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"Widiastuti A, Sobir, Suhartanto MR. 2010. Diversity analysis of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) irradiated by gammaraybased on morphological and anatomical characteristics. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 23-33. The aim of this research was to increasegenetic variability of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) irradiated by gamma rays dosage of 0 Gy, 20 Gy, 25 Gy, 30 Gy,35 Gy and40 Gy. Plant materials used were seeds collected from Cegal Sub-village, Karacak Village, Leuwiliang Sub-district, Bogor District,West Java. Data was generated from morphological and anatomical characteristics. The result indicated that increasing of gamma raydosage had inhibited ability of seed to growth, which needed longer time and decreased seed viability. Morphologically, it alsodecreased plant heigh, stem diameter, leaf seizure, and amount of leaf. Anatomically, stomatal density had positive correlation with plant height by correlation was 90% and 74%. Gamma rays irradiation successfully increase morphological variability until 30%. Seedcreavage after irradiation increased variability and survival rate of mangosteen. "

"Manggis merupakan buah yang banyak ditemukan di daerah tropis, dan sudah lama buah ini menjadi pilihan untuk dikonsumsi, beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa buah ini memiliki banyak kandungan vitamin dan juga antioksidan yang bermanfaat bagi tubuh manusia.Pada studi eksperimen ini digunakan ekstrak kulit buah manggis serta bakteri Acinetobacter baumanii.Tujuannya untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kulit buah manggis untuk bakteritersebut. Metode: Metode yang digunakan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri adalah metode sumuran. Antibiotik serta ekstrak kulit buah manggis dipipetkan pada setiap sumuran dalam satu medium agar yang berbeda, dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda-beda. Kemudian diinkubasi pada suhu 37oC selama 24-72 jam. Zona hambat bakteri uji diukur dengan mengukur daerah yang bening di sekitar sumuran. Hasil: Melalui uji Kruskal Wallis didapatkan hasil nilai p= 0,000 yang membuktikan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada data-data tersebut. Dari uji Mann Whitney diperoleh hasil perbandingan antara tetrasiklin dengan aquades dan ekstrak kulit buah manggis dalam berbagai pengenceran memiliki perbedaan bermakna dengan nilai p < 0,05. Simpulan: Dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara statistik ekstrak kulit buah manggis tidak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Data ini sesuai dengan hasil percobaan yang menunjukkan tidak terbentuknya zona hambat pada agar yang diberi ekstrak kulit buah manggis.

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Mangosteen is a fruit that is found in the tropics area, and has long been a choice of fruit for consumption, some studies have shown that this fruit has alot of vitamins and also antioxidants that are beneficial for human. In the experimental study of the use of mangosteen peel extract and Acinetobacter baumannii. The goal is to determine whether there is the antibacterial activity of mangosteen peel extracts for bacteria.

Methods: The method used to test the antibacterial activity is a method of diffusion. Antibiotics and mangosteen peel extract included in any medium in a different order, with different concentrations. Then incubated at 37 ° C for 24-72 hours. Bacterial inhibition zone test is measured by measuring the clear areas around sinks.

Results: Through the Kruskal Wallis test showed p=0.000 which proves that there are significant differences in the data. Mann Whitney test obtained from the comparison between tetracycline with distilled water and mangosteen peel extracts in differentdilutions havesignificant differences with p<0.05.

Discussion: The conclution that mangosteen peel extract has no antibacterial activity. The data are consistent with the results of experiments that showed no inhibition zone formation at a given order of mangosteen peel extracts."

