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"Efek pergerakan gigi pada perawatan ortodonti pada aktivitas aspartat aminotransferase saliva. Aspartat aminotransferase merupakan salah satu indikator biologis yang dilepaskan ke dalam cairan celah gusi. Aplikasi gaya ortodonti pada gigi dapat meningkatkan aktivitas aspartat aminotransferase dalam cairan celah gusi. namun peningkatan aktivitas aspartat aminotransferase dalam cairan saliva akibat gaya ortodonti belum diketahui. Tujuan: (1) mengevaluasi durasi pemberian gaya ortodonti terhadap aktivitas aspartat aminotransferase di dalam saliva berdasarkan durasi pemberian gaya. (2) mengevaluasi korelasi jarak pergerakan gigi dengan aktivitas aspartat aminotransferase. Metode: Pengumpulan 20 sampel saliva subjek dilakukan sebelum pencabutan gigi premolar pertama, sebelum dan sesudah pemberian gaya untuk penarikan kaninus ke distal. Penarikan kaninus menggunakan gaya interrupted (module chain) sebesar 100g selama 30 hari. Pengambilan saliva dan pengukuran jarak pergerakan gigi kaninus dilakukan 1 hari, 7 hari, 14 hari, 21 hari, dan 28 hari setelah pemberian gaya. Pengukuran aktivitas aspartat aminotransferase dalam saliva menggunakan alat spektrofotometer. Hasil: hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian gaya ortodonti dapat mempengaruhi aktivitas aspartat aminotransferase dalam saliva (F=25,290, p=0,000). Jarak pergerakan gigi berkorelasi dengan aktivitas aspartat aminotransferase (F=0,429, p=0,000). Simpulan: Aktivitas aspartat aminotransferase dapat digunakan sebagai indikator jarak pergerakan gigi berdasarkan durasi pemberian gaya.

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Aspartate aminotransferase is one of biological indicator in gingival crevicular fluid (CFG). Force orthodontic application could increase activity of aspartate aminotransferase in CFG. However, the increase activity of aspartate aminotransferase in saliva due to orthodontic force and its correlation between aspartate aminotransferase activity and tooth movement remains unclear. Objectives: To evaluate application orthodontic force on the aspartate aminotransferase activity in saliva based on the duration of force and finding correlation between tooth movement and aspartate aminotransferase activity. Methods: Twenty saliva samples collected before extraction of first premolar, at the time of force application for canine retraction and after force application. The canines retraction used 100grams of interrupted force (module chain) for thirty days. The collection of saliva and the measurement of tooth movement were carried out 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days after force application. The measurement of aspartate aminotransferase activity in saliva was done using spectrophotometer. Results: Application of orthodontic force influences the salivary aspartate aminotransferase activity (F=25.290, p=0.000). Furthermore, tooth movement correlated with aspartate aminotransferase activity (F=0.429, p=0.000). Conclusion: Aspartate aminotransferase activity could be used as tooth movement indicator that related to the duration of force application."

"Aktifitas aspartat amino transferase setelah berkumur dengan teh hijau dan klorheksidin glukonat. Perawatan ortodontik dapat meningkatkan akumulasi plak gigi. Plak dapat menyebabkan peradangan pada gingiva. peradangan dapat dinilai dari kadar aspartat aminotransferase (AST) dalam cairan krevicular gingiva (CKG). bat kumur bermanfaat untuk mengurangi akumulasi plak gigi selama perawatan ortodontik. Klorheksidin glukonat sering digunakan sebagai obat kumur. Teh hijau adalah salah satu bahan alam yang dapat digunakan untuk obat kumur yang dianggap dapat mengurangi akumulasi plak. Tujuan: Membandingkan efek antara teh hijau dan klorheksidin glukonat aktivitas AST di GCF pada pasien yang menjalani perawatan ortodontik dengan molar band. Metode: Studi eksperimental dilakukan terhadap 40 subjek dewasa. Subjek dibagi secara acak menjadi dua kelompok: teh hijau (n=20) dan klorheksidin glukonat (n=20). Aktivitas AST diukur sebelum pemasangan band , 7 dan 30 hari setelah pemasangan band. Uji ANOVA digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara kadar AST sebelum, 7 dan 30 hari setelah pemasangan band pada kelompok teh hijau (p<0,05). Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara kadar AST sebelum pemasangan band, 7 dan 30 hari setelah pemasangan band pada kelompok klorheksidin glukonat (p<0,049). Tidak ada perbedaan antara masing-masing kelompok (p<0,05). Simpulan: Obat kumur teh hijau memiliki efektivitas yang sama dengan klorheksidin glukonat dalam mengurangi tingkat AST pada pasien ortodontik.

