Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"[ABSTRAKAnalisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Akibat Pembuangan Limbah CairPembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi (PLTP) Ulumbu ke Sungai (Pada LapanganPanas Bumi Ulumbu, Kabupaten Manggarai, Nusa Tenggara Timur)Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi (PLTP) merupakan salah satu sumberenergi yang ramah lingkungan karena menghasilkan volume limbah yang rendah,salah satunya adalah limbah cair. Limbah cair panas bumi mengandung unsurkimia, salah satunya adalah Arsen. Limbah cair PLTP akan menimbulkan dampakapabila dibuang secara langsung ke sungai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmengidentifikasi besarnya konsentrasi Arsen pada limbah PLTP dan air sungai dilokasi penelitian dan dampaknya terhadap konsentrasi Arsen di sungai serta dampakterhadap kesehatan lingkungan. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil konsentrasiArsen pada limbah PLTP sebesar 0,0365 mg/l. Kandungan Arsen dalam limbahyang dibuang masih berada di bawah baku mutu, yaitu sebesar 0,5 mg/l.Pembuangan limbah cair PLTP ini juga tidak meningkatkan konsentrasi Arsen disungai. Konsentrasi Arsen pada air yang dikonsumsi masyarakat adalah 0,008 mg/l.Perhitungan risiko kesehatan masyarakat yang mengkonsumsi air sungaimenunjukkan tidak menimbulkan risiko kesehatan RQ < 1 (RQ = 0,6522).

---

ABSTRACTGeothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).;Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).;Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).;Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).;Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).;Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).;Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522)., Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).]"

"Risiko kesehatan di tempat kerja adalah permasalahan yang harus diminimalisasi agar para pekerja tetap sehat dan selamat. Penelitian yang dilakukan di Area Gas Plant dan Power Plant PT.X menunjukkan bahwa dua area pendukung eksplorasi minyak dan gas bumi PT.X ini masih banyak bahaya kesehatan yang belum teridentifikasi sehingga belum dilakukan pengendaliannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai dan tingkat risiko Area Gas Plant dan Power Plant PT.X sehingga dapat diberikan rekomendasi pengendalian bahaya kesehatan yang sesuai untuk meminimalisasi risiko yang ada, berdasarkan penilaian risiko kesehatan dan analisis sumber daya. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah desktiptif analitik dengan pendekatan observasional yang mengacu pada standar AS/NZS 4360:2004 dan perhitungan nilai risiko berdasarkan metode semikuantitatif ICMM (2011). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat berbagai bahaya kesehatan yang mendapatkan prioritas tinggi pengendalian yaitu bahaya bising, bahan kimia silika, dan bahan kimia amina di dua area tersebut.

---

Health risks in the workplace are the problem that must be minimized in order to keep workers healthy and safe. Research conducted in Gas Plant and Power Plant Area shows that the two areas of PT.X, which to support oil and gas exploration, still have many health hazards that have not been identified so that control is not performed. This study aims to determine the level of risk and the value of Gas Plant and Power Plant Area of PT.X so it can be given appropriate health hazard control recommendations to minimize risks, based on the health risk assessment and analysis of resources. Study design used is descriptive analytical observational approach which refers to standard AS/NZS 4360:2004 and calculation of risk based on a semiquantitative method of ICMM (2011). The results of this study indicate that there are a variety of health hazards whose priority is high, that is, noise hazards, silica chemicals, and chemicals amine in both areas."

"Bahan kimia meliputi bermacam – macam bahan organik dan non organik yang dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan dalam waktu pendek maupun panjang. Salah satu bidang pekerjaan yang industri yang menggunakan bahan kimia dalam operasionalnya adalah laboratorium. Semakin meningkatnya jumlah sampel uji akan meningkatkan pajanan pajanan bahan kimia yang akan berdampak pada kesehatan pekerja. Tujuan dari penilitian ini adalah melakukan penilaian risiko kesehatan bahan kimia pada pajanan inhalasi dan dermal di Laboratorium Petroleum X Jakarta Timur tahun 2023. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan April hingga Juni 2023 dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif mengacu pada Manual of Recommended Practice on the Assessment of The Health Risks Arising from the Use of Chemicals Hazardous to Health at the Workplace 3rd Edition dari Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia. Hasil penilaian risiko kesehatan rute pajanan inhalasi untuk bahan kimia dari seluruh tahap pengujian bervariasi dari rendah, sedang dan tinggi. Namun di dominasi oleh risiko sedang. Sementara, hasil penilaian risiko kesehatan rute pajanan dermal untuk seluruh bahan kimia dari seluruh tahap pengujian didominasi dengan risiko tinggi. Perlu dilakukannya pemantauan terhadap pengendalian yangs udah ada dan pengendalian tambahan berdasarkan hierarki pengendalian untuk bahan kimia dengan risiko tinggi dan kecukupan pengendalian yang belum memadai

