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"Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) merupakan metode tersier yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan produksi minyak bumi. Salah satu teknik yang digunakan dalam EOR yaitu chemical flooding dengan menginjeksikan bahan kimia ke dalam reservoir. Seleksi dilakukan terhadap surfaktan jenis SA (Sodium Lauril Sulfat), surfaktan jenis SB (Polioksietilen alkil eter fosfat) , dan surfaktan jenis SC (Etilen oksida propilen oksida blok kopolimer). Seleksi ini dilakukan berdasarkan 5 paramater uji yaitu Kompatibilitas, Stabilitas Termal, Kelakuan Fasa, Interfacial Tension, dan Imbibisi. Pada konsentrasi 1%, uji kompatibilitas untuk ketiga jenis surfaktan baik. Uji stabilitas termal terhadap surfaktan jenis SA cenderung stabil terhadap pemanasan, surfaktan jenis SB terdegradasi pada hari ke-30, surfaktan jenis SC mencapai cloud point pada hari ke-1 dan terdegradasi pada hari ke-60. Uji kelakuan fasa menghasilkan emulsi fasa bawah untuk ketiga jenis surfaktan. Pengukuran Interfacial Tension untuk surfaktan jenis SA, SB, dan SC berturut-turut yaitu 0,1723 mN/m, 0,0353 mN/m, dan 0,2001 mN/m. Uji Imbibisi menggunakan batuan sintetik (Pasir 70% : semen 30%), menghasilkan recovery oil untuk surfaktan jenis SA, SB, dan SC sebesar 2,09%, 0%, dan 4,16%. Uji Imbibisi menggunakan batuan sintetik (Pasir 90% : semen 10%), menghasilkan recovery oil untuk surfaktan jenis SA, SB, dan SC sebesar 2,42%, 0%, dan 4,69%. Formulasi surfaktan SC dan SA (0,9gr : 0,1gr) pada konsentrasi 1% menghasilkan nilai IFT yang optimal sebesar 0,13 mN/m dan uji Imbibisi menghasilkan recovery oil sebesar 4,84%.

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Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a tertiary method used to improve oil production. One of technique is used in chemical EOR is flooding by injecting chemicals into the reservoir. The selection of the surfactant types are SA (Sodium lauryl sulfate), SB (polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphate), and SC (Ethylene oxide propylene oxide block copolymers). Selection is done by 5 parameter tests, namely compatibility, thermal stability, phase behavior, Interfacial Tension, and imbibition. At the concentration of 1%, the third compatibility test for both three types of surfactants is are relative good. Thermal stability test of the surfactant types SA tend to be stable against heating, surfactant types SB degraded on 30th day, the surfactant types SC reached the cloud point at day 1 and degraded on the 60th day. Phase behavior test of emulsions give under phase for the three types of surfactants. Measurement of Interfacial Tension for surfactant types SA, SB, and SC are 0.1723 mN/m, 0.0353 mN/m, and 0.2001 mN/m respectively. Imbibition test using synthetic rock (sand 70% : cement 30%), resulting in recovery of oil to surfactant types SA, SB and SC up to 2.09%, 0% and 4.16%. Imbibition test using synthetic rock (sand 90% : cement 10%), resulting in recovery of oil to surfactant types SA, SB, and SC up to 2.42%, 0% and 4.69%. Surfactant formulations of SC and SA (0,9 gr : 0,1 gr) at a concentration of 1% produces optimal IFT value of 0.13 mN / m and test imbibition oil recovery of 4.84%."