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Patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment are susceptible to dental plaque accumulation. Plaque can cause inflammation in gingiva. It could be assessed by aspartat aminotransferase (AST) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Mouth rinse could be useful to reduce dental plaque accumulation during orthodontic treatment. Chlorhexidine gluconate is often used as mouth rinse in dental practice. n the other hand, green tea is one of natural ingredient that can be used for mouth rinse which is assumed could reduce plaque accumulation. Objectives: To compare the effect between green tea and chlorhexidine gluconate on AST activity in GCF in patient undergoing orthodontic treatment with molar band. Methods: An experimental study was conducted included forty adult subjects. They were randomized into two groups: green tea (n=20) and chlorhexidine gluconate (n=20). AST activity was measured before band insertion, 7 and 30 days after band insertion. One way and two-ways ANOVA were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed significant difference of AST levels between before, 7 and 30 days after band insertion in the green tea groups (p<0.05). In contrast, there was no significant differences of AST levels between before band insertion, 7 and 30 days after band insertion in the chlorhexidine gluconate groups (p=0.049). There were no difference between each groups with two way ANOVA (p<0.05). Conclusions: Gargle effect of green tea was as effective as chlorhexidine gluconate in reducing AST levels related to banded first molars in adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment."

"Aplikasi gaya ortodonti terhadap aktivitas laktat dehidrogenase dalam saliva. Pergerakan gigi secara ortodonti menghasilkan gaya-gaya mekanik pada jaringan periodontal dan tulang alveolar. Gaya-gaya mekanik ini berhubungan dengan respon awal pada jaringan periodontium and terjadi banyak perubahan-perubahan metabolik. Salah satu perubahan metabolik yang dapat terjadi adalah peningkatan aktivitas enzim laktat dehidrogenase yang dapat dideteksi dalam saliva. Tujuan: Mengetahui korelasi antara pemberian gaya ortodonti dan aktivitas laktat dehidrogenase dalam saliva serta jarak pergerakan gigi. Metode: Penelitian ini mengunakan 140 sampel saliva dari 20 subjek, yaitu saliva yang diambil sebelum pencabutan gigi premolar, sebelum penarikan gigi kaninus rahang atas, 1, 7, 14, 21, dan 28 hari setelah penarikan gigi kaninus dengan gaya ortodonti interruptedsebesar 100g. Hasil: Analisis ANOVA menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang bermakna antara aktivitas laktat dehidrogenase dengan durasi pemberian gaya (F=11,926; p=0,000). Perbedaan bermakna juga ditunjukkan pada waktu sebelum dilakukan penarikan gigi kaninus dengan kelompok waktu 14 dan 28 hari. Terdapat kemaknaan antara regio penarikan berpengaruh terhadap jarak pergerakan (F=7,377; p=0,007), dan terdapat pengaruh antara durasi pemberian gaya terhadap jarak pergerakan gigi (F=66,554; p=0,000). Perbedaan bermakna diperlihatkan antara kelompok sebelum penarikan gigi kaninus terhadap kelompok 1, 7, 14, 21, dan 28 hari setelah penarikan gigi kaninus. Simpulan: Aplikasi gaya ortodonti pada gigi kaninus dapat meningkatkan jarak pergerakan gigi dan aktivitas laktat dehidrogenase dalam saliva."

"Application of mechanical force on abnormally positioned tooth, cause changes in tooth location and transmitted to the bone ia the periodontal ligament (PDL) produce orthodontic tooth movement. This force application is further way that remodeling in the area occurs. In order to develop biological strategies for enhancing this movement of teeth in bone, the underlying mechanisms of bone resorption and apposition should be understood in detail. Analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) may be a good means of examining the on going molecular and cellular process associated with gingival and bone turnover during orthodontic tooth movement. If it could be possible to biologically monitor and predict the outcome of orthodontic force, then the appliance management could be based on dividual tissue responseand the effectiveness of the treatment could be improved and understanding their biology is critical to finding ways to modifybone biology to move teeth faster. The present article reviewed ashort introduction to some mayors advanced mechanical force inmolecular and cellular biology during orthodontic tooth movement."

