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"Genetic parameters of bisma maize population under different levels of fertilizer application. I. Additive-dominant variance of grain yield. Sutoro, Abdul Bari, Subandi, and Sudirman Yahya. New maize varieties could be obtained through improvement of their plant populations. The method used in selection in the crop improvement was based on values of their genetic parameters. Bisma is one of the maize varieties that has a broad genetic background. New maize varieties be obtained by improving their population through selection under different environmental conditions. Genetic parameter value were estimated by conducting an experiment under NCD II crossing at Bogor. Twenty seven sets, which were developed from three females and three males of S1 as parents of each set, were evaluated under three different fertilization schemes. Results of the experiment showed that the additive genetic variance was significanlty different from zero, and so among the different levels of fertilizer applications .."

"Population Structure of Trichogrammatoidea armigera, Egg Parasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera Based on RAPD-PCR Analysis. Bahagiawati, Damayanti Buchari, Nurindah, H. Rizjaani, Dwinita W. Utami, B. Sahari, and A. Sari. Genetic structures of Trichogrammatoidea armigera (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), the egg parasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were studied. Egg masses of H. armigera were collected from fields of several locations in West Java and East Java with different distances among them and two distinct cultural practices, i.e., monoculture and polyculture. Genetic relationships among T. armigera populations that emerged from the collected H. armigera eggs were analysed by the RAPD-PCR technique using four oligonucleotide primers. The four primers revealed 55 presumptive polymorphic loci that were used to estimate the population structures. The estimated values of Fixation Index (Fst) was 0.16, indicating that there was a division of the populations into subpopulations. This Fst value implied the present of reproductive isolation among the populations that might be due to their low migration rate (1.3 insect per generation). This low migration rate indicated the present of low level of gene flow among the populations. A dendrogram resulted from the NTSYS analysis indicated that the West Java and East Java populations of the egg parasitoid had quite wide genetic distances, while within each of the populations there was a subdivision of minor populations. This finding has an important implication on the program to release Trichogramma spp. as a biological control agent. The release of the parasitoid cannot be done randomly, because if we pick up a minor population, the starter or the released population will mate with the local population and multiply, thus the inundation will fail to control the target pest."

"Information on genetic divergence of inbred lines and performance of the hybrids developed from the lines is a great value in maize hybrid program. A study was conducted to evaluate genetic diversity of six QPM and five normal maize inbred lines, to determine the relationship between genetic distance based on SSR markers and the grain yield of single cross hybrid, and to get information promising hybrid from the single cross of QPM hybrid. Twenty four polymorphic primers that covered the 10 maize chromosomes were used to fingerprint the lines, detecting in 94 alleles (average of 3.9 and a range of 2-6 alleles per locus). Genetic divergences were determined using the Jaccard’s similarity coefficient, and a dendrogram was constructed using the UPGMA. Cluster analysis divided the inbreds into two clusters that were confirmed by principal coordinate analysis. Two promising QPM hybrids that are crossed from different heterotic group were found. The estimated value of simple correlations (r) of GDs with the gain yield of single cross hybrid was negatif (-0.07). There is a need to conduct more field trials to obtain more accurate correlations, particularly in a practical utility for predicting maize hybrid performance for grain yield."

"Penyakit blas pada padi yang disebabkan oleh cendawan pyricularia grisea, merupakan salah satu kendala dalam produksi beras Sumber gen ketahanan terhadap penyakit blas dijumpai pada spesies padi liar. Populasi silang ganda turunan IR64 terhadap penyakit blas ..."

"The rice transformation technology is not only provides. valuable methods for the introduction of useful genes into rice plant to improve important agronomic traits, but also helps in studying gene function and regulation based on rice genome sequence information. Knockout of genes by insertional mutagenesis is a straight forward method to identify gene functions .. "

"Detection of multiplex microsatellite markers in a single capillary array on a laser detection system is traditionally conducted with specific primers that are labelled with fluorescent dyes. An alternative method using fluorescent labels that are appended to 5' end of universal primer M13 instead of to the specific primers offers flexibility in designning multiplex panels and a less expensive method ... "

"Genetic Diversity of Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae Based on a Specific Primer Pot-2 (Rep-PCR). Tasliah, Reflinur, and Masdiar Bustamam. Rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) is one of the most important diseases of rice. It can be very destructive in the field, when the environmental conditions are favourable. Information on genetic diversity of this pathogen could assist plant breeders in determining strategy for a successful control of the disease. This study was conducted to analyze genetic diversity in P. oryzae isolates by a pair of Pot-2 primers using the rep-PCR technique. These primers were designed from a transposon element of the entire blast fungus genomic DNA. DNA samples were extracted from 212 isolates of P. oryzae collected from two endemic areas of the disease in Indonesia, i.e., Tamanbogo, Lampung, and Sukabumi, West Java, as well as from some non-endemic areas in North Sumatra and West Sumatra). Results of the study indicated that the 212 isolates could clustered into 21 haplotypes. The most dominant haplotypes as indicated by their highest frequency of haplotypes were haplotype Pot 2-019 (54.46%) followed by haplotype Pot 2-021 (14.73%) and haplotipe Pot 2-016 (6.25%). Regardless of origins of the P. oryzae isolates, we found 6 haplotypes from Tamanbogo (out of 117 samples), 13 haplotypes from Sukabumi (out of 77 samples), and 11 haplotypes from North Sumatra and West Sumatra (out of 18 isolates). It seems that genetic diversity of the P. oryzae isolates was not affected by the total number of samples/isolates, but rather by place of the origin and rice genotypes from which the isolates were collected."