"Dalam rangka menanggulangi turunnya produksi minyak bumi, telah dikembangkan teknologi Enhanched Oil Recovery (EOR) yaitu pengurasan tahap lanjut pada sumur minyak tua. Salah satu teknologi EOR yaitu injeksi kimia yang dapat berupa surfaktan, alkali-surfaktan, alkali-surfaktan-polimer. Penggunaan surfaktan ini dimaksudkan untuk menurunkan tegangan antar-muka (interfacial tension=IFT) antara minyak dan air sehingga mampu membawa minyak keluar dari pori-pori batuan reservoir. Surfaktan untuk EOR harus memenuhi kriteria parameter screening test yaitu compatibility test dan pengukuran IFT.Pada penelitian ini reservoir yang dituju adalah lapangan Rantau. Surfaktan diperoleh dengan memformulasikan 25% w/w Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES), 25% w/w Surfaktan Tween dan 50% w/w berbagai pelarut (EGBE, Etanol dan EGBE-Etanol). Alkali (Na2CO3) yang ditambahkan dalam larutan surfaktan bertujuan untuk menurunkan nilai IFT. Proses formulasi dilakukan tanpa dan dengan pemanasan 40oC. Hasil formulasi surfaktan terbaik dalam penelitian ini adalah 25% MES, 25% Surfaktan Tween dan 50% EGBE yang memenuhi criteria compatibility meskipun nilai IFTnya belum tercapai. Formula surfaktan ini dilarutkan dalam brine water dengan konsentrasi 0,1%; 0,5%; 1% dan 2%. Hasil screening test terbaik adalah pada konsentrasi 0,1% yaitu nilai IFT mencapai 10-2 dyne/cm.

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In order to overcome the decline of crude oil production, it has been developed Enhanched Oil Recovery (EOR) technolog, that is an recovery of depletion of old oil wells. EOR technology is one of the chemical injection which may be a surfactant, an alkaline-surfactant, alkali-surfactant-polymer. The use of surfactant is intended to reduce the interface tension (interfacial tension = IFT) between oil and water so it makes the oil out from the pores of reservoir rock. Surfactants for EOR must fulfil the criteria for a screening test parameters, there are compatibility and IFT test.

In this study, the target reservoir is Rantau field. Surfactant obtained by formulating 25% w/w Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES), 25% w/w surfactant Tween 80 and 50% w/w various solvents (EGBE, EGBE-Ethanol and Ethanol). Alkaline (Na2CO3) was added to the surfactant solution aims to reduce the value of IFT. Formulation process carried out without and with heating 40oC. The best surfactant formulation results in this study is 25% MES, 25% Tween 80 and 50% EGBE that accomplish the criteria of compatibility, even though IFT value has not been reached. Formula surfactant is dissolved in the brine water with a concentration of 0.1%, 0.5%, 1% and 2%. The best results screening test at a concentration of 0.1% when the value of IFT reached 10-2 dyne / cm."

"Surfaktan Alkil Poliglikosida merupakan surfaktan ramah lingkungan yang dapat diproduksi dari bahan baku alkohol lemak dan glukosa dengan bantuan katalis asam p-toluenasulfonat (PTSA). Sifatnya yang nonionik serta tidak terpengaruh terhadap kesadahan dan perubahan pH, menyebabkan surfaktan ini berpotensi untuk dijadikan alternatif surfaktan untuk aplikasi chemical flooding. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh panjang rantai karbon pada alkohol lemak terhadap nilai tegangan antar muka serta kemampuannya untuk mengambil minyak pada saat aplikasi sebagai chemical flooding. Alkohol lemak yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah 1-dodekanol dan 1-tetradekanol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa APG-C14 memiliki nilai tegangan antar muka yang lebih rendah dibandingkan APG-C12 dikarenakan rantai karbon pada sisi hidrofobik yang lebih panjang. Hal tersebut terlihat dari nilai tegangan antar muka pada konsentrasi surfaktan 3% (b/b) untuk APG-C12 adalah 1,32 x 10-2 dyne/cm, sedangkan APG-C14 adalah 3,72 x 10-4 dyne/cm. Dengan menggunakan metode pengujian tekanan kapiler diketahui nilai minyak yang terambil dari batuan sintetik untuk APG-C12 adalah 10,733% dan APG-C14 adalah 13,797%. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa APG-C14 memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai chemical flooding.

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Alkylpolyglucosides (APG) is an environment-friendly surfactant prepared from fatty alcohol and glucose with p-toluenesulfonic acid catalyst. This nonionic surfactant does not affected on hard water dan pH changes, makes it potentially used as chemical flooding surfactant. This research has been conducted to determine the effect of carbon chain length of fatty alcohol as APGs hydrophobic side towards interfacial tension and its capability as chemical flooding surfactant. 1-dodecanol and 1-tetradecanol were used as fatty alcohol precursor. The result exhibit APG-C14 has lower interfacial tension than APG-C12 as the effect of longer hydrophobic carbon chain. The phenomenon was observed on interfacial tension of 3% (w/w) APG-C12 1,32 x 10-2 dyne/cm compare APG-C14 3,72 x 10-4 dyne/cm. Oil recovery on capillary pressure test was 10,733% for APG-C12 and 13,79% for APG-C14. Thus, the APG-C14 potentially developed for chemical flooding."

