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"Krisis ekonomi global tahun 2008 telah menyebabkan terjadinya gejolak harga pangan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat responsiveness permintaan bahan pangan pokok terhadap perubahan harga bahan pangan pokok itu sendiri, harga barang lain, serta pendapatan. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak perubahan harga pangan pokok terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat di Indonesia yang disebabkan oleh krisis global tahun 2008. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) tahun 2008 dan 2013 serta data Potensi Desa (Podes) tahun 2008 dan 2011 dan diestimasi dengan menggunakan model log-log (double log).Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa harga bahan pangan pokok bersifat inelastis terhadap permintaan bahan pangan pokok itu sendiri. Sementara, permintaan seluruh bahan pangan pokok sangat responsif terhadap pendapatan. Di sisi lain, kenaikan harga bahan pangan pokok yang terjadi dari tahun 2008 ke 2013 telah menyebabkan kesejahteraan masyarakat Indonesia secara total menurun sebesar Rp. 68.899.320.413 selama kurun waktu tersebut.

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The 2008 global economic crisis has led to the volatility in food prices in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the responsiveness of the staple food demand to the price changes of staple food itself, the price of other foods, and incomes. In addition, the purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the staple food price changes on household welfare in Indonesia caused by the 2008 global economic crisis. This study uses the household survey data of the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) of 2008 and 2013 as well as data of Village Potential (Podes) of 2011 and 2013, and is estimated using a double log model.

The results from this study indicate that the price of the staple food to the demand for staple food itself is inelastic. Meanwhile, the demand of staple food is responsive to income. On the other hand, with the increase in staple food prices that occurred from 2008 to 2013 has led to the decrease on Indonesian household welfare in total Rp. 68.899.320.413 during this period."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dirancang untuk menguji pengaruh perubahan harga sawit internasional terhadap harga minyak goreng di pasar domestik, serta menguji pengaruh perubahan harga terhadap kesejahteraan rumah tangga dari berbagai tingkat pendapatan. Dengan tujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan bagaimana hubungan antara harga pasar domestik, harga sawit internasional, inflasi, dan ekspor, serta membahas bagaimana perubahan harga mempengaruhi kesejahteraan rumah tangga. Perhatian utama penelitian ini adalah peranan harga terhadap komoditas dan kesejahteraan sosial. Hasil penelitian ini menyebutkan bahwa harga di pasar domestik terintegrasi dengan harga sawit internasional, ekspor, dan nilai tukar mata uang dalam jangka panjang. Dalam jangka pendek, perubahan harga di kedua pasar mempengaruhi keputusan produser untuk melakukan ekspor atau menjual sawit ke pasar domestik. Kenaikan sawit internasional akan diikuti oleh kenaikan volume ekspor, sebaliknya kenaikan harga di pasar domestic cenderung menurunkan volume ekspor. Melalui analisa rumah tangga ditemukan bahwa kenaikan harga domestik memicu ketidakseimbangan kesejahteraan antara golongan miskin dan kaya. Penelitian ini menyarankan campur tangan pemerintah untuk melindungi golongan miskin. Perpaduan antara subsidi pajak pertambahan nilai untuk mendorong penawaran di dalam negeri dengan kenaikan pajak ekspor diperkirakan dapat melindungi golongan miskin ketika harga domestik melonjak. Dukungan pemerintah untuk pengembangan pengolahan dan rantai distribusi diperkirakan dapat meningkatkan penawaran minyak goreng.

