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"Measurement of solid tumor response to treatment relies mainly on imaging. WHO tumor response criteria and, more recently, RECIST (response evaluation criteria in solid tumors) have provided means to objectively measure tumor response in clinical trials with imaging. These guidelines have been rapidly adopted in clinical practice to monitor patient treatment and for therapy planning. However, relying only on anatomical information is not always sufficient when evaluating new drugs that will reduce a tumor's functionality while preserving its size. Finding more reliable and reproducible measures of tumor response is one of the most important and difficult challenges facing modern radiology as it requires an entirely new approach to imaging. The aim of this book is to address the assessment of response to treatment by adopting a multidisciplinary perspective, just as occurs in real life in a comprehensive cancer center. Oncologists and imaging experts consider two cancer models, locally advanced disease and metastatic disease, jointly exploring both conventional and advanced means of measuring response to standard treatment protocols and new targeted therapies."

"Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui korelasi perubahan nilai ADC pada DWMRI dengan perubahan ukuran tumor pasca kemoterapi neoajuvan kanker payudara dalam menilai respons kemoterapi neoajuvan. Metode: Penelitian studi deskriptif analitik dari data sekunder MRI pasien kanker payudara yang mendapat kemoterapi neoajuvan serta menjalankan pemeriksaan MRI. Pemeriksaan MRI dilakukan sebelum pasien mendapat kemoterapi neoajuvan, setelah pasien mendapat kemoterapi neoajuvan siklus pertama dan siklus ketiga. Pengukuran ukuran tumor dilakukan sesuai standar RECIST, sedangkan nilai ADC diperoleh pada nilai b800s/mm2. Hasil dan diskusi: Dilakukan analisis bivariat dengan menggunakan korelasi Pearson untuk melihat korelasi perubahan nilai ADC kedua terhadap nilai ADC pertama dengan perubahan ukuran tumor pada pemeriksaan MRI ketiga terhadap pemeriksaan MRI pertama. Sebanyak 17 pasien penelitian dengan usia antara 40 tahun sampai 65 tahun dan ukuran tumor antara 5,41 cm sampai 13,41 cm. Terdapat 16 pasien yang mengalami peningkatan nilai ADC dan 1 pasien yang mengalami penurunan nilai ADC setelah pemberian kemoterapi neoajuvan siklus pertama. Sebanyak 17 pasien mengalami pengurangan ukuran tumor setelah kemoterapi neoajuvan siklus ketiga. Berdasarkan standar RECIST diperoleh sebanyak 7 pasien dengan pengurangan ukuran tumor lebih dari 30% (antara 31,55% sampai 56,25%) dan sebanyak 10 pasien dengan pengurangan ukuran tumor kurang dari 30% (antara 7,47% sampai 29,22%). Nilai korelasi yang diperoleh sebesar -0,499. Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi yang bermakna antara perubahan nilai ADC pada DWMRI dengan perubahan ukuran tumor sebagai respons kemoterapi neoajuvan kanker payudara dengan kekuatan korelasi yang sedang dan arah negatif.

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Objectives: To determine the correlation of changes in ADC values in DWMRI with changes in tumor size after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer to assess neoadjuvant chemotherapy response.

Methods: Analytical descriptive study using secondary data from MRI of breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy as well as running an MRI. MRI examination performed before neoadjuvant chemotherapy, after received first cycle neoadjuvant chemotherapy and third cycle. Tumor size measurements carried out according to standard RECIST, whereas the ADC values obtained in the b800s/mm2. Bivariate analysis using Pearson correlation was conducted to determine the correlation of changes in the value of the second ADC to first ADC and changes of the tumor size on the third MRI to the first MRI examination.

Result and discussion: A total of 17 study patients, 40 years to 65 years old, tumor size between 5.41 cm to 13.41 cm. 16 patients experienced an increase in ADC values while 1 patient had decreased ADC values after the first cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Tumor size in all patients decreased after three cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Based on RECIST standards, 7 patients showed tumor size reduction of more than 30% (between 31.55% to 56.25%) and tumor size in 10 patients was reduced less than 30% (between 7.47% to 29.22% ). Correlation value of -0.499 obtained.