"The formation of microemultion in the injection of surfacant at chmical flooding is crucial for the effectiveness of injection. Microemultion can be obtained either by mixing the surfactant and oil at the surface or injecting surfactant into the reservoir to form in situ microemultion. Its transculent homogeneous mixtures of oil and water in the presence of surfacant is believed to displace the remaining oil in the reservoir. Preveriously, we showed the effect of microemultion-based surfactant formulation to reduce the interfacial tension (IFT) of oil and water to the ultralow level that sufficient enough to overcome the capillary pressure in the pore throat and mobilize the residual oil. However, the effectiveness of microemultion flooding to enchance the oil recovery in targeted representative core has not been investigated. In this artice, the performance of microemultion-based surfactant formulation to improve the oil recovery in the reservoir condition was investigated in the laboratory scale trought the core flooding experiment. Microemultion-based formulation consist of 2% surfactant A and 0.85% of alkaline sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) were prepared by mixing with synthetic soften brine (SSB) in the presence of various concentration of polymer for improving the mobility control. The viscocity of surfactant-polymer in the presence of alkaline (ASP) and polymer drive that used for chemical injection slug were measured. The tertiary oil recovery experiment was carried out using core flooding apparatus to study the ability of microemultion-based formulation t recover the oil production. the results showed that polymer at 2200 ppn in the ASP mixture can generate 12.16cP solution which is twice higher than the oil viscosity to prevent the fingering occurence. Whereas single polymer drive at 1300 ppm was able to produce 15.15 cP polymer solution due to the absence of alkaline. Core flooding experiment result with design of injection of 0.15 PV ASP followed by 1.5 PV polymer showed that the additional oil recover after waterflood can be obtained as high as 93.41% of remaining oil saturation after waterflood (Sor), or 57.71%of initial oil saturation (Soi). Those results conclude that the microemultion-based surfactant flooding is the most effective mechanism to achieve the optimum oil recovery in the targeted reservoir"

"Teknologi Enhanced Oil Recovery, khususnya chemical flooding surfaktan metil ester sulfonat (MES), dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan produksi minyak. Pada penelitian ini, nonyl phenol ethoxylate (tergitol) digunakan sebagai surfaktan sekunder dan konsentrasinya divariasikan untuk formulasi surfaktan. Tujuannya adalah memperoleh formula surfaktan yang memenuhi syarat chemical flooding. Parameter keberhasilan dari formulasi adalah tingkat kelarutan dalam air dan nilai Interfacial Tension (IFT) 10-3 dyne/cm. Parameter atau variabel yang diuji adalah konsentrasi optimum setelah penambahan tergitol, pengaruh penambahan alkali, dan pengaruh waktu pemanasan terhadap nilai IFT dan kelarutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua formula yang dibuat memiliki kelarutan yang baik, sedangkan nilai IFT terbaik terdapat pada formula MES (40%), tergitol (20%), dan EGBE (40%) dengan konsentrasi 0,3% terhadap brine water. Penambahan alkali dan waktu pemanasan berpengaruh terhadap perubahan nilai IFT. Peningkatan nilai IFT terjadi setelah konsentrasi alkali ditambahkan sebesar 1% dan dipanaskan selama 1 dan 7 hari.

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Enhanced Oil Recovery technology, especially chemical flooding of methyl ester sulfonate (MES) surfactant is required to increase crude oil production. This research is conducted by selecting nonyl phenol ethoxylate (tergitol) as secondary surfactant and varying its concentration to surfactant formulation. The purpose is gaining formula of surfactant that fulfills the chemical flooding requirement. The success of this formulation is the solubility level in water and the interfacial tension (IFT) to 10-3 dyne/cm. The test procedure is searching the optimum concentration after tergitol addition, effect of alkali addition, and the influence of heating time duration to IFT value and solubility. All formulas have good solubility. The best IFT value is obtained from MES (40%), tergitol (20%), and EGBE (40%) with 0,3% concentration to brine water. The alkali addition and heating time affect IFT value changes. It is increasing after alkali concentration has been 1% and heating for 1 and 7 days."