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ABSTRACTThis research is designed to examine the consequences of international palm oil price fluctuation on domestic palm oil price and assessed price impact on welfare of Indonesian households across the income distribution. The aim is to seek the answer of how is the relationship between domestic prices, international prices, inflation, and export, and also how price fluctuation influence household welfare. The focus is investigating the role of price in commodity product and social welfare. The research found that domestic price is co-integrated with international price, export volume, and RER in long run. Moreover in short run changes of prices in both markets influence producers’ decision to export or to supply for domestic market. Increase of international price will be followed by increase export volume, while increase of domestic price tends to lower export volume. Further, household analysis found that increase of the domestic price leads to welfare inequality between the poor and the rich. Thus this research suggests that government intervention can be useful to protect the poor. Combination of VAT subsidy to stimulate domestic supply with progressive export tax might be effective to protect the poor when domestic price soars. Government support for development of processing and distribution chain may improve supply of frying oil product."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengestimasi dampak perubahan harga energi pada konsumsi energi rumah tangga,  kelompok masyarakat berdasarkan karakteristik rumah tangga akibat adanya perubahan harga energy, dan menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi konsumsi energi rumah tangga. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, serta menggunakan metode analisis ekonometrika data panel untuk mengestimasi sistem permintaan. Penelitian menggunakan teknik analisis regresi panel data. Hasil studi dengan menggunakan metode random effect model dapat dilihat dampak perubahan harga energi terhadap konsumsi energi rumah tangga, dimana konsumsi energi rumah tangga untuk bbm dan listrik sangat dipengaruhi oleh harga energi itu sendiri dan pendapatan rumah tangga. Untuk elastisitas kedua jenis energi yang di estimasi (bbm dan listrik) mempunyai nilai elastisitas pendapatan (pengeluaran)  yang kurang dari satu (<1) yang berimplikasi bahwa kedua barang energi tersebut merupakan barang normal atau barang pokok.

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In this study we estimate the impact of changes in energy prices on household energy consumption, community groups based on household characteristics due to changes in energy prices, and analyze the factors that influence household energy consumption. This study uses a quantitative approach and panel data econometric analysis methods to estimate the demand system. The study used panel data regression analysis techniques. The results can be seen the impact of changes in energy prices on household energy consumption, household energy consumption for fuel and electricity is strongly influenced by the energy price itself and household income. For the elasticity of the two estimated types of energy (fuel and electricity) they have an income (expenditure) elasticity value of less than one (<1) which implies that the two energy goods are normal goods or basic goods."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh resiliensi terhadap kerawanan pangan rumah tangga di Indonesia. Studi ini menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) dan Pendataan Potensi Desa (Podes) tahun 2018. Variabel resiliensi merupakan variabel laten berbentuk skor yang dibentuk dari pilar akses ke pelayanan dasar, kapasitas adaptif, aset, dan jaring pengaman sosial. Sementara variabel kerawanan pangan didekati dengan Rasch Scale dan Raw Score berdasarkan Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Estimasi skor resiliensi dilakukan menggunakan analisis faktor dan Structural Equation Model (SEM). Setelah melakukan estimasi skor resiliensi, estimasi menggunakan variabel instrumen dengan metode Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan kausalitas antara resiliensi dan kerawanan pangan. Variabel instrumen yang digunakan adalah jumlah satuan perlindungan masyarakat di desa rumah tangga tinggal sebagai salah satu bentuk pendekatan kualitas institusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat resiliensi maka semakin rendah tingkat kerawanan pangan rumah tangga. Peningkatan skor resiliensi sebesar 1 satuan akan menurunkan tingkat kerawanan pangan sebesar 0,733 satuan. Peran resiliensi dalam mengurangi kerawanan pangan cukup besar yaitu sebesar 22,212 relatif terhadap rata-rata Rasch Scale seluruh observasi.

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This study aims to determine the impact of resilience on household food insecurity in Indonesia. This study uses data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) and Village Potential Data Collection (Podes) in 2018. The resilience variabel is a latent variabel in the form of a score formed from the pillars of access to basic services, adaptive capacity, assets, and social safety nets. Meanwhile, the food insecurity variabel is approached by the Rasch Scale and Raw Score based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Estimation of the resilience score was carried out using factor analysis and Structural Equation Model (SEM). After estimating the resilience score, estimation using instrument variabels with the Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) method was carried out to determine the causal relationship between resilience and food insecurity. The number of community protection units (linmas) in residential villages is used as instrumental variabel as a form of institutional quality approach. The results showed that the higher the level of resilience, the lower the level of household food insecurity. An increase in the resilience score by 1 unit will reduce the level of food insecurity by 0.733 units. The role of resilience in reducing food insecurity is quite large, around 22.212 relative to the average Rasch Scale of all observations."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara empiris dampak penggunaan internet terhadap kerawanan pangan rumah tangga pertanian di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan bersumber dari Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) dan Pendataan Potensi Desa (Podes) tahun 2018. Variabel kerawanan pangan diukur dengan menggunakan raw score dan rasch score berdasarkan Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). Sementara itu, variabel penggunaan internet merupakan variabel binari. Estimasi dampak penggunaan internet terhadap kerawanan pangan menggunakan instrumental variable model dengan instrumental variable yaitu topografi untuk mengatasi masalah endogenitas dalam menjelaskan hubungan sebab akibat antara penggunaan internet dengan kerawanan pangan. Dalam penelitian ini juga memeriksa salah satu mekanisme potensial yaitu melalui pendapatan per kapita rumah tangga. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan internet berpengaruh negatif terhadap kerawanan pangan rumah tangga pertanian baik itu raw score dan rasch score, artinya penggunaan internet mampu menurunkan kerawanan pangan rumah tangga pertanian. Analisis lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa dampak penggunaan internet menurunkan kerawanan pangan rumah tangga pertanian bisa melalui jalur pendapatan.