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Pada penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya, zoledronate bisphosphonate dalam bentuk gel emulsi telah terbukti meningkatkan jumlah apoptosis sel osteoklas. Aplikasi topikal dalam bentuk gel telah banyak digunakan pada rongga mulut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui stabilitas fisik gel zoledronate bisphosphonate sebagai salah satu syarat dalam pengembangan produk baru.Metode: Formulasi gel zoledronate dibuat dari carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC), gliserin, dan sodium benzoat dengan dosis 40 μg zoledronate dalam setiap 25 mg gel. Gel disimpan pada suhu 25°C dan 40°C selama 28 hari dan dievaluasi viskositas, pH, daya sebar, daya lekat, dan kadar obat pada awal, hari ke-7, hari ke-14, dan hari ke-28.Hasil: Pada penyimpanan suhu 25°C, uji repeated measure ANOVA menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada parameter viskositas, daya sebar, dan daya lekat antar waktu penyimpanan (p>0,05). Pada parameter kadar obat dan pH, terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik (p<0,05) namun secara kuantatif masih dalam batas normal. Sementara pada hari ke-28 penyimpanan suhu 40°C, gel mengeras sehingga pengujian hanya dilakukan pada hari ke-7 dan ke-14. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik pada semua parameter uji stabilitas (p<0,05) antar waktu pengamatan pada suhu 40°C. Hasil uji t-test independent menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik pada semua parameter (p>0,05) antar suhu penyimpanan pada hari ke-7 dan ke-14.Kesimpulan: Nilai viskositas, daya sebar, daya lekat, kadar obat, dan pH gel zoledronate stabil selama 28 hari pada suhu penyimpanan 25°C. Pada suhu 40°C setelah hari ke-14, gel zoledronate menjadi tidak stabil karena konsistensi gel mengeras pada hari ke-28.

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ABSTRACT

Introduction: In the previous study, topical application of zoledronate bisphosphonate in gel emulsion has been proven to increase the number of osteoclasts apoptosis. In the oral cavity, topical application is commonly used in gel form; therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the physical stability of zoledronate bisphosphonate in gel form as one of the prerequisites in developing a new drug product.

Methods: The gel formulation was prepared using carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC), glycerine, and sodium benzoate in a dosage form of 40 μg zoledronate in every 25 mg gel. The gels were stored at 25°C and 40°C for 28 days and evaluated for viscosity, pH value, spreadability, adhesive strength, and drug content on the 1st day, 7th day, 14th day, and 28th day.

Results: At the 25°C of storage, repeated measure ANOVA test shows no statistically significant changes in viscosity, spreadability, and adhesive strength between the 7th, 14th, and 28th day (p>0,05). The changes in drug content and pH value were statistically significant (p<0,05) but quantitatively still in the normal range. Meanwhile, on the 28th day at the 40°C of storage, the gel hardened; therefore, the stability test could only be performed on the 7th and 14th day. There were statistically significant changes in all parameters (p<0,05) between the 7th, 14th, and 28th day at 40°C. The t-test independent shows no statistically significant changes in all parameters (p>0,05) between the 25°C and 40°C of storage on the 7th and 14th day.

Conclusion: The zoledronate bisphosphonate gel was stable in viscosity, spreadability, adhesive strength, drug content, and pH value at 25°C for 28 days. At 40°C of storage, zoledronate gel was unstable after 14 days because the consistency of the gel hardened on the 28th day."

