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"Nenering Formation is essentially made up of semi-consolidated sediments, which are divided into basal conglomerate beds, conglomeratic sandstone, cross-bedded sandstone, and siltstone to muddy layers facies. It is overlie unconformable to the Berapit Formation, but conformable to the Kroh and Grik Formations. The stratigraphy of Nenering Formation is a fining upwards sequence where the thickness of conglomerate beds become thinner upwards and become thicker for conglomeratic sandstone. The thickness varies from 0.5 m to tenths of meters. The more sandy in the upper portion (cross-bedded sandstone) overlie with thin siltstone and mudstone facies. The clast and grain composition suggested that the material making up the sedimentary sequence were derived predominantly from the erosion of granitoid rocks and sedimentary and metamorphic rocks constitute a minor provenance. Imbrications and the trend sizes of clasts indicate that the palaeo-current flow toward northeast. Cross bedding that was found in conglomerate and sandstone indicates the main channel depositional environment. The sequence stratigraphy of this area match with the Saskatchewan fluvial braided channel model."

"Archaeological sites of Pengkalan Bharu, Perak is one of the important ports in Malaysia. The port is associated with the center of the Government of New Beruas. Establishment of the port city is to anticipate the enemy like a pirate attack of siam, Aceh, Maja-pahit, selangor and Portuguses."

"Lokasi penelitian ini berada di daerah Kecamatan Cimanggu dan sekitarnya yang secara geografis terletak pada koordinat batas timur laut UTM 262370 E 9198862 N serta batas barat daya UTM 256431 E 9192930 N. Wilayah ini mencakup Desa Cijati, Pesahangan, Desa Negarajati, serta desa sekitarnya, Kecamatan Cimanggu, Kabupaten Cilacap, Jawa Tengah. Daerah penelitian termasuk ke dalam Formasi Halang berdasarkan Peta Geologi Lembar Majenang (Kastowo dan Suwarna, 1996). Formasi Halang merupakan salah satu Formasi pengisi Cekungan Banyumas, terendapkan pada umur Miosen Tengah hingga Pliosen Awal, dengan dominasi batuan sedimen jenis turbidit yang terendapkan pada zona batial atas. Batuan sedimen jenis turbidit inilah yang menjadi fokus penelitian kali ini untuk mengetahui fasies endapan turbidit serta asosiasinya agar dapat menenentukan sub-lingungan pengendapan pada daerah penelitian. Bagian timur laut daerah penelitian didominasi oleh ukuran butir yang lebih kasar sedangkan pada bagian barat daya didominasi oleh butiran yang lebih halus. Daerah penelitian terbukti terendapkan dengan mekanisme turbidit dikarenakan jenis litologi yang beragam, dari yang berbutir kasar (breksi – pasir sedang) hingga berbutir halus (pasir halus – lanau). Didapatkan umur relatif Formasi Halang yang mencakup daerah penelitian pada Miosen Tengah (N11) berdasarkan analisis mikrofosil. Berdasarkan pengukuran measuring section, analisis makroskopis dan mikroskopis, didapatkan 5 lintasan log stratigrafi yang memiliki fasies dominan proksimal pada timur laut dan medial pada barat daya berdasarkan klasifikasi dekatnya dari sumber sedimen (Nichols, 2009). Diasosiasikan dengan sub-lingkungan pengendapan kipas laut dalam (submarine fan) dan diinterpretasikan merupakan bagian inner fan dan middle fan, dengan tiga fasies pengendapan channel dan levee serta depositional lobes berdasarkan Nichols (2009).