Conclusions: There is a significant moderate and negative correlation between in ADC value changes in DWMRI with tumor size changes in response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari penanda respons tumor yang lebih dini untuk kemoterapi neoajuvan pada kasus kanker payudara stadium lanjut, yaitu dengan mengkorelasikan derajat kemiringan washout fase delay kurva kinetik pada pemeriksaan DCE-MRI dengan perubahan ukuran tumor kanker payudara. Perubahan neovaskularisasi sudah dapat dinilai sejak 24 jam pertama setelah pemberian kemoterapi siklus pertama, sedangkan pengukuran tumor umumnya paling baik dinilai setelah kemoterapi neoajuvan siklus ketiga. Penelitian ini merupakan studi deskriptif analitik dari data sekunder MRI payudara mulai Agustus 2011 hingga April 2013. Analisa korelasi perubahan derajat kemiringan washout fase delay kurva kinetik DCE-MRI dengan perubahan ukuran tumor sebelum dan sesudah pemberian kemoterapi neoajuvan awal, dilakukan dengan uji korelasi Pearson. Hasil analisa menunjukkan tidak ada korelasi yang bermakna (r=0,151, p=0,622) antara perubahan sudut kemiringan washout fase delay kurva kinetik dengan perubahan ukuran tumor sebelum dan setelah pemberian kemoterapi neoajuvan, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa parameter perubahan sudut kemiringan washout secara tunggal tidak dapat berfungsi sebagai penanda respons tumor kemoterapi neoajuvan. Hal ini dikarenakan respons tumor merupakan proses yang mutifaktorial sehingga perubahan sudut gradien washout saja secara langsung tidak dapat menunjukkan respons yang terjadi pasca kemoterapi neoajuvan.

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This study assessed the possibility of a faster tumor response marker for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) by correlating the changes in kinetic curve washout gradient degree on the delayed phase of DCE-MRI after the first cycle, with changes in tumor size after the third cycle, as well as their roles in assessing tumor response for NAC. Studies show that changes in tumor size after the third NAC can be used to detect tumor response, whereas neovascularization changes with DCE-MRI can be detected as fast as 24 hours after the first cycle of chemotherapy.

This is an analytic study using breast MR data obtained between August 2011 until April 2013. Analysis of the correlation between changes in kinetic curve washout gradient with changes in tumor size before and after NAC was performed using the Pearson correlation test.

Based on the correlation analysis results, there is no significant correlation (r=0,151, p=0.622) btween the change in the angle of the washout kinetic curve gradient with the changes in tumor size before and after NAC. This concludes that changes in the degree of the washout angle alone cannot serve as a marker of tumor response to NAC, due of the multifactorial variables that take part in the process, and the kinetic curve alone is not sufficient to directly evaluate response."

"Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan nilai DSC (Dice Similarity Coefficient) GTVMRI dan GTVCT dengan jarak waktu MRI sebelum radiasi dan CT Simulator dalam radiasi eksterna kanker serviks. Metode: Dilakukan studi potong lintang pada 25 pasien kanker serviks yang belum mendapatkan terapi definitif sebelumnya, dan sudah dilakukan MRI pelvis diagnostik dan CT Simulator pelvis pada periode Januari 2018 – Februari 2021. Dilakukan registrasi/fusi antara MRI dan CT, dilakukan delineasi GTV primer pada T2WI MRI dan CT Simulator. Dihitung nilai DSC dan dilakukan analisis korelasi antara nilai DSC dan jarak waktu. Batasan waktu dihitung menggunakan kurva ROC (Receiving Operator Characteristic). Hasil: Median jarak waktu MRI dan CT Simulator 24 (1-71) hari. Volume GTVMRI 104.35±66.23, GTVCT 167.79±97.15. Nilai DSC sebesar 0.53±0.16. Korelasi antara DSC dan jarak waktu r = -0.421, p = 0.036. Kurva ROC dengan sensitivitas 85.7%, spesifitas 54.5%, dengan indeks Youden yang paling optimal dan Area Under Curve (AUC) 0.682, 95% CI 0.461-0.902 didapatkan pada 10 hari. Kesimpulan: Semakin lama jarak waktu antara pemeriksaan MRI dan CT akan menurunkan nilai DSC. Diperlukan pertimbangan lebih jika akan dilakukan fusi antara MRI dan CT pada delineasi GTV primer kanker serviks dengan jarak waktu antara pemeriksaan lebih dari 10 hari.