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This study aims to analyze the impact of internet use on agricultural household food insecurity in Indonesia. This study uses data from the National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) 2018 and Village Potential Census (Podes) 2018. The food insecurity variable is measured using a raw score and a rasch score based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) question item. Meanwhile, the internet usage variable is a binary variable. Estimation the impact of internet use on food insecurity uses an instrumental variable model with an instrumental variable, namely topography to overcome endogeneity in explaining the causal effect between internet use and household food insecurity. This study also exemines one potential mechanism, namely through household per capita income. The results of this study indicate that the internet use has a negative effect on food insecurity of agricultural households, both raw scores and rasch scores. It means that the internet use can reduce food insecurity in agricultural households. The further analysis shows that the internet use can reduce food insecurity in agricultural households through income"

"The rising food price has been signaling a crisis to food insecurity among the poor since the period of 2007/2008. The poor would be in a difficult situation to allocate the budget to meet the demand for food and nonfood in daily life as the real income changes. Food insecurity measured by Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) is a most recent broadened concept of food insecurity considering the existence of anxiety to food access. This research aims to evaluate the causal inference of food price exposure to the FIES both on simple sum namely raw score and Rasch scale, a corrected measure which assuming the same latent traits among the households. The estimation used is Pooled Ordinary Least Square through the multilevel observations and Panel Regression for regional-level data. The main finding of this research is that the rising food price significantly affected the FIES, consistently on the raw score and Rasch scale, specifically to the vulnerable households defined by the bottom 40 percent in terms of their expenditure. The rising food price also increased the proportion of severely food insecure households at the regional level. As the heterogeneous effect through islands is also evaluated, it's concluded that the highest effect of the rising food price to experiencing the anxiety of food insecurity belongs households located in Bali and the lowest effect belongs to households located in Java Island. Decomposing food price into rice and nonrice is solving the puzzle where and who belongs the worse effect should be. The rising rice price is affecting worse to the households in Sumatera and Papua, but on the contrary, the households in Java, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi were taking benefit amid the rising rice price. The result is also serving as a baseline in evaluating the impact of such an outbreak namely Covid-19 through the channel of compensating variations regarding food insecurity. "

"Meskipun hubungan antara akses energi bersih dan ketahanan pangan telah mendapat banyak perhatian secara global, studi empiris tentang hubungan antara energi dan ketahanan pangan masih langka. Menggunakan data rumah tangga di Indonesia dari 2018-2020, penelitian ini menganalisis dampak akses energi bersih terhadap ketahanan pangan rumah tangga miskin di Indonesia. Kajian ini menggunakan metode instrumental variabel (IV) untuk mengatasi permasalahan endogenitas akses energi bersih dengan menginstrumentasikan akses energi bersih dengan variabel jarak terhadap bangunan sejarah (jalan raya pos dan pelabuhan lama tahun 1934). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rumah tangga miskin dengan akses energi bersih memiliki ketahanan pangan 14,46% lebih tinggi dibandingkan rumah tangga miskin tanpa akses energi bersih. Dibandingkan dengan rumah tangga miskin di pedesaan, akses energi bersih bagi rumah tangga miskin di perkotaan memiliki dampak yang lebih besar terhadap tingkat ketahanan pangan rumah tangga. Temuan ini menyiratkan bahwa pemerintah harus terus memperluas ketersediaan akses energi bersih bagi masyarakat miskin untuk mendorong dan memperluas penggunaan energi bersih bagi masyarakat miskin dan meningkatkan ketahanan pangan keluarga berpenghasilan rendah.