---

Chemicals are a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds that might have a short or long term impact on health. The laboratory is an industrial work sector that utilises chemicals in its activities. The increased quantity of test samples will increase workers' exposure to chemical compounds, which will have an effect on their health. The goal of this research was to assess the health hazards of chemicals through inhalation and skin exposure at the X Petroleum Laboratory East Jakarta in 2023. This study was carried out from April to June 2023 utilizing a qualitative method using the Manual of Recommended Practice on the Assessment of Health Risks Arising from the Use of Hazardous to Health Chemicals in the Workplace, 3rdEdition from Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia. The health risk assessment scores for compounds via the inhalation route ranged from low to high across all levels of testing. However, Mod risk dominates. Meanwhile, high hazards dominated the results of the dermal exposure route health risk assessment for all compounds from all phases of testing. For high-risk chemicals and insufficient control adequacy, it is required to monitor current controls and implement new controls based on the control hierarchy."

"Environmental risk analysis is complex and interdisciplinary; this book explains the fundamental concepts and analytical methods in each essential discipline."

"Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran risiko kesehatan dan tingkat risiko kesehatan pada area workshop dan warehouse PPI Cakung PT United Tractors Tbk. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dengan metode semi-kuantitatif. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh dari perusahaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat bahaya fisika berupa kebisingan, getaran, pencahayaan, iklim kerja, dan radiasi ultraungu dan bahaya kimia berupa oli, solar, thinner, debu, cooler, benzene, toluene, xylene, dan fume dari hasil pengelasan. Tingkat risiko residu berkisar pada kategori low (rendah) hingga medium (sedang). Pengendalian sudah diterapkan untuk banyak risiko dan terdapat penerapan pengendalian yang efektif menurunkan tingkat risiko medium menjadi low. Meski demikian, masih perlu dilakukan identifikasi bahaya dan risiko secara komprehensif yang meliputi observasi dan wawancara karena masih terdapat bahaya yang tingkat risikonya belum diketahui dan agar sesuai dengan kondisi di lapangan.

---

This research is a descriptive study conducted to describe health risks and health risk levels in the PPI Cakung workshop and warehouse area of PT United Tractors Tbk. The research design used is descriptive with a semi-quantitative method. The data used is secondary data obtained from the company. The results showed that there were physical hazards such as noise, vibration, lighting, extreme temperature, and ultraviolet radiation and chemical hazards such as oil, diesel, thinner, dust, cooler, benzene, toluene, xylene, and fumes from welding activity. Residual risk levels range from low to medium. Controls have been implemented for many risks and there are effective controls implemented to reduce the medium risk level to low. However, it is still necessary to carry out a comprehensive hazard and risk identification which includes observation and interviews because there are still hazards whose level of risk is unknown and to suit conditions in the field."

"Menilai risiko pajanan partikulat PM2.5 dilakukan pada pekerja di industri pengolahan batu kapur di Kecamatan Ciampea, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperkirakan besar risiko pajanan yang diterima oleh pekerja. Konsentrasi PM2.5 diukur secara langsung pada 12 titik tungku pembakaran di area pembakran dan data pola aktifitas pekerja dikumpulkan dengan kuesioner pada 50 pekerja. Konsentrasi PM2.5 tertinggi tercatat sebesar 1,141 mg/m3 dan terendah 0,065 mg/m3 dari 12 titik lokasi pembakaran. Perhitungan risiko memperlihatkan adanya kelompok berisiko pada kelompok pekerja di area tungku 1-7 (RQ > 1) sedangkan kelompok tidak berisiko lebih dominan pada area tungku 8-12 (RQ < 1). Meskipun konsentrasi PM2.5 masih dibawah nilai NAB Permenakertrans, lamanya aktifitas kerja meningkatkan risiko pada pekerja. Adanya perbedaan risiko disebabkan karena adanya perbedaan jenis bahan bakar yang digunakan pada setiap tungku. Minimalisasi risiko dilakukan dengan mengurangi waktu kontak dengan pemajan bisa dilakukan dengan menggunakan pengendalian administratif dengan cara mengatur lama pekerja per hari (tE) dan per minggu (fE).