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Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the correlation between DSC (Dice Similarity Coefficient) values of GTVMRI and GTVCT ​​with the MRI time interval before radiation and CT Simulator.

Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 25 cervical cancer patients who had not previously received definitive therapy, and already had a diagnostic pelvic MRI and pelvic CT simulator in periode January 2018 – February 2021. Rigid Body Registration/fusion between MRI and CT was carried out, primary GTV delineate on T2WI MRI and CT Simulator. The DSC value was calculated and a correlation analysis was performed between the DSC value and the interval time. The time limit was calculated using the ROC (Receiving Operator Characteristic) curve.

Result: Median time interval between MRI and CT Simulator was 24 (1-71) days. GTVMRI volume 104.35±66.23, GTVCT 167.79±97.15. Mean DSC value was 0.53±0.16. Correlation between DSC and time interval r = -0.421, p = 0.036. ROC curve with sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 54.5%, with the most optimal Youden index and Area Under Curve (AUC) 0.682, 95% CI 0.461-0.902 obtained at 10 days.

Conclusion: The longer the time interval between the MRI and CT planning, the lower the DSC value. Need to be more caution in doing the fusion if the time interval between MRI and CT is more than 10 days."

"Most books discuss general and broad topics regarding molecular imagings. however, Ultrasmall lanthanide oxide nanoparticles for biomedical imaging and therapy, will mainly focus on lanthanide oxide nanoparticles for molecular imaging and therapeutics. multi-modal imaging capabilities will discussed, along with up-converting FI by using lanthanide oxide nanoparticles. the synthesis will cover polyol synthesis of lanthanide oxide nanoparticles, surface coatings with biocompatible and hydrophilic ligands will be discussed and tem images and dynamic light scattering (dls) patterns will be provided. various techniques which are generally used in analyzing the synthesized surface coated nanoparticles will be explored and this section will also cover ft , ir analysis, xrd analysis, squid analysis, cytotoxicity measurements and proton relaxivity measurements. in vivo mr images, ct images, fluorescence images will be provided and therapeutic application of gadolinium oxide nanoparticles will be discussed. finally, future perpectives will be discussed. that is, present status and future works needed for clinical applications of lanthanide oxide nanoparticles to molecular imagings will be discussed."

"Latar Belakang: Respons patologis kanker payudara terhadap terapi neoadjuvan masih relatif rendah, khususnya di RSCM. Intensitas sTIL dan ekspresi PD-L1 telah diteliti sebagai prediktor respons terapi neoadjuvan. Penelitian ini menilai peran intensitas sTIL dan ekspresi PD-L1 terhadap repons terapi neoadjuvan kanker payudara. Data tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai data awal di Indonesia, untuk perencanaan terapi pasien kanker payudara yang lebih baik, terlebih dengan sudah tersedianya imunoterapi anti-PD-1/PD-L1.Tujuan: Mengetahui intensitas sTIL dan ekspresi PD-L1 sebagai prediktor respons patologis kanker payudara terhadap terapi neoadjuvan di RSCM.Metode: Penelitian berdesain kohort retrospektif, analitik observasional, pada kasus kanker payudara yang mendapatkan terapi neoadjuvan dan mastektomi di RSCM periode Januari 2014-Desember 2021. Dilakukan total sampling sebanyak 60 kasus. Ekspresi PD-L1 (imunohistokimia, klon 22C3) dan intensitas sTIL (histopatologi) diperiksa pada spesimen biopsi. Dilakukan analisis multivariat regresi linear untuk mendapatkan prediktor independen respons terapi neoadjuvan.Hasil: Didapatkan 60 pasien perempuan, median usia 46 tahun, 91,7% karsinoma invasif no special type. Median intensitas sTIL 10% (1%-70%). Intensitas sTIL rendah (≤10%) pada 58,3% sampel. Ekspresi PD-L1 positif (CPS ≥1) pada 28,3% sampel. Hanya 8,3% sampel mencapai pCR, 90% tergolong RCB kelas II-III. Didapatkan prediktor independen skor RCB: Setiap peningkatan 1% intensitas sTIL, tidak adanya invasi limfovaskular, dan pemberian kemoterapi berbasis taksan diprediksi menurunkan skor RCB sebanyak 0,058 (0,039-0,078), 0,781 (0,241-1,321), dan 0,594 (0,037-1,152). Ekspresi PD-L1 yang positif berhubungan dengan tercapainya pCR-RCB kelas I (p=0,048), tetapi skor CPS bukan merupakan prediktor skor RCB pada analisis multivariat regresi linear.Kesimpulan: Intensitas sTIL merupakan prediktor respons patologis kanker payudara terhadap terapi neoadjuvan di RSCM. Ekspresi PD-L1 berhubungan dengan tercapainya pCR-RCB kelas I, tetapi skor CPS bukan prediktor skor RCB.Kata kunci: PD-L1, programmed-death ligand 1, sTIL, stromal tumour infiltrating lymphocyte, kanker payudara, kemoterapi neoadjuvan, respons patologis

