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"The kidney in heart failure focuses on the changes that occur in kidney physiology as a function of a failing heart. This comprehensive resource covers epidemiology, pathophysiology, management of kidney disorders and advances in nephropathy management. In addition, the latest therapies, common heart failure dilemmas and kidney disease markers are included. Each chapter is co-authored by a Nephrologist and Cardiologist, offering a unified perspective to these chronic conditions. This indispensible volume provides the reader with the depth-of-knowledge needed for assessing and treating the cardio renal patient."

"Echocardiography in Heart Failure - a volume in the exciting new Practical Echocardiography Series edited by Dr. Catherine M. Otto - provides practical, how-to guidance on effectively applying echocardiography to evaluate heart failure, make therapeutic decisions, and monitor therapy. Definitive, expert instruction from Drs. Martin St. John Sutton and Denise Wiegers is presented in a highly visual, case-based approach that facilitates understanding and equips you to accurately apply this technique while avoiding any potential pitfalls. Access the full text online at www.expertconsult.com al."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang : Meskipun manajemen gagal jantung (GJ) semakin maju, prognosis pasien tetap belum membaik. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya komorbid, terutama perburukan fungsi ginjal yang juga memainkan peran utama dalam patofisiologi GJ. Pada tahun 2015, Putri dkktelah mengembangkan sistim skor VKPP untuk memprediksi perburukan fungsi ginjal pada pasien dengan Gagal Jantung Dekompensasi Akut (GJDA), yang variabelnya terdiri atas jenis kelamin perempuan, Hb < 12,5 mg/dl, kreatinin awal > 2,5 mg/dl, riwayat hipertensi, dan usia > 75 tahun. Nilai diskriminasi sistim skor tersebut 0,682 (95% IK; 0,630 - 0,734). Sampai saat ini, belum ada validasi eksternal pada sistim skor VKPP tersebut, sehingga perlu dilakukan agar dapat diimplementasikan secara klinis.Tujuan : Melakukan validasi eksternal sistim skor Kardio-Renal VKPP pada pasien dengan GJDA yang menjalani rawat inap.Metode : Penelitian merupakan studi kohort retrospektif dengan metode validasi eksternal temporal yang dilakukan di Departemen Kardiologi dan Kedokteran Vaskular Universitas Indonesia/Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita, menggunakan data sekunder September 2015 hingga April 2016, yang diambil secara consecutive sampling. Analisis data ditujukan untuk mendapatkan nilai kalibrasi dan diskriminasi.Hasil : Sampel akhir berjumlah 418, dengan kejadian perburukan fungsi ginjal sebesar 20,3%. Odds Ratio (OR) semua variabel sesuai dengan OR pada studi VKPP, kecuali variabel jenis kelamin perempuan yang justru tidak menjadi faktor risiko (OR 0,78; 95% IK 0,43-1,45).Setelah dilakukan penghitungan skor VKPP pada semua sampel studi, didapatkan nilai kalibrasi 0,594 dan diskriminasi/AUC sebesar 0,568 (95% IK; 0,502 - 0,634). Pada studi Validasi, kejadian perburukan fungsi ginjal pada kelompok risiko rendah, sedang, dan tinggi yang dihitung menggunakan skor VKPP berurutan sebesar 18,6%, 21,9%, dan 29,6%. Dengan demikian, hanya kelompok risiko rendah yang berada pada rentang probabilitas prediksi perburukan fungsi ginjal yakni 11-26% (pada risiko sedang dan tinggi sebesar 27-49,5% dan 50-80%).Kesimpulan : Sistim skor VKPP secara eksternal valid untuk memprediksi kelompok risiko rendah, namun masih perlu kajian lebih lanjut pada kelompok risiko sedang dan tinggi.

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ABSTRACT

Background : Although the management of Heart Failure (HF) has developed, prognosis of patients still not significantly improved. It is due to comorbidities, especially worsening kidney function, which also plays a major role in the pathophysiology of HF. In 2015, Putri et al have developed a scoring system (VKPP score) to predict worsening of renal function in patients with

Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF), in which predictors are female, Hb < 12.5 mg/dl, admission creatinine > 2.5 mg/dl, history of hypertension, and age > 75 years . This scoring system yields discrimination value of 0.682 (95% CI; 0.630 to 0.734). Until now, there has been no external validation on the VKPP scoring system, therefore it is needed in order to implement

them clinically.

Objective : To validate externally the VKPP Cardio-Renal scoring system in patients who are hospitalized with ADHF.

Methods : This is a retrospective cohort study with temporal external validation method that performed at the Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Universitas

Indonesia/National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, using secondary data from September 2015 until April 2016, which taken by consecutive sampling method. The data analysis is intended to develop the value of calibration and discrimination.

