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"ABSTRAKImplan gigi merupakan solusi terdepan penggantian gigi hilang karena memiliki berbagai kelebihan, seperti lebih kuat, efisien dan bertahan lama. Akan tetapi, kelemahan pemakaian implan gigi adalah resiko timbulnya peri-implantitis yang disebabkan oleh terbentuknya biofilm bakteri di permukaan implan yang belum bersifat anti-bakteri. Selain itu, permasalahan lain muncul dari material yang digunakan sebagai implan gigi, yaitu Ti-6Al-4V, karena mengandung ion vanadium yang bersifat sitotoksik bagi membran. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan modifikasi pada permukaan material implan gigi non-toksik, Ti-6Al-7Nb agar terbentuk TiO2 nanotubes array TNTAs berdopan Ag, sehingga dapat terjadi aktivitas fotokatalisis yang mampu mendisinfeksi bakteri. Ti-6Al-4V juga digunakan sebagai pembanding dari Ti-6Al-7Nb. TNTAs dibentuk dengan menggunakan metode anodisasi dalam larutan elektrolit yang mengandung gliserol, air dan NH4F. Metode Photo-assisted Deposition PAD dilakukan untuk mendopankan Ag ke dalam TNTAs. Karakterisasi morfologi permukaan dilakukan dengan FESEM dan EDX, serta kristalinitas dengan XRD. Potensi hambat pembentukan biofilm diuji terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans dan Pophyromonas gingivalis dengan metode Optical Density dan Total Plate Count. Hasil FESEM menunjukkan pada kedua material yang digunakan terbentuk TiO2 nanotubes array berdopan Ag. Pengujian potensi hambat pertumbuhan biofilm menunjukkan bahwa dengan modifikasi yang dilakukan, Ti-6Al-7Nb berpotensi untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri S. mutans dan P. gingivalis, pada 3 dan 16 jam, dengan nilai yang sebanding dengan Ti-6Al-4V. Maka, Ti-6Al7Nb sebagai material implan gigi non-toksik sangat berpotensi untuk menggantikan Ti-6Al-4V, terutama dari segi anti-bakteri.Kata Kunci: Implan, non-toksik, TNTAs, anti-bakteri, fotokatalisis.

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ABSTRACTDental implant is leading solution for replacing missing tooth, due to its advantages compared to other solutions for the replacement of missing teeth, such as stronger, efficient and durable. However, the weakness of the use of dental implants is the risk of peri implantitis, and inflammation disease that can cause erosion of the bone around the implant and caused implant failing. Peri implantitis caused by the formation of bacterial biofilms on the surface of non anti bacterial implant. Then, another problem comes from material commonly used for dental implants, Ti 6Al 4V, because it contains vanadium that are cytotoxic to membrane. These problems in dental implants must be addressed urgently in view of the increasing need for dental implants in Indonesia. This study proposes to modify dental implants nontoxic material, Ti 6Al 7Nb to have antibacterial properties by modifying the surface to form TiO2 nanotubes arrays, so it can provide photocatalytic activity. Photocatalyst activity can disinfect bacteria attached to the surface of the implant. TiO2 nanotubes will also be added Ag doped to improve the effectiveness of disinfection of bacteria on the implant material. Surface morphologies analyzed by FESEM and EDX and crystallinity by XRD. The antibacterial properties will be tested against gram positive Streptococcus mutans and gram negative Pophyromonas gingivalis with Optical Density and Total Plate Count method. FESEM analysis shows that Ag doped TiO2 nanotubes array was organized in both materials with different diameters. Evaluation of inhibition potential of biofilm shows that Ti 6Al 7Nb is comparable to Ti 6Al 4V. "