"Efektivitas Produksi Bioetanol dari Hirolisat Jerami Padi Menggunakan Ragi Bubuk dan Ragi Padat. Jerami padi merupakan salah satu limbah pertanian yang sangat melimpah di Indonesia. Jerami padi mengandung polisakarida dalam bentuk selulosa dan hemiselulosa, yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku dalam produksi bioetanol. Penelitian bertujuan melihat efektivitas produksi bioetanol dari sampel hidrolisat jerami padi dengan menggunakan ragi roti (ragi bubuk ? F) dan ragi tapai (ragi padat ? S). Penelitian dilakukan dengan memfermentasikan sampel menggunakan kedua jenis ragi tersebut, dan isolat murni khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae sebagai kontrol. Kadar glukosa diukur menggunakan glucometer dan kadar bioetanol dianalisis menggunakan high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Penelitian menggunakan split plot design dengan dua faktor perlakuan; pemberian ragi (R) dan waktu fermentasi (T). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua jenis ragi pada produksi kadar bioetanol dari sampel memberikan pengaruh yang tidak berbeda nyata. Namun perlakuan S menghasilkan kadar bioetanol yang lebih tinggi (5.1 g/L) dibandingkan dengan perlakuan F (4.8 g/L); laju produksi bioetanol pada perlakuan S juga lebih tinggi (1.3 g/L.j) dibandingkan dengan laju produksi bioetanol pada perlakuan F (1.2 g/L.j). Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah penggunaan ragi Tapai lebih efektif dalam memproduksi bioetanol dari hidrolisat jerami padi.

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Rice straw is one of the most abundant forms of agricultural wastes in Indonesia. Rice straw contains polysaccharide in the form of cellulose and hemicellulose, which can be used as raw materials in the production of bioethanol. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of bioethanol production from rice straw?s hydrolyzate. Research was carried out by fermenting the sample using two types of starters (Baker's yeast, known as powder starter (F); and Tapai?s starter, known as solid starter (S) with a control of pure yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glucose levels were measured using a glucometer, and bioethanol levels were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this study, split plot design was used as a data analyzer with two treatment factors: starter?s inoculum (R) and time of fermentation (T). This study shows that there is no significant difference between the starters? levels of bioethanol production. However, S?s treatment produced higher levels (5,1 g/L) of bioethanol compared to F?s (4,8 g/L); the rate of bioethanol production in S?s treatment is also higher (1,3 g/L.h) than that in F?s (1,2 g/L.h). This study concludes that Tapai?s starter is more effective in producing bioethanol from rice straw?s hydrolyzate."

"Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration of Four Rice Varieties through In Vitro Culture. Ragapadmi Purnamaningsih. A study was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of ICABIOGRAD, Bogor, to obtain an optimum medium formulation for calli regenerations of for rice varities (Ciherang, Cisadane, IR64, and T-309). The research activities were done in five steps, i.e., callus induction, callus regeneration, shoot multiplication, root formation, and plant acclimatization. The type of explants used in the study was embriozygotic explants. Five media formulations were used for the callus induction, while four media formulations were used for the callus regeneration. The results showed that the best medium formulation for induction of callus formation was MS + 2,4-D 2 mg/l + casein hidrolisat 3 mg/l, while the best medium formulation for callus regeneration was MS + BA 3 mg/l "

"Analisis Morfologi dan Molekular Padi Transgenik cv. Nipponbare yang Membawa Gen CONSTANS (CO) Terkait Umur Pembungaan. Pembungaan merupakan proses penting yang mengawali produktivitas pada tanaman. Metode rekayasa genetika dengan mengintroduksi gen CONSTANS dari tanaman Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCO) ke dalam tanaman padi kultivar Nipponbare digunakan sebagai upaya peningkatan produksi padi. Gen CO diketahui mampu menginduksi terjadinya pembungaan yang lebih awal pada tanaman. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui integrasi gen AtCO pada genom padi, pengaruh gen tersebut terhadap waktu pembungaan, dan karakter agronomi pada tanaman padi Nipponbare transgenik generasi T2. Hasil pengamatan morfologi menunjukkan bahwa tanaman padi transgenik cenderung memiliki karakter agronomi lebih baik dibandingkan tanaman padi kontrol, namun tidak menunjukkan waktu pembungaan lebih cepat. Analisis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) menunjukkan 169 dari 227 tanaman padi transgenik memiliki gen hpt dan CO yang terintegrasi ke dalam genom padi.

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Flowering is an important process that initiates plant productivity. Rice (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare) was genetically engineered by introducing a CONSTANS (CO) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtCO) to improve rice productivity. The CO gene is a gene responsible for inducing early flowering. The aims of the experiment were to use morphological and molecular analysis to study the integration of the AtCO gene and its influence on agronomic traits in the T2 generation of Nipponbare transgenic AtCO rice. Morphological observations showed that agronomic traits tended to be better in the transgenic plants than in the wild type (controls), although the transgenic plants flowered later than the wild type. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis showed that 169 out of 227 transgenic rice plants showed hpt and CO gene integration."