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Although the relationship between access to clean energy and food security has received much attention globally, empirical studies on the relationship between energy and food security are still scarce. Using household data in Indonesia from 2018-2020, this study assesses the impact of access to clean energy on poor household food security. The study uses an instrumental variable method to overcome the endogeneity problem of access to clean energy by instrumenting access to clean energy with historical distance variables (old postal highway and old port in 1934). The results show that poor households with clean energy access have food security 14.46% higher than the poor household without clean energy access. Compared with rural households, access to clean energy for poor households in urban areas has a more significant impact on the household food security level. This finding implies that the government must continue to expand the availability of access into cleaning energy for the poor to promote and expand the use of clean energy for the poor and increase the food security of low-income families.

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"Penulisan disertasi ini terbagi dalam 3 bagian utama: Pertama, menghitung biaya pokok penyediaan tenaga listrik tahun 2014 dibedakan menurut karakteristik pembangkit di masing-masing wilayah dan waktu (peak dan off-peak) menggunakan metode revenue requirement. Penggunaan biaya universal memperlihatkan bahwa subsidi lebih banyak dinikmati oleh wilayah Jawa, sedangkan penggunaan biaya pokok yang berbeda memperlihatkan sebaliknya. Penggunaan biaya pokok yang berbeda juga menghasilkan total alokasi subsidi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan penggunaan biaya universal. Di masa depan, penerapan biaya menurut wilayah dan waktu dalam menghitung alokasi subsidi hendaknya diikuti dengan penerapan tarif regional serta melibatkan pemerintah daerah setempat terkait cost sharing subsidi. Kedua, menghitung biaya penyediaan listrik di masing-masing kelas pelanggan dibedakan menurut wilayah menggunakan metode Long Run Marginal Cost berdasarkan rencana jangka panjang penyediaan listrik 2015-2024. Terjadi distorsi tarif (subsidi silang antar kelas pelanggan) dimana kelas pelanggan industri mensubsidi kelas pelanggan rumah tangga. Tingginya selisih biaya penyediaan dan tarif berlaku, menyebabkan PLN kehilangan kesempatan untuk membiayai investasi ketenagalistrikan di Indonesia yang rata-ratanya per tahun mencapai US$ 6,94 miliar. Ketiga, mengaplikasikan metode Frisch untuk menghitung elastisitas permintaan terhadap harga melalui elastisitas pengeluaran. Nilai elastisitas harga yang diperoleh digunakan untuk menganalisis perubahan kesejahteraan rumah tangga, redistribusi dan inefisiensi subsidi menggunakan data triwulanan Susenas 2014 berdasarkan tiga skenario kenaikan tarif. Pencabutan subsidi untuk rumah tangga dengan daya minimal 1.300 VA dan pengurangan subsidi untuk rumah tangga dengan daya maksimal 900 VA memperlihatkan adanya penurunan kesejahteraan rumah tangga, dan peningkatan persentase penduduk miskin namun redistribusi subsidi menjadi lebih baik serta inefisiensi subsidi pada rumah tangga daya terpasang 450 VA. Sebelum kebijakan menaikkan tarif diimplementasikan hendaknya dilakukan verifikasi rumah tangga melalui pencocokan dan penelitian di lapangan dengan harapan di masa depan subsidi menjadi lebih tepat sasaran.

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The writing of this dissertation is divided into three main ideas: First, calculate the cost of supplying electricity in 2014 is differentiated according to the characteristics of the plant in each region and time (peak and off-peak) using the revenue requirement method. The use of universal costs shows that more subsidies are enjoyed by the Java region, whereas the use of different basic costs shows otherwise. Different cost of use also resulted in a lower total subsidy allocation than the use of universal costs. In the future, the implementation of costs by region and time in calculating the subsidy allocation should be followed by the application of regional tariffs and involving local governments on the cost-sharing of subsidies. Second, calculate the cost of providing electricity in each class of customers differentiated by region using Long Run Marginal Cost method based on long-term plan of electricity supply 2015-2024. There is a tariff distortion (cross-subsidy between customer classes) where the class of industrial customers subsidizes the class of household customers.