"Pengemasan makanan penting dari produk makanan untuk melindungi kualitas makanan dan keamanan dari produk makanan. Material pembungkus makanan dengan ketahanan tarik, ketahanan panas, biodegradable, dan memiliki sifat antibakteri diperlukan untuk keamanan makanan dan memperpanjang waktu penyimpanan, terutama dari kontaminasi makanan akibat bakteri patogen makanan. Kini, plastik berbahan dasar minyak bumi digunakan dalam industri pengemasan makanan. Plastik ini sulit didegradasi sehingga menyebabkan masalah lingkungan yang serius. Oleh karena itu, plastik biodegradable dengan penambahan senyawa antibakteri dibutuhkan. PVA/pati crosslink sering digunakan sebagai material pengemasan makanan karena harganya murah, biodegradable, dan memiliki sifat mekanik yang baik. Daun kelor mudah dicari, harganya murah, dan memiliki sifat antibakteri yang baik. Inilah yang menyebabkan daun kelor sebagai kandidat yang baik sebagai senyawa antibakteri pada bioplastik. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini dibuat bioplastik Poli(vinil alkohol) (PVA)/pati ter-crosslink dengan penambahan senyawa antibakteri dari ekstrak daun kelor. Bioplastik PVA/pati crosslink dibuat dengan terlebih dahulu daun kelor yang telah dicuci bersih dimaserasi, dikeringkan dan digerus hingga berukuran kecil dengan pelarut metanol, setelah itu ekstrak kemudian dipisahkan dengan pelarut etil asetat. Setelah dipisahkan, fasa organik dan fasa air dari ekstrak daun kelor diambil, lalu masing-masing diencerkan dengan air dengan konsentrasi 1:20 dan 2:20 (v/v), kemudian dibuat menjadi bioplastik dengan reaksi crosslink antara PVA dengan pati. Senyawa bioplastik yang terbentuk kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan instrumen FTIR, TGA, SEM, dan uji antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphlyococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Bioplastik dengan ketahanan panas terbaik ialah bioplastik PVA/pati dengan ekstrak daun kelor pada fasa air dengan pengenceran 2:20, dengan ketahanan panas hingga suhu 190oC.

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Food packaging is an essential part of food products to protect food quality and safety of food products. Food packaging materials with sufficient thermal stability, mechanical strength, and antibacterial properties is necessary for food safety and extending the shelf life of packaged foods, especially from food contamination by foodborne pathogens. Currently, petroleum-based plastics used to the food packaging industry. However, this kind of plastic is non-degradable and can cause a more serious environmental problem. Therefore, biodegradable plastic with the addition of antibacterial is needed. PVA/starch crosslinked bioplastic is commonly used as a food packaging material because its cheap, biodegradable and have excellent mechanical properties. Kelor (Moringa oleifera) leaf has an antibacterial ability due to its active compounds such as tannin and flavonoid. Kelor leaf is also cheap and easy to find in Indonesia, making it a right candidate for an antibacterial compound for food plastics. Hence, in this research, we made bioplastic PVA/starch crosslink with the addition of antibacterial compound from kelor leaf. Bioplastic PVA/starch crosslink made by maceration of kelor leaf with methanol solvent, then the product separated by extraction with a mixture of ethyl acetate concentrated and water solvent. After being separated, water and organic phase of each extract were diluted by distilled water with concentration 1:20 and 2:20 (v/v), and each concentration was made bioplastic by cross-linking poly(vinyl alcohol) and starch. Each plastic product was characterized by FTIR, SEM, and antibacterial test with S.aureus and E.coli. The best heat-resistant bioplastic was PVA/starch bioplastic with Kelor leaf extract in the water phase with a dilution of 2:20, which has heat resistance up to 190oC."

