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"This article seeks first of all to gain an accurate picture of the types of expectations that individual Japanese regular employees have toward their jobs and careers, which we will approach through the concept of “career orientation.” Secondly, it seeks to analyze the extent to which opportunities for job ad- vancement and internal promotion and regular employees’ working styles are diversified in relation to their career orientations. Thirdly, it aims to assess levels of job satisfaction among groups with different career orientations. And finally, it seeks to draw some implications from the findings related to the featured theme of “diversification of regular employees.”Our findings are as follows: for one thing, the career-orientations of em- ployees are indeed diversified. Their opportunities for job advancement and internal promotion are also diversified corresponding to their career orienta- tions. Also, there are correlations between the length of working hours and ca- reer orientation, but only among female employees. In addition, it was found that job satisfaction is lowest among male employees who place a priority on a working style that emphasizes balance between work and private or family life. Based on these findings, we have examined the significance of introducing systems that formally establish multiple employment categories among regular employees to accommodate their different career patterns and working styles according to their diversified career orientations."

"his article seeks first of all to gain an accurate picture of the types of expectations that individual Japanese regular employees have toward their jobs and careers, which we will approach through the concept of “career orientation.” Secondly, it seeks to analyze the extent to which opportunities for job ad- vancement and internal promotion and regular employees’ working styles are diversified in relation to their career orientations. Thirdly, it aims to assess levels of job satisfaction among groups with different career orientations. And finally, it seeks to draw some implications from the findings related to the featured theme of “diversification of regular employees.”Our findings are as follows: for one thing, the career-orientations of em- ployees are indeed diversified. Their opportunities for job advancement and internal promotion are also diversified corresponding to their career orienta- tions. Also, there are correlations between the length of working hours and ca- reer orientation, but only among female employees. In addition, it was found that job satisfaction is lowest among male employees who place a priority on a working style that emphasizes balance between work and private or family life. Based on these findings, we have examined the significance of introducing systems that formally establish multiple employment categories among regular employees to accommodate their different career patterns and working styles according to their diversified career orientations."

"In the field of labor administration in Japan there is growing interest in the in- troduction of “restricted regular employment.” This paper investigates two types of restricted regular employment: regular employment with restrictions on type of work (“work-type-restricted regular employment”) and regular em- ployment with restrictions on work location (“work-location-restricted regular employment”). It provides analysis of quantitative and qualitative data that sheds light on the extent to which such employees are currently utilized, what kinds of places of business utilize them, and the attributes, aspects of em- ployment, and personnel management challenges of each type. Work-type-restricted regular employees face difficulties developing their ca- reer to managerial level, due to the fact that they are assigned different work duties and receive different training to regular employees without restrictions on their work type. They also consequently tend to remain in a job for shorter periods than regular employees without restrictions on their work type. Work-location-restricted regular employees tend to have lower wage levels than regular employees without restrictions on their work location. As work-location-restricted regular employees may engage in the same work du- ties as regular employees without restrictions on their work location, they are prone to be dissatisfied with their wages. In order to allow for more wide- spread use of work-type-restricted regular employment, it is necessary to es- tablish external labor markets—namely, to develop environments in which such employees can change jobs without disadvantage—and in order to allow for more widespread use of work-location-restricted regular employment it is necessary to establish systems within companies by which employees from various employment categories are able to voice their opinions on wage levels."

"his paper examines the implications and issues for female employment under the rationale of “diverse regular employees,” whereby restrictions are placed on an employee’s work type, place of work, etc. In Japan, the introduction of a course-based employment management system has been advocated by employers’ associations since around the 1980s. Particularly in larger companies, the majority of male employees have been hired on the “managerial career track,” with no restriction on working hours, work type and place of work, and the majority of females on the “clerical career track,” with restrictions on work type and place of work, on the assumption of short-term employment. The conventional course-based employment management system and “diverse reg- ular employees” resemble each other, in that they both create categories of employment management in which there are restrictions on the work type and place of work, etc. But if we consider the ideal employment management sys- tem, there is a difference as to whether the respective employment is “short-term” or “medium- to long-term.” Depending on how systems are de- signed with a view to forming medium- to long-term careers, the policy of “diverse regular employees” could in fact both reinforce and eliminate Japan’s gender pay gap and gender imbalance in types of employment, which are on the large side among industrialized nations"

"As the Japanese government seeks to encourage greater implementation of restricted regular employment systems, it is important to ascertain the current developments regarding such forms of employment. Focusing particularly on the differences that arise depending on company size, this paper investigates the attributes of restricted regular employees and factors determining wages and satisfaction levels. The analysis results show that restricted regular employment is helping companies to provide more flexible ways of working, as reflected by the fact that women who are caring for and raising children tend to work as regular employees with restrictions on their working hours. The results also suggest that as many large companies have multiple places of business and need employees to be prepared for the possibility of personnel transfers particularly those that involve moving to a new place of work—their approach to forms of employment that restrict such transfers may involve lowering wages. The findings also indicate that in small and medium-sized companies, which may need to operate with a comparatively limited number of staff and may therefore assign a wide scope of work duties to each employee, placing restrictions on scope of work duties allows employees to concentrate on certain types of work and in turn increases their levels of job satisfaction."