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Background: Pathological responses to neoadjuvant therapy were still relatively poor, especially in RSCM. Studies had been done to search for predictors of response such as sTIL intensity and PD-L1 expression, which is known to block sTIL action in killing cancer cells. This research assessed sTIL intensity and PD-L1 expression as predictors of response to neoadjuvant therapy in breast cancer. The preliminary data might be used to better tailored breast cancer patient therapy, considering the availability of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy nowadays.

Objective: To assess TIL intensity, PD-L1 expressions, and their roles as pathological predictors of breast cancer reponse to neoadjuvant therapy in RSCM.

Method: This was an observational analytic retrospective cohort study on breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy and mastectomy in RSCM from January 2014 to December 2021. Total sampling was done. PD-L1 expression (immunohistochemistry, clone 22C3) and sTIL intensity (histopathology) was examined in the biopsy specimen. Linear regression analysis was done to determine the independent predictors of neoadjuvant therapy response (evaluated in the mastectomy specimen with residual cancer burden/RCB score).

Results: There were 60 female patients, median age 46 years old. 91,7% had invasive carcinoma of no special type. Median sTIL intensity was 10% (1%-70%). 58,3% patients had low sTIL intensity (≤10%). 28,3% patients had positive PD-L1 expression (CPS ≥1). Only 8,3% patients had pCR, while 90% patients had RCB class II-III. Every 1% increase in sTIL intensity, no lymphovascular invasion, and taxane chemotherapy were predicted to lower RCB score by 0,058, 0,781, dan 0,594, respectively. PD-L1 expression associated with pCR-RCB class I (p=0,048), but CPS score was not a predictor of RCB score in linear regression analysis.

Conslusion: sTIL intensity was an independent predictor of breast cancer response to neoadjuvant therapy in RSCM. PD-L1 expression associated with pCR-RCB class I, but CPS score was not a predictor of RCB score.

Keywords: PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1, sTIL, stromal tumour infltrating lymphocyte, breast cancer, neoadjuvant therapy, pathological response"