"Natural-based surfactant such as methyl esther sulfonate, which is derived from palm oil, has increasingly become the focus of study for the last decade to improve oil recovery due to the abundant raw materials availability and the need for oil as a source of energy. Surfactant MES development with the targeted fluid reservoir characteristics has been conducted in the laboratory scale as well as in the field scale. In this study, the addition of polyethylene glycol mono-oleate as co-surfactant to enhanced oil recovery in the "L" oillfield in Central Java was investigated in the laboratory scale through compatibility observation, IFT measurement, thermal stability and core flooding tests. The result showed that the presence of PMO improved the solubility of surfactant mixture in the water which formed one phase milky solution. Decreasing IFT as the crucial factor for surfactant flooding was also achieved until 10-3 dyne/cm and thermally stable for two months. Furthermore, core flooding experiments to study the performance of surfactant to recover oil production showed that the mixture of MES and PMO are able to enhance oil recovery until 55.35%S and have potential to be used as chemicals for chemical flooding in the targeted oilfield."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai formulasi kebijakan perubahan definisi objek pajak bumi dan bangunan terhadap sektor pertambangan untuk eksplorasi pertambangan minyak bumi dan gas bumi. Perubahan definisi objek pajak tersebut terjadi dari PER-11/PJ/2012 menjadi PER-45/PJ/2013 dimana perubahan objek yang awalnya adalah seluruh wilayah kerja, saat ini hanya menjadi kawasan kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis proses formulasi kebijakan perubahan definisi objek pajak bumi dan bangunan terhadap sektor pertambangan untuk eksplorasi pertambangan migas serta alternatif kebijakan penilaian pajak bumi dan bangunannya. Dengan pendekatan post-positivist dan metode pengumpulan data kualitatif, peneliti dapat mengetahui dan melakukan analisis pertanyaan penelitian yang diajukan.

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This study focuses on changes in policy formulation regarding object's definition of property tax for oil and gas exploration level. The change of property tax?s object occurs from PER-11/PJ/2012 to PER-45/PJ/2013 where the object changes from all working areal into working areal which is used only for exploration. This research intends to analyze the formulation process of the changes of property tax's object for oil and gas exploration and alternative policy for the tax base appraisal. With post-positivist approach and qualitative data collection method, researcher can identify and analyze all the research questions proposed."

"ABSTRAKJahe memiliki kandungan oleoresin yang di dalamnya terdapat senyawa fenolik. Senyawa fenolik pada jahe umumnya digunakan di bidang Farmasi dan penambah rasa pada industri pangan, agen anti oksidan dan antimikroba. Namun potensi pengembangan senyawa fenolik pada jahe dibatasi oleh karakteristik alaminya. Senyawa fenolik pada jahe diketahui memiliki kelarutan rendah pada saluran pencernaan dan sensitif terhadap panas. Salah satu upaya untuk menangani masalah tersebut adalah pembuatan nanoemulsi O/W dari ekstrak jahe dalam minyak nabati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formulasi nanoemulsi ekstrak jahe yang stabil dengan variasi minyak nabati dan konsentrasi surfaktan. Variasi minyak nabati yang digunakan adalah Virgin Coconut oil (VCO) dan minyak kelapa sawit, sedangkan variasi konsentrasi surfaktan tween 80 yang digunakan adalah 2%, 3%, dan 4%. Kadar ekstrak jahe yang didapatkan adalah 10142.11 mg/kg. Hasil uji karakteristik fisik menunjukan bahwa sampel 3 (carrier oil VCO dan surfaktan 4%) menghasilkan ukuran droplet terkecil yaitu 222.5 nm. Uji stabilitas fisik menunjukan sampel 3 memiliki stabilitas terbaik selama 28 hari pada suhu ruang. Efisiensi enkapsulasi tertinggi yaitu 79.73% untuk sampel 3.

