, salah satunya adalah gangguan pernapasan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan desain cross-sectionaldengan system proportionate stratified random sampling pada 90 sampel di 6 dusun. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa 5 poin PHBS yang diteliti perilaku merokok orang tua, status gizidan imunisasi dasar, ASI eksklusif, mencuci tangan, mengonsumsi sayur dan buah, didapatkan bahwa hanya imunisasi dasar yang memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan kejadian gangguan pernapasan pada balita di Desa Sedari p= 0,013, sedangkan dari faktor lingkungannya Kepadatan hunian, pencahayaan dan ventilasi rumah, yang memiliki hubungan bermakna adalah kepadatan hunian p= 0,002. Dari hasil uji regresi logistik, didapatkan bahwa kepadatan hunian OR = 7,858 dan Imunisasi dasar OR = 2,685 adalah faktor risiko yang paling dominan terhadap gangguan pernapasan pada balita di Desa Sedari. Sebaiknya dilakukan intervensi mengenai pentingnya pemberian imunisasi dasar dan sosialisasi mengenai kegiatan pemberian imunisasi, serta melakukan perluasan ventilasi rumah dan mengurangi penumpukan orang pada satu ruangan.

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Hygiene issues are one of the most difficult issues to solve in Desa Sedari, especially sanitation on households. Poor home sanitation is a reflection of how Healthy and Clean Living on Household PHBS implementation on their life. If the quality of sanitation is poor, then it will affect and increase the risk of disease transmission, one of which is respiratory distress especially in toddlers. This study was conducted using a cross sectional design with proportionate stratified random sampling with 90 samples to take on 6 hamlets.

The results of this study conclude that 5 indicators of Healthy and Clean Lifestyle parental smoking behavior, nutritional status and basic immunization, exclusive breastfeeding, hand washing behavior, healthy eating, resulting with only basic immunization had significant association with respiratory distress in toddler in Deas Sedari p 0,013, while from the environmental factors density of occupancy, lighting and house ventilation, the only one that has a significant relationship is the density of occupancy p 0,002.

From the result of the logistic regression test was found that the density of occupancy OR 7,858 and basic immunization OR 2,685 is the most dominant risk factors for respiratory distress in toddlers in Desa Sedari. Intervention must be held due to promoting the importance of basic immunization and to socialize the vaccine administration among mothers and pregnant woman, as well as expansion of house ventilation and reduce the accumulation of people in one room. "