"Perkembangan zaman telah banyak mengubah gaya hidup manusia saat ini sehingga menimbulkan banyak permasalahan penyakit degeneratif. Tumor otak merupakan salah satu penyakit degeneratif yang perlu diwaspadai. Dalam penanganan kasus tumor otak, diperlukan pemindaian kepala menggunakan MRI, CT-Scan, dan beberapa metode pencitraan lainnya. Namun demikian, biaya penggunaan perangkat ini dirasakan cukup mahal bagi masyarakat Indonesia. Selain itu, perangkat MRI dan CT-Scan cukup besar dan membutuhkan perlakuan khusus. Oleh karena itu, perlu dikembangkan teknologi pencitraan tumor otak yang mudah dan murah, salah satunya menggunakan gelombang mikro. Penggunaan antena untuk transmisi dan penerimaan gelombang mikro pada aplikasi pencitraan tumor otak ini bekerja pada rentang frekuensi yang sangat panjang, yaitu 3,1 - 10,6 GHz. Pemilihan rentang frekuensi ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan resolusi citra yang dihasilkan, ukuran yang efektif, dan efisiensi daya. Antena yang akan dirancang bangun adalah antena dipol tercetak dengan teknik pencatuan pandu gelombang koplanar. Untuk mengetahui karakteristik antena pada saat diaplikasikan pada tubuh manusia, digunakan media phantom model kepala manusia. Antena telah disimulasikan pada ruang bebas dan phantom model kepala manusia di rentang frekuensi 3,1-10,6 GHz. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran pada ruang bebas dan kepala seorang sukarelawan, antena telah bekerja dengan baik pada rentang frekuensi 3,1-10,6 GHz tersebut. Pola radiasi diukur pada tiga bidang utama pola radiasi antena, yaitu bidang-xy, -yz, dan -xz pada frekuensi-frekuensi tertentu, yakni 3,1 GHz, 5,8 GHz, 7,5 GHz, dan 10,6 GHz.

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The times have changed people’s lifestyle so there are so many degenerative disease cases around the world. Brain tumour is one of degenerative diseases that have been concerned by doctors and researcher to be investigated. In case of brain tumours, the doctors usually do head scanning on the patient using MRI, CT-Scan, and other common techniques. Even though those techniques provide accurate and high resolution result, however cost of the MRI or CT-Scan is still high for Indonesian people generally. Therefore it is necessary to develop new brain imaging techniques that is easy to operate, inexpensive and non-invasive by using microwaves. The use of antenna for transmitting and receiving microwaves on brain imaging application is working at ultra wide band frequency range, which is at 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The selection of this ultra wide band is aimed to increase the image resolution, to minimize the antenna’s size and to make the power efficiently. The proposed antenna is a printed dipole with coplanar waveguide feeding. This research uses head equivalent phantom to investigate characteristics of the antenna when exposed to head. The antenna has been simulated in free space and head equivalent phantom at 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. Based on measurement results in free space and on a volunteer’s head, it can be investigated that the antenna has worked properly at 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz as desired. The radiation patterns have been measured on three main planes, they are -xy, -yz, and -xz at selected frequencies 3.1 GHz, 5.8 GHz, 7.5 GHz and 10.6 GHz."

"Tumor otak sekunder dapat menyebabkan masalah nutrisi. Manifestasi klinis penurunan selera makan, gangguan menelan, mual, muntah, hemiparesis, kejang, gangguan fungsional dan kognitif dapat menurunkan asupan makanan dan berat badan sehingga berisiko malnutrisi. Perubahan metabolisme makronutrien dan mikronutrien yang terjadi juga memengaruhi terjadinya malnutrisi. Tatalaksana terapi medik gizi yang diberikan bertujuan mempertahankan atau memperbaiki status gizi sehingga meningkatkan kualitas hidup dan memperlama harapan hidupnya. Terapi medik gizi yang sesuai rekomendasi European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) adalah diet seimbang yang meliputi makronutrien, mikronutrien, nutrien spesifik, dan edukasi. Pasien serial kasus ini adalah perempuan, berusia antara 48 sampai 59 tahun dengan diagnosis tumor otak sekunder. Tiga pasien memiliki tumor primer kanker payudara, sedangkan satu pasien dengan kanker endometrium. Skrining menggunakan malnutrition screening tool (MST) dilanjutkan asesmen gizi. Terapi medik gizi diberikan sesuai rekomendasi ESPEN dan toleransi pasien. Pemantauan gizi meliputi pemeriksaan fisik, antropometri, komposisi tubuh, kapasitas fungsional dan analisis asupan. Hasil menunjukkan semua pasien mencapai asupan makan sesuai target pemberian makronutrien, mikronutrien, dan nutrien spesifik. Status gizi berhasil dipertahankan dengan tiga pasien mengalami peningkatan BB. Kapasitas fungsional keempat pasien menunjukkan perbaikan dengan menggunakan Karnofski dan Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). Pemeriksaan handgrip hanya dapat dilakukan pada 3 pasien menunjukkan perbaikan.