"Bakteri resisten antibiotika (Antimicrobial resistance, AMR) adalah salah satu dari 10 permasalahan kesehatan masyarakat global teratas. Di Indonesia, sedikit yang mengetahui tentang prevalensi E. coli penghasil Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) di lingkungan dapat meningkatkan risiko kontaminasi sumber air tanah karena potensi kolonisasi yang cepat melalui mekanisme horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui signifikansi variasi musim dalam pencemaran AMR, mengetahui jumlah AMR pada sumber fekal, menganalisis korelasi AMR dengan air tanah setempat, dan mengidentifikasi strategi pencegahannya. Studi validasi dengan modifikasi IDEXX Tray telah dilakukan untuk menguji dugaan E. coli penghasil ESBL (AMR E. coli) pada musim hujan (Maret 2020). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 33,3% (n=60) sampel air tanah positif resisten terhadap antibiotika sefotaksim. Pada penelitian musim kemarau ini, 22,2% (n=54) sampel air tanah positif resistensi antibiotika sefotaksim dengan uji perbandingan variasi musiman menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan pada cemaran E. coli (p-value 0,045), tetapi tidak pada cemaran AMR E. coli (p-value 0,234). Pada perbandingan sumber air yang sama di kedua musim (n=45) didapatkan kontaminasi AMR di musim hujan juga lebih tinggi (33,3%) dibandingkan dengan musim kemarau (26,7%). Namun pada uji statistik berpasangan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan hasil nilai AMR di kedua musim. Uji AMR E. coli pada sumber fekal menunjukkan rata-rata jumlah AMR E. coli pada feses ayam adalah 4,36 x 106 MPN/100 mL sedangkan pada efluen tangki septik sebanyak 5,23 x 105 MPN/100 mL. Jika dibandingkan hanya pada sumber air yang menggunakan sumber air lokal (n=34), 8 dari 10 sampel yang positif AMR E. coli menggunakan tipe sanitasi setempat dan 4 dari 10 sampel yang positif AMR E. coli memiliki hewan ternak. Hubungan korelasi pencemaran AMR E. coli pada sumber air dianalisis berdasarkan faktor penggunaan sanitasi setempat dan kepemilikan hewan. Hasilnya didapatkan korelasi yang signifikan (p-value 0,041) karena penggunaan sanitasi setempat tetapi tidak ada hubungan antara kepemilikan ternak (p-value 0,891). Oleh karena itu, diperlukan strategi pengelolaan yang difokuskan pada pengurangan E. coli pada sumbernya untuk mendukung penyediaan air yang aman khususnya dari fenomena AMR di lingkungan.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the top 10 global public health problems. In Indonesia, little is known about the prevalence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli in the environment increases the risk of contamination of groundwater sources because of the potential for rapid colonization due to the potential for rapid colonization through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mechanisms. This study aims to determine the significance of seasonal variations in AMR contamination, determine the amount of AMR in faecal sources, analyze the correlation of AMR with local groundwater, and identify prevention strategies. A validation study with a modified IDEXX tray has been carried out to test the suspicion of ESBL-producing E. coli (AMR E. coli) in the rainy season (March 2020). The results showed that 33.3% (n=60) of the groundwater samples were positive for resistance to the antibiotic cefotaxime. In this dry season, 22.2% (n=54) of groundwater samples is positive for cefotaxime antibiotic resistance. The comparison test of seasonal variation showed a significant difference in E. coli contamination (p-value 0.045), but not in AMR E. coli (p-value 0.234). Comparing to the same water source in both seasons (n=45), it was found that AMR contamination in the rainy season was also higher (33.3%) compared to the dry season (26.7%). However, in the paired statistical test there was no significant difference in the results of the AMR values ​​in the two seasons. The AMR E. coli test on faecal sources showed that the average amount of AMR E. coli in chicken faeces was 4.36 x 106 MPN/100 mL, while in the septic tank effluent it was 5.23 x 105 MPN/100 mL. When compared only to water sources using local water sources (n=34), 8 out of 10 samples positive for AMR E. coli used local sanitation types and 4 out of 10 samples positive for AMR E. coli owned livestock. The correlation between AMR E. coli contamination in water sources was analyzed based on factors of local sanitation use and animal ownership. The results obtained a significant correlation (p-value 0.041) due to the use of local sanitation but no relationship between livestock ownership (p-value 0.891). Therefore, a management strategy is needed that focuses on reducing E. coli at the source to support the provision of safe water, especially from the AMR phenomenon in the environment."

"The study was a quasi experimental one, supported by microbilogical data. The respondents had been purposively chosen from three Bekasi elementary schools in 2002, with 72 children as treatment group and 72 children as control group. data collected included oral and laboratory examinations. Dental health status of permanent dentition was determined using DMF-T index. The data was collected at the start and 120 days after intervention. Data analysis was by paired t-test for before and after treatment, and by independent t-test for comparing treatment and control. For the average the means 2 samples t-test difference was used, and for the average difference between the same groups the mean one sample t-test was applied. For the nominal scale proportion difference the likelihood ratio test was applied, and for the ordinal scale the nonparametric one-way Anova was used. Simple regression test was used to determine the relation between dependent and independent variables. The results of the study show decrease of S. mutans colonies in saliva after treatment (p= 0,001) and decreasing DMF-T score for treatment group. In control group, there is no decrease in S. mutans colonies, but increasing DMF-T score was found. The conclusion was that glass ionomer cement fillings can inhibit S. mutans growth in saliva."

"The purpose of the present study was to study the effect of consumed candy which contains acesulfame-K (sugar free) or sucrose on the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies in saliva. Fifty volunteers that fulfilled the sampling criteria were randomly divided into two groups of equal size. The first group was instructed to consume candy containing acesulfame-K and the second group consumed candy containing sucrose. Before and after periods of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, saliva of the volunteers was collected in sterile petri dishes, cultured in nutrient agar media and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. The number of S. mutans colonies was counted with a colony counter (CFU/ml). The data was statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test (a 95%). The results showed that in the first group, the average number of S. mutans colonies decreased after consuming candy containing acesulfame-K, although statistical analysis did not show significant difference (p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the number of S. mutans colonies before and after consuming candy containing sucrose, the average number of S. mutans colonies increased significantly (p<0.05). There was also significant difference (p<0.05) between before and after consuming sucrose candy for 21 and 28 days. Therefore the present results suggest that consuming candies containing acesulfame-K (sugar free) is useful to reduce the number of S. mutans colonies in saliva."