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The location of this research is in the Cimanggu region and its surroundings which is geographically located at the coordinates of the northeastern boundary of UTM 262370 E 9198862 N and the southwest boundary of UTM 256431 E 9192930 N. This area includes Cijati Village, Pesahangan, Negarajati Village, and the surrounding villages, Subdistrict Cimanggu, Cilacap Regency, Central Java. The research area is included in the Halang Formation based on the Geological Map of the Majenang Sheet by Kastowo and Suwarna (1996). The Halang Formation is one of the filling formations of the Banyumas Basin, deposited in the Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene age, with the dominance of turbidite sedimentary rocks deposited in the upper bathial zone. This turbidite sedimentary rock is the main focus of this research to determine the turbidite depositional facies and their associations in order to determine the sub-environment of the deposition in the study area. The northeastern part of the study area is dominated by coarser grain sizes, while the southwest is dominated by finer grains. The study area was proven to be deposited by a turbidite mechanism due to the various types of lithology, from coarse-grained rocks (breccia – medium sand) to fine-grained rocks (fine sand – silt). The relative age of the Halang Formation which covers the study area is in the Middle Miocene (N11) based on microfossil analysis. Based on measuring section measurements, macroscopic and microscopic analysis, obtained 5 stratigraphic log paths which have dominant facies proximal to the northeast and medial to the southwest based on the close classification of sediment sources (Nichols, 2009). Associated with sub-depositional sub-environment of submarine fans and interpreted as part of the inner fan and middle fan, with three depositional facies channel, levee and depositional lobes based on Nichols (2009)."

"This fully revised and updated edition introduces the reader to sedimentology and stratigraphic principles, and provides tools for the interpretation of sediments and sedimentary rocks."

"Dekomposisi spektral dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi zona prospektif pada pendekatan unconventional petroleum play. Dimana dibutuhkan studi kompherensif yang bertujuan mendapatkan area dengan dominasi batupasir. Penelitian ini menggunakan Metode dekomposisi spektral untuk melakukan pemetaan area prospektif secara kualitatif. Hasil dari dekomposisi spektral dapat dikorelasikan dengan amplitudo RMS. Dimana amplitudo RMS dapat membantu menemukan fasies prospektif dengan kehadiran bright spot. Objek penelitian ini ialah area Formasi Brown Shale yang berada di Cekungan Sumatera Tengah. Tujuan pemetaan ini ialah memetakan fasies batupasir dengan tingkat kemenerusan lateral yang tinggi. Penelitian ini juga membandingkan hasil dekomposisi spektral dengan pendekatan short time fourier transform dan continuous wavelet transform. Dimana dekomposisi spektral dengan pendekatan continuous wavelet transform juga dilakukan memakai variasi tipe wavelet seperti morlet, gaussian, dan mexican hat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan frekuensi dominan pada Formasi Brown Shale sebesar 17 Hz dapat terlihat area prospektif terdapat pada wilayah utara, tengah, dan selatan top Brown Shale. Hasil dari RGB Blending dan amplitudo RMS juga dapat mengidentifikasi batupasir dengan kemenerusan lateral secara baik. Dimana kemenerusan lateral terbaik ada pada area utara, tengah, dan selatan top Brown Shale. Dekomposisi spektral dan amplitudo RMS juga dapat mengidentifikasi lingkungan pengendapan seperti lakustrin, delta plain, alluvial plain, fluvial dan alluvial fan. Identifikasi lingkungan pengendapan dilakukan berdasarkan gambaran pada peta dekomposisi spektral, amplitudo RMS, dan informasi geologi pada Formasi Brown Shale.

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Spectral decomposition can be used to identify prospective zones in unconventional petroleum plays. A comprehensive study is needed to target areas dominated by sandstone. This research utilizes the spectral decomposition method to qualitatively map prospective areas. The results of spectral decomposition can be correlated with RMS amplitude, which can help identify prospective facies with bright spots. The study focuses on the Brown Shale Formation in the Central Sumatra Basin. The mapping goal is to identify sandstone facies with high lateral continuity. The study also compares the results of spectral decomposition with the short-time Fourier transform and continuous wavelet transform approaches. The continuous wavelet transform is applied using various wavelet types, such as Morlet, Gaussian, and Mexican hat. These studies show that the dominant frequency in the Brown Shale Formation is 17 Hz, which reveals prospective areas in the northern, central, and southern regions of the top Brown Shale. RGB Blending and RMS amplitude results are also effective in identifying sandstone with good lateral continuity, particularly in the northern, central, and southern areas of the top Brown Shale. Furthermore, spectral decomposition and RMS amplitude analysis can help identify depositional environments, such as lacustrine, delta plain, alluvial plain, fluvial, and alluvial fan. These depositional environments are identified based on the spectral decomposition map, RMS amplitude information, and geological data of the Brown Shale Formation."