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A secondary brain tumor may cause nutritional problems. Clinical manifestations such as decreased appetite, swallowing disorders, nausea, vomiting, hemiparesis, seizures, functional and cognitive disorders may reduce food intake and increase malnutrition. Also changes in metabolism can affect the malnutrition. The aim of the medical nutrition therapy to maintain nutritional status to improve the quality of life and life expectancy. Balance diet were recommended by European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) includes macronutrients, micronutrients, specific nutrients with continuing nutrition education. Patients are females, aged 48 to 59 years, with secondary brain tumor. The primary tumor of three patients were breast cancer and one patient was endometrial cancer. Screening was done using the malnutrition screening tool (MST) and followed with nutritional assessment. Medical nutrition therapy were given based on ESPEN recommendations and patient tolerance. Nutrition monitoring includes physical examination, anthropometry, body composition, functional capacity and intake analysis. Patient’s monitoring showed that all patients achieved their intake targets. The body weight of three patient increased showed that the nutrition status was maintained well enough. Patient’s functional capacity were improved according to Karnofsky and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). Handgrip examination were also improve when it was assesed on three patients."

"Latar belakang: Osteosarkoma adalah tumor tulang ganas yang paling banyak terjadi pada anak dan remaja. Kemoterapi neoadjuvan dapat meningkatkan kesintasan 5 tahun hingga 60 – 80% pada pasien osteosarkoma. Baku emas evaluasi respon kemoterapi neoadjuvan adalah histological mapping untuk menilai persentase nekrosis tumor. Volumetri-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) menggunakan 3D Slicer dapat menilai nekrosis tumor, tumor viabel, dan volume tumor total secara kuantitatif. Tujuan: Menganalisa korelasi volume dan persentase tumor viabel berdasarkan volumetri-MRI dengan nilai persentase tumor viabel berdasarkan pemeriksaan histopatologi pada pasien osteosarkoma pasca kemoterapi neoadjuvan. Metode: Melakukan volumetri tumor pada MRI pasca kemoterapi neoadjuvan dengan menggunakan teknik segmentasi manual dan semiotomatis pada 3D Slicer untuk mendapatkan volume total tumor, area nekrosis, serta tumor viabel. Hasil pengukuran volumetri tumor viabel dan persentase tumor viabel pasca kemoterapi dikorelasikan dengan persentase tumor viabel berdasarkan histopatologi. Analisis dilakukan dengan uji Spearman. Hasil: Pada 31 subyek penelitian, nilai median persentase tumor viabel berdasarkan volumetri-MRI yaitu 65,9% (range 19,7 – 99,5%), sedangkan berdasarkan pemeriksaan histopatologi didapatkan nilai median 53% (range 8 – 100%). Persentase tumor viabel berdasarkan volumetri-MRI tidak berkorelasi signifikan (p>0,05) dengan persentase tumor viabel berdasarkan histopatologi dengan nilai R: 0,333. Kesimpulan: Terdapat kecenderungan berbanding lurus antara persentase tumor viabel berdasarkan volumetri-MRI dan pemeriksaan histopatologi, walaupun tidak terdapat korelasi yang signifikan.

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Background: Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can improve 5-year survival up to 60 - 80% in osteosarcoma patients. The gold standard of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response evaluation is histological mapping to determine the percentage value of tumor necrosis. 3D Slicer volumetry based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can quantitatively assess tumor necrosis, viable tumor, and total tumor volume. Objective: Analyze the correlation between volume and percentage of viable tumors based on MRI-volumetry and histopathological in osteosarcoma patients post neoadjuvant-chemotherapy. Methods: Perform tumor volumetry on MRI post neoadjuvant-chemotherapy using manual and semiautomatic segmentation techniques on 3D Slicer to obtain total tumor volume, necrosis area, and viable tumor. The results of volumetric measurement of viable tumor and the percentage of viable tumor post chemotherapy were correlated with the percentage of viable tumor from histopathological examination. Analysis was performed with Spearman's test. Results: Based on 31 study subjects, the median percentage of viable tumors based on MRI-volumetry was 65.9% (range: 19.7 - 99.5%), while based on histopathology, the median value was 53% (range: 8 - 100%). The percentage of viable tumors based on MRI-volumetry was not significantly correlated (p>0.05) with the percentage of viable tumors based on histopathology with an R value: 0.333. Conclusion: There is a directly proportional trend between the percentage of viable tumors based on MRI-volumetry and histopathological examination, although there was no significant correlation."