"Latar belakang: Sel punca mesenkim (SPM) telah menjadi salah satu alternatif untuk menghambat proses fibrosis dan memperbaiki fungsi hati. Berbagai jalur dapat digunakan untuk pemberian SPM, namun belum banyak studi yang membandingkan jalur pemberian. Pada studi ini dibandingkan pemberian SPM intrahepatika dan intrasplenika terhadap fungsi hati dan derajat fibrosis hati Oryctolagus cuniculus ligasi duktus bilier.Metode penelitian: Penelitian ekperimental dengan menggunakan model hewan kelinci (Oryctolagus cuniculus) yang dilakukan ligasi duktus bilier (LDB). Kelinci dibagi ke dalam 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok sham surgery, LDB, injeksi SPM intrahepatika(LDB + SPM IH) dan injeksi SPM intrasplenika (LDB + SPM IS). Injeksi SPM tali pusat dilakukan pada hari kelima LBD, kemudian kelinci diobservasi sebelum diterminasi seluruhnya pada hari ke-14. Dinilai fungsi hati yang dinilai dengan kadar serum AST, ALT, bilirubin total dan direk, serta derajat fibrosis hati yang dinilai dengan skor Laennec.  Hasil penelitian: Dari total 23 kelinci, dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok sham 2 ekor dan masing-masing 7 ekor untuk kelompok LDB, LDB + SPM IH, dan IS. Didapatkan mortalitas sebesar 57,1% pada kelompok LDB, mortalitas 14,3% pada kelompok LDB + SPM IH dan mortalitas 28,6 pada kelompok LDB + SPM IS sebelum penelitian selesai. Tidak didapatkan perbedaan yang bermakna untuk fungsi hati seperti AST, ALT, bilirubin total, dan direk antarkelompok, namun terkesan median fungsi hati pada kelompok LDB lebih tinggi dibanding sham surgery, serta median kelompok LDB + SPM IH dan IS lebih menyerupai normal. Fungsi hati tampak lebih baik pada kelompok LDB + SPM IS dibanding LDB + SPM IH, meskipun secara statistik tidak bermakna. Pemeriksaan histopatologi kelinci yang dilakukan ligasi duktus bilier menunjukkan derajat fibrosis Laennec 4B, yang tidak berbeda antar ketiga kelompok. Area fraction fibrosis, jumlah hepatosit yang viabel dan nekrosis, serta jumlah sel progenitor dianalisis, tidak terdapat perbedaan yang ditemukan antara kelompok LDB + SPM IH dan LDB + SPM IS, namun kelompok yang diberikan SPM memiliki jumlah hepatosit viabel yang lebih banyak dibandingkan kelompok LDB.Kesimpulan: Pemberian SPM intrahepatika dan intrasplenika tidak berpengaruh pada fungsi hati dan derajat fibrosis hati Oryctolagus cuniculus pascaligasi duktus bilier. Pemberian SPM akan meningkatkan jumlah hepatosit yang viabel pada model cuniculus pascaligasi duktus bilier.

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Background: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) becomes an alternative to attenuate liver fibrosis and to improve liver function. A couple of administration route had been studied, but few compared one to another. This study aims to compare intrahepatic and intrasplenic route of administration of MSC in regards of liver function and degree of liver fibrosis in Oryctolagus cuniculus bile duct ligation model.

Method: This is an experimental study using rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) bile duct ligation model. The subjects were randomized into 4 groups: sham surgery, bile duct ligation (BDL), intrahepatic route of MSC (BDL + MSC IH), and intrasplenic route of MSC (BDL + MSC IS). Umbilical cord MSC was administered in the fifth day of bile duct ligation, and the subject was observed until terminated on 14th day post BDL. The liver function, such as AST, ALT, total and direct bilirubin were evaluated, and the degree of fibrosis was evaluated with Laennec score. 

Result: The subjects were grouped into 4 group: 2 sham surgery, and each had 7 in BDL, BDL + MSC IH and BDL + MSC IH groups. Mortality rate in control group was 57,1%, mortality in BDL + MSC IH group was 14,3% and in BDL + MSC IS group was 28,6%. No significant difference was found regarding liver function in each group such as AST, ALT, total and direct bilirubin, but the median of liver function in BDL group seemed worse than in sham sugery group, and the median of liver function in BDL + MSC IH and BDL + MSC IS groups were closed to sham operated (normal). Liver function seemed to be better in BDL + MSC IS group compared to BDL + MSC IH group, but showed no statistical difference. Histopathology examination in subjects undergone bile duct ligation (regardless of MSC) show the degree of fibrosis of Laennec 4B. Fibrosis area fraction, the number of viable and necrosis hepatocyte, and progenitor cell are analysed; no significant difference was found between BDL + MSC IH and BDL + MSC IS group, but the group administered with MSC shows larger number of viable hepatocyte compared to BDL group.

Conclusion: Administration of intrahepatic or intrasplenic MSC did not show significant improvement the liver function and liver fibrosis in Oryctolagus cuniculus bile duct ligation model. Administration of MSC would increase the number of viabel hepatocyte in Oryctolagus cuniculus bile duct ligation model."