The high cost of provisioning and tariffs is prevailing, causing PLN to lose the opportunity to finance an electricity investment in Indonesia, which averaged US $ 6.94 billion per year. Third, apply the Frisch method to calculate the elasticity of demand for prices through the elasticity of expenditure. The value of elasticity of prices obtained is used to analyze changes in household welfare, redistribution, and inefficiency of subsidies using quarterly data of Susenas 2014 based on three tariff increment scenarios. The abolition of subsidies for households with a minimum power of 1,300 VA and a reduction in subsidies for households with a maximum of 900 VA shows a decrease in household welfare, and an increase in the percentage of the poor but better redistribution of subsidies and the inefficiency of subsidies in installed households of 450 VA. Before the policy of raising tariffs implemented, household verification should be conducted through matching and field research in the hope that in the future subsidies will be more targeted."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini menghasilkan bukti empiris dampak migrasi terhadap kesejahteraanrumah tangga di Indonesia, menggunakan data panel Indonesia Family LifeSurvey (IFLS) tahun 2000 dan 2007, dan metode difference-in-differences denganpropensity score matching. Penelitian ini mengestimasi dampak migrasi padarumah tangga migran kerja dan rumah tangga migran nonkerja dalam halpendapatan perkapita, beberapa variabel pengeluaran perkapita dan aset perkapitarumah tangga. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa migrasi kerja berdampakterhadap total pengeluaran perkapita rumah tangga, pengeluaran murni panganperkapita rumah tangga, dan pengeluaran rutin nonpangan perkapita rumah tangga.Sedangkan migrasi nonkerja berdampak terhadap pendapatan perkapita dan asetperkapita rumah tangga. Penelitian ini juga menganalisis dampak migrasi terhadapremitansi pada rumah tangga dengan menggunakan data transfer sebagai proksi.Migrasi kerja menunjukkan dampak yang signifikan terhadap pengeluaran transferperkapita rumah tangga, namun tidak terbukti memiliki dampak terhadap netttransfer perkapita rumah tangga. Sementara migrasi nonkerja menunjukkandampak yang signifikan terhadap nett transfer perkapita rumah tangga. Penelitianini juga menganalisis dampak migrasi terhadap suplai tenaga kerja rumah tanggadimana ditemukan bahwa migrasi kerja membawa dampak signifikan, namunmigrasi nonkerja tidak menunjukkan dampak yang signifikan terhadap suplaitenaga kerja rumah tangga.Kata Kunci: Evaluasi Dampak.