"Latar Belakang: Karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) adalah karsinoma yang berasal dari epitel permukaan nasofaring dengan angka insidensi yang tinggi di Tiongkok dan Asia Selatan. KNF masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia dan prognosisnya dilaporkan buruk terkait dengan penanganan yang sering tidak optimal karena kebanyakan (60-95%) pasien berobat dalam stadium lanjut. Saat ini berkembang penelitian terhadap tumor microenvironment yang dapat dinilai melalui tumor infiltrating lympochyte (TIL) yang berkaitan dengan respons terapi pada beberapa tumor, termasuk KNF. Beberapa penelitian menyebutkan bahwa TIL salah satunya dapat dinilai dengan Foxp3. Foxp3 diketahui sebagai penanda sel T regulator (Treg) yang turut berperan dalam immunoregulator lingkungan sel-sel tumor dan dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu faktor prognosis. Hubungan antara ekspresi Foxp3 dengan respons terapi dapat dipertimbangkan menjadi salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi prognosis KNF.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara ekspresi Foxp3 dengan respons terapi karsinoma nasofaring.Metode: Penelitian analitik dengan desain potong lintang pada sediaan KNF tidak berkeratin di Departemen Patologi Anatomik FKUI/RSCM selama periode Januari 2018 hingga Desember 2020. Pengambilan sampel penelitian dilakukan secara consecutive sampling dari kasus yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi sesuai perhitungan besar sampel untuk masing-masing kelompok. Pemeriksaan imunohistokimia menggunakan antibodi primer monoklonal Foxp3. Data imunoekspresi dianalisis untuk mengetahui hubungannya dengan respons terapi karsinoma nasofaring.Hasil: Dari 60 kasus yang terdiagnosis KNF, sebanyak 40 kasus (66,7%) berjenis kelamin laki-laki dan 20 kasus lainnya (33,3%) berjenis kelamin perempuan dengan rasio 2:1. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna ekspresi Foxp3 intratumoral dengan respons terapi (p=0,01). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna ekspresi Foxp3 peritumoral dengan respons terapi (p=0,114).Kesimpulan: Ekspresi Foxp3 mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik dengan hasil evaluasi respons pasca kemoradiasi karsinoma nasofaring.

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Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a carcinoma originating from the surface epithelium of the nasopharynx with a high incidence in Tiongkok and South Asia. NPC still become main health issue in Indonesia and the prognosis is reported to be poor due to suboptimal treatment because most of the patients (60-95%) are treated at an advanced stage. Currently, many research are developing on the tumor microenvironment that can be assessed by tumor infiltrating lymphochyte (TIL) which is associated with the treatment response in several tumors, including NPC. Some studies explore that TIL can be assessed with Foxp3. Foxp3 is known as a regulatory T cell (Treg) marker that plays a role in the immunoregulator environment of tumor cells and can be used as a prognostic factor. The relationship between Foxp3 expression and treatment response can be considered as one of the factors that influence the prognosis of NPC.

Aims: This study aims to determine the relationship between Foxp3 expression and treatment response of NPC.

Methods: An analytical study with a cross-sectional design on non-keratinizing NPC diagnosed at Anatomical Pathology Department of FKUI/RSCM during January 2018 until December 2020. The research sample was taken by consecutive sampling of cases that met the inclusion and did not include the exclusion criteria according to the calculation of the sample size for each group. Immunohistochemical examination using Foxp3 monoclonal antibody. Immunoexpression data were analyzed to determine its relationship with the treatment response of NPC.

Results: From 60 selected cases diagnosed with NPC, there were consisted of 40 male patients (66,7%) and 20 female patients (33,3%) with ratio 2:1. There was a significant difference in intratumoral Foxp3 expression with treatment response (p=0.01). There was no significant difference in peritumoral Foxp3 expression with treatment response (p=0.114).

Conclusion: Foxp3 expression had a statistically significant relationship with response therapy after chemoradiation."