"Injeksi PGE2 pada mukosa bukal bersamaan dengan tekanan ortodonti dapat mempercepat pergerakan gigi. Namun metode ini mempunyai kekurangan yaitu resorpsi tulang alveolar dan akar gigi yang besar serta rasa sakit. Gel digunakan sebagai media penghantar, menggantikan bentuk injeksi. Stabilitas PGE2 dalam gel, efek aplikasi gel PGE2 pada pergerakan gigi, konsentrasi RANKL pada GCF dan serum serta resorpsi tulang alveolar dan resorpsi akar gigi belum pernah diketahui. Penelitian ini eksperimental laboratorium in vitro untuk uji stabilitas gel PGE2 lyophillized dan in vivo pada Macaca fascicularis. Mukosa bukal kaninus kanan dioleskan gel PGE2, sedangkan kaninus kiri dioleskan gel tanpa PGE2, keduanya disertai tekanan ortodonti, pada awal, jam kedua dan keempat, selama dua menit. Pengolesan gel, pengukuran pergerakan gigi, pengambilan darah dan GCF, dilakukan setiap minggu. Macaca dieuthanasia, dinekropsi lalu dibuat sediaan histologi dan dievaluasi dengan TRAP. Gel PGE2 lyophillized tidak stabil, sehingga dibuat resenter paratus. Gel PGE2 dapat mempercepat pergerakan gigi 1,8 kali, RANKL dan resorpsi tulang alveolar lebih besar dari kontrol, serta resorpsi akar sama dengan kontrol. Gel PGE2 mempunyai prospek sebagai medikasi topikal untuk mempercepat pergerakan gigi ortodontik.

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The injection of PGE2 on buccal mucosa along with orthodontic force could accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. Nevertheless, this method also has adverse effects such as pain, over resorption of the alveolar bone and root structure. PGE2 gel to substitute the necessity of injection. Hence, the effect of PGE2 gel on the rate of tooth movement and RANKL concentration in GCF and blood serum also alveolar bone and root resorption is yet to be determined.

This study was an experimental laboratory in vitro to know the stability of PGE2 gel lyophillized and in vivo in Macaca fascicularis. PGE2 gel was applied on buccal mucosa of right canine along with orthodontic force and non- PGE2 gel on left canine on beginning, second, and fourth hour each for two minutes. Gel application, tooth movement measurement, blood sample, and GCF were done every week. Macaca euthanized, and made histology ​​ and evaluated by TRAP. PGE2 gel was made resenter paratus due to instability.

Results showed that PGE2 gel enhanced tooth movement 1.8 times, RANKL and alveolar bone resorption were greater than control and root resorption was similar to control. PGE2 gel had a good prospect as topical medication to enhance tooth movement in orthodontics."

"Information on salivary characteristics of young subjects with different body composition is scarce. Thus, the aim of this pilot study was to assess salivary characteristics of normal-weight, overweight and obese children. This is a basic research design in which 68 children (5-12 years) were recruited and anthropometric measurements consisted of body mass index (BMI = Kg/m2), body perimeters (waist/arm circumferences) and subcutaneous fat tissue (triceps/subscapular thicknesses). Stimulated (SS) and unstimulated morning saliva (US) were collected to determine flow rate, pH and triglycerides, urea, alpha-amylase, total protein, phosphate and calcium concentrations. Data were analyzed using normality tests, t test/Wilcoxon, one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson’s/Spearman’s correlation tests, where appropriate. Results: Age, household income, parents’ education, saliva flow and pH did not differ among groups. Waist circumference and subscapular skinfold differed significantly between normal-weight and obese groups; only waist circumference showed significant correlation with BMI in all groups. pH increased significantly from US to SS in all groups; but flow rate increased from US to SS only in normal-weight and overweight groups. Total protein, amylase, urea, phosphate, triglyceride and calcium concentrations did not differ among groups. However, urea, phosphate and calcium concentrations differed significantly between US and SS in the normal-weight and overweight groups, with the lowest values for SS. In the overweight group, total protein also differed between saliva samples and obese group showed no difference in biochemical parameters between US and SS. Finally, some salivary characteristics may vary among normal-weight, overweight and obese children; thus, future studies in a larger sample are needed to fully understand salivary secretion and composition of these subjects."