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ABSTRACTThis study provides empirical evidence on the impact of migration on migrantsendinghousehold in Indonesia, using data panel from Indonesia Family LifeSurvey (IFLS) 2000 and 2007, and difference-in-differences with propensity scorematching method. This study estimates the impact of work migration and nonworkmigration on percapita income, some of per capita expenditures variables,per capita asset, migrant-sending household. It is found that work migration haveimpact on total per capita expenditure, per capita pure food expenditure, and percapita non food routine expenditure. Non-work migration have impact on percapita income and per capita asset. This study also analyze migration impact onremittance using transfer data as proxi. Work migration showing impactsignificantly on per capita out transfer, but there is no evidence have impact onper capita nett transfer. Non-work migration showing impact significantly on percapita nett transfer. This study also analyze migration impact on household laborsupply. It is found that work migration have impact significantly on householdlabor supply. But non-work migration have no significant impact on householdlabor supply.;This study provides empirical evidence on the impact of migration on migrantsendinghousehold in Indonesia, using data panel from Indonesia Family LifeSurvey (IFLS) 2000 and 2007, and difference-in-differences with propensity scorematching method. This study estimates the impact of work migration and nonworkmigration on percapita income, some of per capita expenditures variables,per capita asset, migrant-sending household. It is found that work migration haveimpact on total per capita expenditure, per capita pure food expenditure, and percapita non food routine expenditure. Non-work migration have impact on percapita income and per capita asset. This study also analyze migration impact onremittance using transfer data as proxi. Work migration showing impactsignificantly on per capita out transfer, but there is no evidence have impact onper capita nett transfer. Non-work migration showing impact significantly on percapita nett transfer. This study also analyze migration impact on household laborsupply. It is found that work migration have impact significantly on householdlabor supply. But non-work migration have no significant impact on householdlabor supply.;This study provides empirical evidence on the impact of migration on migrantsendinghousehold in Indonesia, using data panel from Indonesia Family LifeSurvey (IFLS) 2000 and 2007, and difference-in-differences with propensity scorematching method. This study estimates the impact of work migration and nonworkmigration on percapita income, some of per capita expenditures variables,per capita asset, migrant-sending household. It is found that work migration haveimpact on total per capita expenditure, per capita pure food expenditure, and percapita non food routine expenditure. Non-work migration have impact on percapita income and per capita asset. This study also analyze migration impact onremittance using transfer data as proxi. Work migration showing impactsignificantly on per capita out transfer, but there is no evidence have impact onper capita nett transfer. Non-work migration showing impact significantly on percapita nett transfer. This study also analyze migration impact on household laborsupply. It is found that work migration have impact significantly on householdlabor supply. But non-work migration have no significant impact on householdlabor supply., This study provides empirical evidence on the impact of migration on migrantsendinghousehold in Indonesia, using data panel from Indonesia Family LifeSurvey (IFLS) 2000 and 2007, and difference-in-differences with propensity scorematching method. This study estimates the impact of work migration and nonworkmigration on percapita income, some of per capita expenditures variables,per capita asset, migrant-sending household. It is found that work migration haveimpact on total per capita expenditure, per capita pure food expenditure, and percapita non food routine expenditure. Non-work migration have impact on percapita income and per capita asset. This study also analyze migration impact onremittance using transfer data as proxi. Work migration showing impactsignificantly on per capita out transfer, but there is no evidence have impact onper capita nett transfer. Non-work migration showing impact significantly on percapita nett transfer. This study also analyze migration impact on household laborsupply. It is found that work migration have impact significantly on householdlabor supply. But non-work migration have no significant impact on householdlabor supply.]"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak program bantuan sosial lansia khususnya program keluarga harapan (PKH) dan bantuan pangan non tunai (BPNT) terhadap kesejahteraan dengan proxy pengeluaran kesehatan lansia di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah data Susenas Maret tahun 2020 dengan menggunakan metode ordinary least square. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa diantara kedua skema bantuan sosial bagi lansia, PKH memiliki pengaruh signifikan yang lebih besar dibanding BPNT. Peneliti juga melakukan uji robustness guna melihat pengaruh kedua program pada karakter wilayah dan individu. PKH memiliki nilai signifikan di daerah luar jawa sedangkan BPNT memiliki nilai signifikan di daerah jawa. Dari hasil uji karakter individu didapatkan hasil bahwa PKH berpengaruh signifikan pada lansia dengan pendapatan di bawah garis kemiskinan, dengan demikian program tersebut sudah tepat sasaran. Pemerintah perlu mengoptimalkan cakupan dan meningkatkan manfaat PKH dan BPNT melalui pemetaan karakteristik wilayah serta karakter individu melalui optimalisasi interopabilitas antar data.

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This study aims to examine the impact of elderly social assistance programs, specifically the Family Hope Program (Program Keluarga Harapan-PKH) and the Non-Cash Food Assistance (Bantuan Pangan Non-Tunai-BPNT), on well-being using the proxy of elderly health expenditures in Indonesia. The data used is from the March 2020 National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) and analyzed using the ordinary least squares method. The results of this research show that among the two social assistance schemes for the elderly, PKH has a significantly greater influence compared to BPNT. The researchers also conducted robustness tests to observe the effects of both programs on regional and individual characteristics. PKH shows significant value in areas outside Java, while BPNT shows significant value in the Java region. From the results of the individual characteristics test, it is concluded that PKH significantly impacts the elderly with incomes below the poverty line, thus indicating that the program is effectively targeted. The government needs to optimize the coverage and enhance the benefits of PKH and BPNT by mapping the characteristics of regions and individuals through the optimization of data interoperability."