"Cekungan Sumatra Selatan adalah salah satu wilayah yang memiliki potensi besar dalam cadangan minyak bumi dan gas, terutama di Formasi Talang Akar. Untuk mengoptimalkan eksplorasi dan produksi di cekungan ini, dibutuhkan studi yang melibatkan bidang geologi untuk menemukan dan mengembangkan potensi baru. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada Formasi Talang Akar Bagian Bawah, dengan menggunakan beberapa sumur bor di daerah penelitian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis persebaran dari variasi litologi dan menganalisis fasies dan sistem pengendapan berdasarkan pola elektrofasies pada tiap sumur daerah penelitian dari batuan penyusun Formasi Talang Akar Bagian Bawah pada lapangan “X”. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini melibatkan data batuan inti dan data sumur. Kedua jenis data tersebut memiliki peran penting dalam mengkarakterisasi batuan penyusun yang terdapat di daerah penelitian. Analisis fasies dan sistem pengendapan digunakan untuk menggambarkan sifat dan lingkungan deposisi batuan, yang diambil dari data batuan inti yang akan digunakan sebagai validasi terhadap interpretasi data sumur atau elektrofasies. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daerah penelitian dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa elemen yaitu, fluvial meandering channel, floodplain, tidal distributary channel, distributary mouth bar, dan delta front/marine shale. Elemen tersebut terendapkan pada dua sistem pengendapan yang berbeda, yaitu meandering system dan tide dominated delta system. Hasil interpretasi log gamma ray pada tiga sumur menunjukkan dua litologi utama: sandstone dan shale. Persebaran litologi dan pola penyusunannya dapat dikorelasikan antar sumur. Namun, satu tubuh sandstone tebal di dasar sumur B-1 tidak ada pada dua sumur lainnya. Secara vertikal, pola litologi dari log gamma ray menunjukkan beberapa tren, termasuk fase yang didominasi oleh sandstone dan fase yang didominasi oleh shale. Dalam penelitian ini, analisis fasies dan sistem pengendapan akan memberikan pemahaman yang mendalam tentang karakteristik batuan dan lingkungan deposisi di Lapangan “X”, Formasi Talang Akar Bagian Bawah. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi atau sudut pandang baru terhadap kegiatan pengembangan lapangan minyak dan gas bumi pada daerah penelitian.

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The South Sumatra Basin is one of the regions with significant potential for oil and gas reserves, especially within the Talang Akar Formation. To optimize exploration and production in this basin, a study involving the field of geology is needed to discover and develop new potentials. This research focuses on the Lower Talang Akar Formation, using several drilling wells in the research area. The objective of this study is to analyze the distribution of lithological variations and to analyze facies and deposition systems based on electrofacies patterns in each well within the research area of the Lower Talang Akar Formation in the "X" field. The methods employed in this research involve core rock data and well data. Both types of data play a crucial role in characterizing the constituent rocks present in the research area. Facies and deposition system analysis are used to depict the nature and depositional environment of the rocks, derived from core rock data, which will be used as validation for the interpretation of well data or electrofacies. The research results indicate that the research area can be divided into several elements, namely fluvial meandering channels, floodplains, tidal distributary channels, distributary mouth bars, and delta fronts/marine shales. These elements are deposited within two distinct deposition systems, namely the meandering system and the tide-dominated delta system. The interpretation results of the gamma-ray log in the three wells indicate two main lithologies: sandstone and shale. The distribution of lithology and its arrangement can be correlated between wells. However, a thick sandstone body at the base of well B-1 is not present in the other two wells. Vertically, the lithology pattern from the gamma-ray log indicates several trends, including phases dominated by sandstone and phases dominated by shale. In this study, facies and deposition system analysis will provide an in-depth understanding of rock characteristics and depositional environments in the "X" field of the Lower Talang Akar Formation. This research is expected to contribute new insights or perspectives to the development of oil and gas fields in the research area."