Results : The final samples are 418, with 20.3 % incidence of kidney function deterioration. Odds Ratio of all predictors is similar with the result in VKPP study, except female variable which is not a risk factor (OR 0.78; 95% CI; 0,43-1,45). As final, the calibration and

discrimination values are 0.594 and 0.568 (95% CI; 0.502-0.634). In the validation study, the incidence of worsening renal function in the low, moderate, and high risk group which are calculated using VKPP consecutively valued 18.6 % , 21.9 % and 29.6 %. However, only the

low-risk group who were in the range of probability predictions of worsening renal functions, which is 11-26 % (moderate and high risk valued 27 to 49.5 % and 50-80 %)."

"Pemantauan Terapi Obat (PTO) merupakan upaya pemastian pengobatan yang diberikan kepada pasien aman, efektif, dan rasional. PTO dilakukan pada pasien dengan kriteria yang sesuai dalam Kepmenkes RI No. 72 Thn 2016. PTO dilakukan pada pasien RSUP Fatmawati, yaitu Rumah Sakit Pusat Rujukan Daerah Jakarta. Pasien terpilih mendapatkan diagnosis utama Sindrom Koroner Akut (SKA) disertai hipokalemia, hipertensi, pneumonia, Diabetes Miletus Tipe 2 dan Cedera Ginjal Akut. PTO dilakukan pada periode 03 Juli 2023–30 Agustus 2023 sebagai bentuk penelitian observasional deskriptif bersifat prospektif yang dituangkan dalam karya tulis. Tahapan penelitian meliputi: penseleksian pasien berdasarkan kriteria; pencatatan identitas, hasil pemeriksaan dan pengobatan pasien terpilih secara berkesinambungan; melakukan interpretasi hasil pemeriksaan penunjang dan tanda vital; evaluasi tata laksana, kesesuaian dosis, efek samping, dan interaksi obat; analisis DRP dengan metode PCNE dan SOAP; merekomendasikan penyelesaian Drug Related Problem; analisis pengobatan antibiotik. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat kode P1.2 efek terapi obat tidak terlalu optimal dalam pemberian Diltiazem, nitrokaf, dan ceftriakson karena pemberian dosis dibawah anjuran literatur, landasan dokter adalah pasien menerima obat lainnya dengan efek terapi serupa sehingga dosis disesuaikan dengan respon pasien. Interaksi obat-obat yang terjadi adalah kategori C dan disarankan melakukan pemantauan timbulnya ADR. Analisis alur gyssens menunjukkan pemilihan antibiotik dalam pengobatan pneumonia belum sesuai dengan PNPK tatalaksana pneumonia 2023 dan pengobatannya diputuskan rawat jalan. Disimpulkan mayoritas pengobatan sudah sesuai dengan indikasi, dosis literatur, dan respon pasien relatif membaik.

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Drug Therapy Monitoring (PTO) is an effort to ensure that the treatment given to patients is safe, effective and rational. PTO is carried out on patients who meet the criteria in the Republic of Indonesia Minister of Health Decree No. 72 of 2016. PTO is carried out on patients at Fatmawati Hospital, namely the Jakarta Regional Referral Center Hospital. Selected patients received a primary diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) accompanied by hypokalemia, hypertension, pneumonia, Diabetes Miletus Type 2 and Acute Kidney Injury. PTO was carried out in the period 03 July 2023–30 August 2023 as a form of prospective descriptive observational research outlined in written work. Research stages include: patient examination based on criteria; Recording identity, examination results and continuous treatment on selected patients; interpret examination results and vital signs; evaluation of management, dose suitability, side effects, and drug interactions; Drug-Related Problems (DRP) analysis using the PCNE and SOAP methods; providing solutions to DRP; analysis of antibiotic treatment. The results of the analysis show that there is code P1.2, the therapeutic effect of the drug is not very optimal in administering Diltiazem, Nitrocaf, and ceftriaxone because the given dose is under literature recommendations. The drug-drug interactions that occur are category C and recommended to monitor the emergence of ADRs. Gyssens Flow Analysis shows that the choice of antibiotics in the treatment of pneumonia is not in accordance with the 2023 PNPK for pneumonia management and the treatment is decided as an outpatient basis. It was concluded that most of the treatments were in accordance with the indications, dosages in the literature, and the patient's response was relatively improved"

"This timely book is a road map for defining the care of acute heart failure patients in the short stay or observation unit setting. Produced in collaboration with the Society of Chest Pain Centers, this book provides an understanding of the diverse medical needs and solutions, administrative processes, and regulatory issues necessary for successful management. In an environment of increasing financial consciousness, medical practice is changing drastically. Short stay care is premier among the new specialties that cater to the complex balance of optimizing patient outcomes while minimizing fiscal burdens. The observation unit has proven to be an excellent arena for the care of acute heart failure, replete with opportunities to improve both medical management and quality metrics. Unique to the field, Short stay management of acute heart failure, providing the medical, regulatory, and economic tools necessary to create and implement successful short stay management protocols and units for the care of the heart failure patient. It is an essential guide for health care professionals and for hospitals and institutions wishing to be recognized as quality heart failure centers as accredited by the Society of Chest Pain Centers."