"In Japan around 100,000 working carers leave their jobs each year. While long-term care leave was legislated in 1995 with the aim of ensuring that working carers do not leave their jobs, few workers use such leave. The Japanese government has addressed this problem in 2016 by proposing amendments to the Child Care and Family Care Leave Act to allow workers to take care leave more flexibly. Focusing on another aspect of combining work and care, this paper addresses the possibility that workers who remain in their jobs may suffer from the effects of having to combine work with providing care. Although fatigue among carers has been raised as a problem in the context of issues that arise outside the workplace, such as abuse or murder of care receivers or suicide among carers, the effects that fatigue may have on carers’ work is rarely a topic of discussion. The results of our original data analysis show that physical fatigue due to providing care while working full time raises the risk of having an accident while at work and failing to meet work quotas. It is therefore crucial to consider means of ensuring that working carers who come to the office as usual are able to maintain their health and work performance."

"Can workers' rights and social protections be reconciled wtih firms competitiveness and productivity? In contrast to current development policy advice which emphasizes the "Flexibilization" of labour laws,this article contributes to an ....."

"Peran serikat pekerja/serikat buruh “Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta)” di luar perusahaan bagi pekerja/buruh yang menjadi Anggota merupakan tanda pentingnya berserikat bagi pekerja/buruh. Demi menyejahterakan pekerja/buruh, Indonesia membuat Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2000 tentang Serikat Pekerja/Serikat Buruh. Payung hukum ini perlu mengikuti perkembangan serikat pekerja/serikat buruh, baik serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di perusahaan maupun serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di luar perusahaan. Terlebih di dalam praktiknya, serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di perusahaan dan serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di luar perusahaan memiliki hak dan kewajiban yangberbeda. Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta) yang tercatat di Kota Yogyakarta menjadi serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di luar perusahaan yang berupaya menyesuikan serikatnya dengan perkembangan di bidang perburuhan. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini menganalisis bagaimana pengaturan tentang serikat pekerja/serikat buruh yang ada di dalam peraturanperundang-undangan beserta peran serikat pekerja/serikat buruh “Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta)” di luar perusahaan bagi pekerja/buruh yang menjadi Anggota. Dengan menggunakan bentuk penelitian yuridis normatif dan tipologi penelitiandeskriptif analitis, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peraturan perundang-undangan belum mengatur secara rinci tentang perbedaan hak dan kewajiban antara serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di perusahaan dan serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di luar perusahaan, padahal keduanya memiliki hak dan kewajiban yang berbeda di dalam praktiknya.Ketiadaan dasar hukum menyebabkan tidak semua serikat pekerja/serikat buruh diakomodasi oleh instansi pemerintah yang bertanggung jawab di bidang ketenagakerjaan. Selain itu, peran Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta) sudah terealisasi dan dirasakan oleh pekerja/buruh yang menjadi Anggota. Di tengah peraturan perundangundangan dan instansi pemerintah yang belum sepenuhnya mengakomodasi serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di luar perusahaan, Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta) menjadi serikat pekerja/serikat buruh yang lebih terbuka dan mandiri.

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The role of “Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta)” trade union outside of the enterprise

for workers/employees who are part of it is a sign of the importance of unions for workers/employees. In order to achieve the welfare of workers/employees, Indonesia enacted Law of the Republic Indonesia Number 21 of 2000 on Trade Union. This legal protection needs to follow the growth and evolvement of trade union, both trade union inside of the enterprise and trade union outside of the enterprise. Moreover, in practice,

trade union inside of the enterprise and trade union outside of the enterprise have different

rights and obligations. Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta), registered in Yogyakarta, is a trade union outside of the enterprise that seeks to adapt its trade union to the growth and evolvement of the labor sector. Therefore, this paper analyzes how trade union are regulated by law along with the role of "Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta)" trade union outside of the enterprise for workers/employees who are part of it. By using a normative juridical research and a descriptive analytical research typology, the result of the research shows that the rights and obligations of trade union inside of the enterprise and trade union outside of the enterprise have not been regulated in details, even though the fact that both have different rights and obligations in practice. The absence of this legal basis means that not all trade unions are served by the government agency that responsible for manpower affairs. Furthermore, the gain of Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta) has been real and perceived by workers/employees who are part of it. While there are no regulations and government agencies that fully served the trade union outside of the enterprise, Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta) has become more open and independent."