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ABSTRAKPhenolic compounds in ginger are commonly used in the pharmaceutical field and flavorings for the food industry, antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. However, the potential development of phenolic compounds in ginger is limited by its natural characteristics. Phenolic compounds in ginger are known to have low solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and sensitive to heat. One effort to deal with the issue is the fabricating nanoemulsion O / W of ginger extract in vegetable oil. This study aimed to get formulations nanoemulsion stable ginger extract with a variety of vegetable oils and surfactant concentration.Variations of vegetable oil are Virgin Coconut Oil and palm oil, while variations in the concentration of surfactant tween 80 are 2, 3, and 4 %. Concentration of ginger extract is 10142,11 mg / kg. The test results show that the physical characteristics of the sample 3 (carrier oil VCO and surfactant 4 %) yielded the smallest droplet size is 222,5 nm. Physical stability test showed the sample 3 has the best stability for 28 days at room temperature. The highest encapsulation efficiency is 79.73 % for samples "

"Banjir merupakan bencana alam yang makin marak terjadi belakangan ini dan mengakibatkan berbagai macam kerugian. Tidak hanya diakibatkan oleh fenomena alam, ternyata kini pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kota secara fisik juga memiliki keterhubungan yang sangat erat dengan proses terjadinya banjir. Bidang arsitektur dan terapannya menjadi salah satu bidang yang berperan aktif dalam proses tersebut. Ketika pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sebuah kota menjadi suatu hal yang tidak terelakan, bidang arsitektur dan terapannya harus dirancang dengan setepat mungkin, sesuai dengan karakteristik kawasan tersebut. Sehingga bidang arsitektur dan terapannya bukannya memperburuk kondisi banjir, malah dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meminimalisir dampak dari banjir.

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Risks of flooding harm many aspects of human life. Floods are being included as catastrophe, disaster that happens because of nature. But, nowadays, floods happened not only because natural phenomenon but also because of cities development and cities growth. Architecture and its realm became one of many fields in science which is so related with flooding process. When the development and the growth of cities occurred continuously and inevitably, architecture and its realm should be designed as good as possible by concern about city characteristics where the design will be applied. So architecture and its realm rather than make flood hazard worsen, can be used even to minimize the impact of floods."

"Oil Shale merupakan salah satu bahan bakar non konvensional berbentuk sedimen batuan halus, yang dapat menjadi sumber energi alternatif. Dalam proses retorting, Oil Shale dapat dikonversi menjadi shale oil dan shale gas. Sebelumnya, terdapat beberapa penelitian yang membahas potensi shale gas untuk memproduksi gas hidrogen. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pemodelan sistem menggunakan Aspen Plus untuk mengetahui potensi pemanfaatan keseluruhan shale oil beserta shale gas hasil dari retorting untuk memproduksi hidrogen menggunakan teknologi chemical looping. Selain itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi energi dari sistem apabila meneruskan tahapan produksi hidrogen hingga ke tahap produksi ammonia untuk penyimpanan. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, produk retorting dari 0,126 kg/s bahan baku oil shale komposisi New Albany, yaitu 0,0063 kg/s shale oil dan 0,0024 kg/s shale gas, dapat memproduksi hidrogen sebanyak 0,0037 kg/s. Hidrogen ini dapat dikonversi menjadi ammonia sebanyak 0,012 kg/s dengan sisa hidrogen sebanyak 0,00089kg/s. Berdasarkan analisis energi, didapatkan efisiensi dari keseluruhan proses oil shale retorting hingga produksi ammonia adalah sebesar 55%.

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Oil shale is one of the non-conventional fuel in the form of fine rock sediments, which can be utilized as an alternative energy resource. In the retorting process, Oil Shale is converted into shale oil and shale gas. Previously, there were several studies that discussed the potential utilization of the shale gas product to produce hydrogen gas. In this study, a simulation was carried out using Aspen Plus to determine the potential of using both shale oil and shale gas products from the retorting process, to produce hydrogen using a chemical looping system. In addition, this study is aimed at analysing the energy efficiency of the system with the additional process of converting hydrogen into ammonia for storage. Based on the simulation results, the retorting product from 0,126 kg/s of oil shale, respectively 0,0063 kg/s and 0,024 kg/s of shale oil and shale gas, could produce 0,0031 kg/s of hydrogen. This amount of hydrogen could be converted into 0,012 kg/s of ammonia, with a remaining hydrogen product of 0,00089 kg/s. Based on the energy analysis, the efficiency of the entire system from the oil shale retorting process up to the ammonia production is 55%."