---

Risk analysis of exposure to particulate matter PM2.5 was conducted on a group of workers at a limestone processing industry in the Ciampea District, West Java. This research was aimed to estimate the risk of PM2.5 exposure received by workers. PM2.5 was measured directly on 12 furnace burning point. Meanwhile workers activity pattern was collected using questionnaire to 50 workers. Highest concentration of PM2.5 was recorded at 1,141 mg/m3 and 0,065 lowest among 12 monitoring points. Risk calculation showed that there was risk group in furnace burning point 1-7 (RQ > 1), while the no-risk group was more dominant in the furnace burning point 8-12 (RQ <1). Although recorded PM2.5 concentration was lower than Permenakertrans threshold limit value, duration of working will increase the risk to workers health. Difference of risk value between each furnace area is caused kind of fuel used and type of fuel. Minimization of risk can be conducted by decreasing time of contact, administrative control by setting time of working per day or per week."

"Risiko terkait keselamatan dan kesehatan tidak hanya mengancam siswa, melainkan dapat terjadi pada karyawan sekolah. Penilaian yang salah tentang risiko akan menyebabkan pengambilan keputusan yang tidak sesuai dan memicu tindakan tidak aman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menilai persepsi karyawan sekolah dasar di Kecamatan Beji Depok terhadap risiko keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja berdasarkan paradigma psikometrik. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif berdesain cross sectional dengan jumlah responden yang terlibat sebanyak 199 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa berdasarkan paradigma voluntarines, risiko yang tidak bisa diterima secara sukarela adalah adanya tindak kekerasan dari murid ataupun orang tua. Berdasarkan paradigma immediacy effect, risiko yang memiliki efek segera adalah risiko terpeleset. Berdasarkan paradigma knowledge in experience, risiko yang sering dialami adalah kelelahan mata. Berdasarkan paradigma knowledge in science, risiko yang belum diketahui secara ilmu pengetahuan adalah terkena bahan berbahaya. Berdasarkan paradigma controllability, risiko yang tidak bisa dikendalikan adalah bencana alam. Berdasarkan paradigma newness, risiko yang baru diketahui adalah terkena bahan berbahaya. Berdasarkan paradigma chronic/catastrophic, risiko yang memiliki efek katastropik adalah bencana alam. Berdasarkan paradigma common/dread, risiko yang jarang terjadi dan membuat takut adalah bencana alam. Terakhir berdasarkan paradigma severity of consequence, risiko yang memiliki efek fatal adalah kebakaran dan bencana alam. Maka dari itu, perlu diadakan pelatihan khususnya terkait bencana alam untuk menambah pengetahuan karyawan sekolah.

---

Safety and health risks are not only threatening to students, but can occur in school employees. A false assessment of risk leads to inappropriate decision making and unsafe act or human error. The purpose of this study was to assess risk perception of occupational safety and health on primary school employees in Beji Depok sub district based on psychometric paradigm. The design of this study used a descriptive quantitative method with a cross sectional approach and the number of respondents involved as many as 199 people. The results of this study show that based on the voluntarines paradigm, the risk that can not be accepted voluntarily is the presence of violence from students or parents. Based on the immediacy effect paradigm, the risk that has an immediate effect is the risk of slipping.

Based on the paradigm of knowledge in experience, the risk is often experienced eye fatigue. Based on the knowledge in science paradigm, the risks not yet known in science are exposed to hazardous materials. Based on the controllability paradigm, the uncontrollable risk is a natural disaster. Based on the newness paradigm, the newly discovered risk is exposed to hazardous materials. Based on the chronic catastrophic paradigm, the risk of having a catastrophic effect is a natural disaster. Based on the common dread paradigm, the risks that are rare and frightening are natural disasters. Last based on the severity of consequence paradigm, the risks that have a fatal effect are fires and natural disasters. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct training especially related to natural disasters to increase knowledge of school employees. "