"Latar Belakang: Ekstrak etanol temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) telah terbukti secara in vitro memiliki khasiat sebagai anti Candida albicans (C.albicans). Dalam upaya pengembangan tanaman obat tersebut sebagai obat herbal terstandar anti C.albicans, ekstrak etanol temulawak telah diformulasikan menjadi obat tetes oromukosa. Temulawak mengandung kurkumin yang merupakan senyawa polifenolik berwarna kuning yang dapat menyebabkan diskolorasi gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh paparan obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap warna email gigi. Metode: Gigi premolar tanpa karies dan defek struktural dicelupkan dalam obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak, CHX 0,2%, dan akuades selama 1 menit kemudian dibilas dan direndam dalam akuades selama 10 menit pada suhu 37oC. Tahapan dilakukan sebanyak 42 siklus (simulasi penggunaan 2 minggu) dan 63 siklus (simulasi penggunaan 3 minggu). Analisis warna dilakukan menggunakan colorimeter pada 3 tahap waktu yaitu sebelum paparan, setelah paparan, dan setelah penyikatan gigi. Nilai yang didapatkan berupa ΔE yang menunjukkan selisih nilai pengukuran warna email sebelum dan setelah paparan obat serta sebelum dan setelah penyikatan. Hasil: Pada tahap waktu T1-T3 simulasi penggunaan 2 minggu dan 3 minggu, nilai ΔE>3.3 pada ketiga kelompok sehingga terlihat adanya perubahan warna yang signifikan antara warna gigi awal dan setelah penyikatan gigi. Terdapat perubahan warna gigi yang signifikan setelah dilakukan penyikatan dengan pasta gigi. Kesimpulan: Obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak mengakibatkan perubahan warna email gigi yang signifikan. Penyikatan gigi dapat mengurangi efek perubahan warna pada email gigi.

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Background: Javanese Turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) ethanol extract is known to have antifungal properties against Candida albicans (C.albicans) based on in vitro studies. The next step in developing a standardised herbal medicine is by formulating Javanese Turmeric Ethanol Extract into oromucosal drops. Curcumin found in javanese turmeric is a yellowish polyphenolic compound that has the potential to cause staining on the enamel.

Objective: This study is aimed to evaluate the effect Javanese Turmeric ethanol extraxt oromucosal drops on discoloration of the dental enamel.

Method: Premolars with no caries and structural defects are immersed in the Javanese Turmeric ethanol extract oromucosal drops, a 0,2% CHX mouthwash, and distilled water for 1 minute. After rinsing, they are then immersed in distilled water for 10 minutes at 37oC. The method mentioned is repeated for 42 cycles (2-week simulation) and 63 cycles (3-week simulation). Color assessment is done using a colorimeter at three different time points: before immersion, after immersion, and after brushing. Results will be shown as ΔE which is the color difference of enamel before and after immersion, as well as before and after toothbrushing.

Result: At time point T1-T3 for the 2-week and 3-week simulation, the ΔE score is greater than 3.3 on all three groups indicating a significant color difference before immersion and after toothbrushing. A significant color difference is observed after toothbrushing with toothpaste.

Conclusion: Javanese Turmeric ethanol extract oromucosal drops cause a significant tooth discoloration. Brushing had significant effect on removal of induced stains."

"A clinical trial was carried out to investigate the inhibitory effect of Anchovy of Stelophorus commersonil on the growth of salivary mutans streptococci over one week period. Methods: Before enrolled in the study, respondents filled and signed the informed consent. Twenty respondents participated in the study I, conducting two times of treatment as follows: twenty as treatment group before and after consuming anchovy of commersonii andthe twenty subjects as control group before and after consuming non-anchovy of commersonii. Saliva samples were collected before and after consuming anchovy of commersonii and with a non-anchovy of commersonii. A serial dilution was made, followed by inoculating on TYS20B medium (Schaeken., et al, 1986). Data were obtained from colony forming units of salivary mutans streptococci grew on the TYS20B medium before and after consuming anchovy of commersonii were analyzed in a descriptive and t test. Results: showed that there was no significant different in the average amount of Streptococcus mutans both between before and after consuming non-anchovy of commersonii. However, a significant difference was found respectively as results before and after consuming anchovy of commersonii. Conclusion: Anchovy of commersonii has an anti microbial activity against local strains of S.mutans isolated from human harbouring species. Long term consummation Anchovy fish of commersonii, can be beneficial in preventing caries. "