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Pemantauan Terapi Obat (PTO) merupakan kegiatan yang dilakukan apoteker untuk memastikan terapi obat yang diberikan pasien aman, efektif dan rasional.  Tujuan dilakukan kegiatan PTO adalah meningkatkan efektivitas terapi dan menurunkan risiko terjadinya Reaksi Obat yang Tidak Dikehendaki (ROTD), meminimalkan biaya pengobatan serta menghormati pilihan pasien. Dengan dilakukannya kegiatan PTO, diharapkan terapi obat yang diberikan kepada pasien dapat terhindar dari risiko klinik dan meningkatkan efektivitas biaya terapi pada pasien. Beberapa kriteria pasien yang diprioritaskan untuk dilakukannya kegiatan PTO adalah pasien dengan multi penyakit yang menerima polifarmasi serta pasien dengan gangguan fungsi organ seperti hati dan ginjal. Contoh kasus yang perlu dilakukannya PTO adalah pasien Tn. IZN yang didiagnosis utama gagal jantung kongestif dan penyakit ginjal kronis serta diagnosis penyerta hiperplasia prostat yang dirawat inap di Ruang Anggrek RSUD Tarakan. Setelah dilakukannya PTO, ditemukan beberapa masalah terkait obat yang dapat diidentifikasi berdasarkan panduan PCNE dan metode Hepler and Strand yaitu indikasi tanpa terapi, interaksi obat, dosis obat berlebih, dan kesalahan pemilihan obat pada pengobatan yang diterima pasien Tn. IZN. Masalah terkait obat yang muncul dapat direkomendasikan penyelesaian berupa pemberian obat yang sesuai, pemantauan efek terapi obat melalui hasil laboratorium dan gejala yang timbulkan, pemberian jeda konsumsi obat, dan penyeseuiaan dosis sesuai tatalaksana dan kondisi pasien.

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Drug Therapy Monitoring (PTO) is an activity carried out by pharmacists to ensure drug therapy given to patients is safe, effective and rational. The purpose of PTO activities is to increase the effectiveness of therapy and reduce the risk of unwanted drug reactions (ROTD), minimize medical costs and respect patient choices. By carrying out PTO activities, it is hoped that drug therapy given to patients can avoid clinical risks and increase the cost-effectiveness of therapy for patients. Some of the criteria for prioritized patients for carrying out PTO activities are patients with multiple diseases who receive polypharmacy and patients with impaired organ function such as the liver and kidneys. An example of a case where PTO needs to be done is the patient Mr. IZN who was diagnosed primarily with congestive heart failure and chronic kidney disease as well as a concomitant diagnosis of prostatic hyperplasia who was hospitalized in the Orchid Room of Tarakan General Hospital. After the PTO was carried out, several drug-related problems were found which could be identified based on the PCNE guidelines and the Hepler and Strand method, namely indications for no therapy, drug interactions, drug overdosage, and drug selection errors in the treatment Tn's patient received. IZN. Drug-related problems that arise can be recommended for solutions in the form of administering appropriate drugs, monitoring the effects of drug therapy through laboratory results and the symptoms they cause, giving pauses in drug consumption, and adjusting doses according to the management and condition of the patient.

 