"Penilaian risiko kesehatan di bengkel alat berat adalah langkah penting untuk mengidentifikasi, mengevaluasi, dan mengendalikan bahaya yang dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan pekerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis risiko kesehatan yang timbul dari berbagai faktor lingkungan kerja, termasuk kebisingan, getaran, radiasi pengelasan, paparan panas, dan ergonomi. Penelitian ini menggunakan sequential explanatory mix-method research design yang dilakukan dengan menilai risiko secara kuantitatif dan menginterpretasi data secara kualitatif. Penelitian ini mengacu pada pedoman manajemen risiko dari AS/NZS 4360:2004 dan menggunakan metode semi kuantitatif dari W.T. Fine. Pengumpulan data primer menggunakan walk-through survey, observasi, dan wawancara, sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh dari penelusuran pada dokumen perusahaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 64 penilaian risiko dari hasil identifikasi bahaya di bengkel alat berat PT X. Pada penilaian basic risk terdapat 14 risiko kategori high (22%), kemudian turun menjadi kategori priority 2 pada penilaian existing risk setelah diketahui pengendalian yang telah dilakukan. Tiga bahaya yang memiliki risiko tertinggi yaitu kebisingan, asap pengelasan, dan bahaya angkat angkut (manual handling). Dalam penelitian ini diberikan rekomendasi pengendalian hingga bahaya dapat diperkirakan turun menjadi kategori acceptable pada penilaian predictive risk.

---

Occupational health risk assessment at a heavy equipment workshop is a crucial step in identifying, evaluating, and controlling hazards that can impact workers' health. This study aims to analyze the health risks arising from various workplace environmental factors, including noise, vibration, welding fumes, heat exposure, and ergonomics. The research employs a sequential explanatory mixed-method research design, which involves quantitative risk assessment and qualitative data interpretation. The study follows the risk management guidelines of AS/NZS 4360:2004 and utilizes the semi-quantitative method of W.T. Fine. Primary data were collected through walk-through surveys, observations, and interviews, while secondary data were obtained from company documents.The results indicate that 64 risk assessments were conducted following hazard identification at the heavy equipment workshop of PT X. The basic risk assessment revealed 14 high-category risks (22%), which were subsequently reduced to priority 2 category in the existing risk assessment after accounting for current control measures. The three highest risks identified were noise, welding fumes, and manual handling. This study provides control recommendations to reduce these hazards to an acceptable category in the predictive risk assessment."

"Benzena merupakan bahan kimia yang terbukti karsinogenik serta bersifat genotoksik pada manusia. Salah satu penggunaan benzena adalah lem yang digunakan di industri mebel atau furniture. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengestimasi tingkat risiko kesehatan pajanan benzena pada pekerja industri mebel. Yang menjadi tempat penelitian adalah workshop kayu yang berada Kawasan Gotong Royong, Klender, Jakarta Timur. Penelitian dilakukan selama bulan November hingga Maret 2016. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL). Nilai estimasi risiko kesehatan non karsinogenik dinyatakan dengan Risk Quetient dan estimasi risiko kesehatan karsinogenik dinyatakan dengan Excess Cancer Risk.Konsentrasi benzena di udara lingkungan kerja diukur dan karakteristik pola pemajanan responden didapatkan dari hasil wawancara langsung. Didapatkan bahwa nilai median konsentrasi benzena di udara lingkungan kerja di Kawasan Gotong Royong sebesar 0,508 mg/m3 atau 0,159 ppm. Nilai median dari intake non karsinogenik untuk durasi life span adalah 0,016 mg/kg/hari, sedangkan nilai median dari intake non karsinogenik real time sebesar 0,00073 mg/kg/hari. Nilai median dari intake karsinogenik sebesar 0,00026 mg/kg/hari. Dari nilai intake, didapat besar tingkat risiko non karsinogenik (RQ) untuk durasi life span sebesar 1,90 dan RQ real time sebesar 0,085. Sedangkan tingkat risiko karsinogenik (ECR) dengan CSF minimal sebesar 0,4E-4 dan ECR dengan CSF maksimal sebesar 1,5E-4. Nilai RQ life span dan nilai ECR maksimal sudah melewati batas aman sehingga udara di lingkungan kerja Kawasan Gotong Royong sudah tidak aman dari risiko kesehatan non karsinogenik dan risiko kesehatan karsinogenik pajanan benzena dengan intake sesuai masing-masing responden. Diperlukan manajemen risiko untuk meminimalisir risiko kesehatan pajanan benzena.