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"Pendahuluan: Lansia dengan HF seringkali memiliki penyakit penyerta, polifarmasi, gangguan kognitif dan frailty yang mempengaruhi status fisik, fungsional dan juga hasil pengobatan jangka panjang sehingga lansia dengan HF seringkali membutuhkan caregiver keluarga dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya sehari-hari. Caregiver keluarga diharapkan dapat memperhatikan pemeliharaan kesehatan, pencegahan penyakit, pengurangan faktor risiko, mempromosikan kesehatan, melakukan perawatan, rehabilitasi dan memenuhi kebutuhan lansia saat sakit. Kesiapan caregiver keluarga dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan dan juga kualitas hidup lansia dengan HF. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggali kesiapan caregiver keluarga dalam perawatan lansia dengan HF pasca rawat di rumah sakit. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Peneliti menggali pengalaman, persepsi dan perilaku caregiver keluarga dalam perawatan lansia dengan HF. Hasil: Didapatkan 12 informan yang dilibatkan pada penelitian ini. Informan merupakan wanita dengan rentang usia 33-67 tahun. Empat tujuan khusus dalam penelitian ini terjawab dengan tujuh tema yaitu: Tema 1 menjelaskan mengenai persepsi dari caregiver dalam merawat lansia dengan HF; Tema 2 menjelaskan respon awal dari caregiver dalam merawat lansia dengan HF; Tema 3 menjelaskan perawatan lansia dengan HF; Tema 4 menjelaskan perasaan caregiver saat merawat lansia dengan HF; Tema 5 menjelaskan hambatan yang dialami caregiver dalam merawat lansia dengan HF; Tema 6 menjelaskan mengenai dukungan keluarga yang dibutuhkan oleh caregiver; Tema 7 menjelaskan mengenai dukungan sosial yang dibutuhkan oleh caregiver. Kesimpulan: Pengetahuan caregiver dan juga kemampuan caregiver dalam mengasuh lansia dengan HF sangatlah berpengaruh terhadap kualitas hidup dari lansia dan juga caregiver. Disamping itu, caregiver juga membutuhkan dukungan dari berbagai pihak yang dapat membantu lansia dalam melakukan perannya sebagai caregiver. Oleh karena itu, perawat perlu untuk mempersiapkan caregiver dengan matang dan memberikan berbagai dukungan yang dibutuhkan oleh caregiver.

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Introduction: Heart Failure affects 3,739 thousand Indonesian people and is dominated by the elderly, around 14% of clients who experience heart failure experience re-hospitalization with a frequency of 2 to 7 times a year. The elderly with heart failure often have comorbidities, polypharmacy, cognitive impairment, and frailty that affect their physical, functional status, and long-term treatment outcomes. The elderly with HF often need family caregivers to meet their daily needs. Family caregivers are expected to pay attention to health maintenance, disease prevention, risk factor reduction, health promotion, care, rehabilitation, and meeting the needs of the elderly when sick. The preparedness of family caregivers can affect the health and quality of life of elderly people with heart failure. Purpose: This study aims to explore the preparedness of family caregivers in caring for the elderly with heart failure after hospitalization. Methods: This study uses a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach to explore family caregivers' experiences, perceptions, and behaviors in caring for the elderly with heart failure. Results: 12 participants in this study were women aged between 33 and 67 years. The study addressed four specific objectives through seven themes: Theme 1 discusses the caregivers' perceptions of caring for elderly individuals with heart failure; Theme 2 outlines the initial reactions of caregivers to caring for elderly individuals with heart failure; Theme 3 details the care provided to elderly individuals with heart failure; Theme 4 explores the emotions of caregivers while looking after elderly individuals with heart failure; Theme 5 identifies the challenges faced by caregivers in caring for elderly individuals with heart failure; Theme 6 examines the family support needed by caregivers; Theme 7 explores the social support required by caregivers. Conclusion: The knowledge and skills of caregivers in managing elderly individuals with heart failure significantly influence the quality of life of both the elderly and the caregivers. Moreover, caregivers require support from various sources to effectively perform their caregiving roles. Therefore, it is essential for nurses to adequately prepare caregivers and offer them the necessary support."

"The presence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) increases the risk of death from cardiovascular causes and makes the management of heart failure difficult. The coexistence of CKD and heart failure is increasing in prevalence worldwide and requires a unique and subtle approach to patient management.Managing the kidney in heart failure focuses on the therapeutic management of cardio renal patients. Common heart and kidney failure conditions are presented along with treatment scenarios aimed to reduce cardiovascular mortality and preserve kidney function"

"Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) merupakan salah satu penyebab utama kematian di dunia. WHO memperkirakan angka 17,9 juta kematian pada tahun 2021 disebabkan oleh CVD. Di Indonesia sendiri, prevalensi penyakit jantung mencapai angka 1,5% atau sekitar 2,7 juta orang pada tahun 2018. CVD mencakup berbagai macam jenis penyakit jantung. Salah satu tipe penyakit jantung tersebut adalah congestive heart failure. Congestive heart failure (CHF) adalah kondisi dimana jantung tidak dapat memompa darah yang cukup ke seluruh bagian tubuh. CHF dapat terjadi dikarenakan melemahnya kemampuan otot jantung untuk memompa darah sehingga mempengaruhi heart rate atau detak jantung manusia. Heart rate dapat direpresentasikan menggunakan sinyal yang dapat diukur menggunakan alat rekaman electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG). EKG adalah rekaman aktivitas elektrik jantung yang ditangkap melalui bagian permukaan tubuh. Heart rate variability (HRV) diketahui berkorelasi dengan berbagai penyakit jantung dan salah satunya adalah CHF. Dengan berkembangnya teknologi, terdapat beberapa penelitian mengenai implementasi artificial intelligence (AI) untuk mendeteksi keberadaan CHF menggunakan model machine learning dan HRV sebagai fitur bagi model. Pada penelitian ini, akan dibangun dan dievaluasi kinerja model XGBoost untuk mendeteksi eksistensi penyakit CHF pada short-term HRV dari rekaman EKG 5 menit. Dataset yang digunakan berasal dari empat database yang berbeda yang diambil dari situs PhysioNet, yaitu NSRDB dan NSR2DB sebagai kelas sehat dan CHFDB dan CHF2DB sebagai kelas CHF. Masing-masing database memiliki rekaman long-term EKG. Seluruh rekaman tersebut dilakukan segmentasi selama 5 menit pada 2 jam pertama rekaman. Dari hasil segmentasi rekaman 5 menit tersebut akan dihitung nilai HRV yang akan menjadi fitur bagi model XGBoost. XGBoost dilatih menggunakan kombinasi teknik Grid Search dan K-Fold Cross Validation dengan nilai 𝐾 = 10. Terdapat 4 metrik yang dijadikan objektif optimisasi Grid Search, yaitu akurasi, sensitivitas, spesifisitas, dan skor AUC. XGBoost yang dilatih dengan mengoptimasi akurasi berhasil mencapai nilai akurasi sebesar 0,954, sensitivitas sebesar 0,935, spesifisitas sebesar 0,96, dan skor AUC sebesar 0,947. XGBoost yang dilatih dengan mengoptimasi sensitivitas berhasil mencapai nilai akurasi sebesar 0,966, sensitivitas sebesar 0,977, spesifisitas sebesar 0,963, dan skor AUC sebesar 0,97. XGBoost yang dilatih dengan mengoptimasi spesifisitas berhasil mencapai nilai akurasi sebesar 0,962, sensitivitas sebesar 0,931, spesifisitas sebesar 0,971, dan skor AUC sebesar 0,951. Kemudian XGBoost yang dilatih dengan mengoptimasi skor AUC berhasil mencapai nilai akurasi sebesar 0,955, sensitivitas sebesar 0,935, spesifisitas sebesar 0,962, dan skor AUC sebesar 0,948.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is one of the major causes of death in the world. WHO estimated that 17.9 million of deaths during 2021 are caused by CVD. In Indonesia alone, the prevalence of heart diseases reached 1.5% or around 2,7 million people in 2018. CVD consists of various types of heart disease. Congestive heart failure is one of them. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood for the entire body. CHF can occur due to a weakening of the heart muscle's ability to pump blood, thereby affecting the human heart rate. Heart rate can be represented using signal that can be measured using electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) recording. EKG is a recording of the heart's electrical activity captured through the surface of the body. Heart rate variability (HRV) have been known to be correlated with various heart diseases with CHF is one of it. With the advance of technology, there have been various research regarding the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) to detect the presence of CHF using machine learning model and HRV as features for the model. In this research, we built and evaluated the performance of XGBoost model to detect the existence of CHF on short-term HRV from 5 minutes EKG recording. The dataset came from four different databases that can be accessed from PhysioNet website. Those are NSRDB and NSR2DB datasets to represent healthy class and CHFDB and CHF2DB to represent CHF class. Each database contains long-term EKG. All records are segmented by 5 minutes on the first 2 hours of the recording. HRV metrics are calculated from those 5 minutes segments to become features for the XGBoost model. XGBoost was trained using a combination of Grid Search and K-Fold Cross Validation techniques with 𝐾 = 10. There are 4 metrics that become the objective scoring function for the Grid Search. Those are accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC score. XGBoost trained to optimize accuracy managed to achieve 0.954 accuracy, 0.935 sensitivity, 0.96 specificity, and 0.947 AUC score. XGBoost trained to optimize sensitivity managed to achieve 0.966 accuracy, 0.977 sensitivity, 0.963 specificity, and 0.97 AUC score. XGBoost trained to optimize specificity managed to achieve 0.962 accuracy, 0.931 sensitivity, 0.971 specificity, and 0.951 AUC score. Lastly, XGBoost trained to optimize AUC score managed to achieve 0.955 accuracy, 0.935 sensitivity, 0.962 specificity, and 0.948 AUC score."