---

Benzene is a chemical that proven carcinogenic and genotoxic in humans. One of the uses of benzene is the glue used in the furniture industry. This study was conducted to estimate the health risks of exposure to benzene in the furniture industry workers which used the glue contains benzene. The research took place in some furniture production workshops in Kawasan Gotong Royong, Klender, East Jakarta. The study was conducted during the months of November to March, 2016. The method used is the method of Environmental Health Risk Analysis (HRA). The estimated value of non-carcinogenic health risk is expressed as Risk Quetient (RQ) and carcinogenic health risk estimates is expressed as Excess Cancer Risk (ECR).

The concentration of benzene in the air working environment is measured and the characteristic of exposure of respondents obtained from direct interviews. It was found that the median value of the concentration of benzene in the air working environment of the Kawasan Gotong Royong was 0,508 mg/m3 or 0,159 ppm. The median value of non-carcinogenic intake for the life span duration was 0,016 mg/kg/day, while the median value of intake of non carcinogenic for the real time duration was 0,00073 mg/kg/day. The median value of the carcinogenic intake was 0,00026 mg/kg/day.

By the value of the intake, it was calculated the level of risk of non carcinogenic (RQ) for the life span duration was 1.90 and RQ for the real time duration was 0,085. While the level of carcinogenic risk (ECR) with a minimum of CSF was 0,4E-4 and ECR with CSF maximum was 1,5E-4. RQ value for the life span duration was >1 and the maximum value of ECR was >1E-4 suggested the air in the working environment of the Kawasan Gotong Royong was not safe from the health risks of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks of exposure to benzene based on the appropriate intake of each respondent. Risk management is required to minimize the health risks of exposure to benzene."

"Penelitian dilakukan berdasarkan semakin meningkatnya jumlah pekerja informal yang bekerja di sektor Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM), akan tetapi minimnya kegiatan penilaian risiko keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja yang dilakukan di sektor tersebut padahal pekerja infomal jarang yang diikutsertakan progam asuransi kesehatan/kecelakaan kerja.Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat risiko keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja pada proses produksi pembuatan alas kaki di UMKM X, UMKM Y, UMKM Z dan menentukan risiko tertingginya serta memberikan rekomendasi tindakan pengendalian terhadap risiko yang teridentifikasi.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ialah semi kuantitatif dan deskriptif berdasarkan standar AS/NZS 4360:2004 dengan menggunakan metode Job Safety Analysis untuk mengidentifikasi bahaya dan risiko dan metode Fine untuk mengukur tingkat risiko dengan mengalikan antara kemungkinan, paparan dan konsekuensi dari setiap risiko yang ada. Studi deskriptif dilakukan untuk menjelaskan tindakan pengendalian yang sudah dilakukan oleh masing-masing UMKM. Pengambilan sampel penelitian dilakukan berdasarkan metode Purposive Sampling, yakni semua pekerja yang berada di proses produksi pembuatan alas kaki di UMKM X, UMKM Y, UMKM Z.Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa pada tahap proses produksi di UMKM X, UMKM Y, UMKM Z terdapat risiko yang termasuk ke dalam semua kategori metode Fine, yaitu: Very High, Priority 1, Substansial, Priority 3, Acceptable. Risiko tertinggi (Very High) didapatkan dari penggunaan bahan kimia dan kabel listik yang tidak sesuai standar.

---

Research carried out because the increment number of informal workers who work in the sector of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), but there is lack of activity for health and safety risk assessment done in that sector and workers rarely covered by health or accident insurance program. The research aims to determine the level of occupational safety and health risks in the production process of making footwear in SMEs X, SMEs Y, SMEs Z and determine the highest risk and provide recommendations control measures against the identified risks.

The method used in this research is semi-quantitative and descriptive based on the standard AS/NZS 4360:2004 using the Job Safety Analysis method to identify hazards and risks and Fine method for measuring the level of risk by multiplying the probability, exposure and consequences of any risks. Descriptive study was conducted to elucidate the control measures already carried out by each SME. Sample was conducted by purposive sampling method, ie all workers who are in the process of production of the footwear in SMEs X, Y SMEs, SMEs Z.

The results showed that at this stage of the production process in SMEs X, Y SMEs, SME Z risks are included in all categories at Fine methods, namely: Very High, Priority 1, Substantial, Priority 3, Acceptable. The highest risk (Very High) obtained from the use of chemicals and electric cables that do not meet standards."