"This research aimed to obtain phenotypic information based on morphological character of Jogorogo Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). This research was conducted with direct observation through primary and secondary data recording, and documenting parts of Jogorogo Mangosteen plant specifically, that was, in vegetative part: stalk and leave, as well as generative part: flower, fruit and seed. Jogorogo Mangosteen may reach hundreds years of life span, it had an average height of 9 meters, stalk diameter of 1 meter and crown diameter of 6 meter. The tree crown of Jogorogo Mangosteen plant was triangular in shape, with horizontal and irregular branching pattern and various densities. The leaves of Jogorogo Mangosteen wew elliptic. The trip of the leaf was pointed, the base of the leaf was blunt, and the leaf edge was flat with the smooth and shining surface. The flower of Jogorogo Mangosteen was a hermaphrodit and a perfect flower. The fruit was small with 59 grams weight/floer with 4.5 cm long and 4.45 cm wide. The fruit was purple-blackish with the continuous fruit ripening with high fruit bearing level. The Jogorogo Mangosteen fruit was sweet with a little yellow sap. 1-2 seeds were formed in every Jogorogo Mangosteen fruit with 1.6 cm long, 0,8 cm wide and 2.75 thick. The seed is spheroid and ellipsoid with light brown color wrapped with white arrilode."

"Senyawa bioaktif dari kulit manggis yaitu mangostin berpotensi pencegah kanker, mangostin mampu menghambat pembentukan senyawa pencetus kanker usus besar. Masyarakat Indonesia telah banyak mengolah kulit manggis ini secara langsung yaitu menjadi minuman segar dengan cara di jus atau diseduh. Namun untuk mendapatkan kandungan senyawa mangostin yang lebih tinggi perlu dilakukan ekstraksi. Fraksinasi menggunakan etil asetat telah diteliti merupakan fraksi yang mengandung mangostin tertinggi disbanding pelarut etanol dan butanol. Fraksi etil-asetat ekstrak kulit manggis (F002) ini nantinya akan menjadi bahan aktif obat kanker kolon yang di enkapsulasi menggunakan biopolimer kitosan-alginat. Kegunaan ekstrak yang terjerap dalam sediaan mikropartikel biopolimer kitosan-alginat adalah untuk meningkatkan kerja senyawa bioaktif yaitu dengan sistem pelepasan obat yang terkendali. Pelepasan ekstrak bioaktif mangostin terjerap dalam sediaan mikropartikel dilakukan pada dalam media fluida sintetik yang meniru cairan dalam sistem pencernaan. Hasil analisa kandungan senyawa mangostin menggunakan spektrofotometer UV dan analisa aktivitas sitotoksistas menggunakan uji Brine Shrimp Test (BST). Dari hasil berbagai olahan jus kulit manggis didapat metode terbaik pengolahan dimana menghasilkan kandungan senyawa mangostin tertinggi dan aktivitas sitotoksistas terbaik yaitu dengan cara direbus dan kemudian di blender. Untuk senyawa mangostin dari fraksi F002 dibandingkan antara sebelum dan setelah enkapsulasi dari hasil rilis dalam media fluida sintetik. Dari hasil rilis didapatkan bahwa enkapsulasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap kandungan dan sitotoksisitas senyawa mangostin sehingga sediaan dalam mikropartikel dapat dikembangkan menjadi sistem pelepasan obat yang terkendali.

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Bioactive compound from mangosteen pericarp namely mangostin can be obtained from various kind of process such as juice or tea. The main purpose of this research is to observe antiproliferative (inhibition of cancer cell growth) of mangostin bioactive compound from mangosteen pericarp in chitosan-alginate preparation. Extract in chitosan-alginate preparation improve performance of bioactive compound by controlling the drug release in gastrointestinal tract, until reaching colon.

Mangostin bioactive compound in chitosan-alginate preparation will be observed and tested in synthetic fluid, which is made alike gastrointestinal tract fluid. In vitro cytotoxicity test of mangostin bioactive compound in synthetic gastrointestinal tract fluid is using Brine Shrimp Test (BST). The best method of processing fresh mangostin pericarp is by boiling and blend it.

It result the highest mangostin bioactive. Result of comparison between mangostin compound before and after in microparticle chitosan-alginate is there is no effect to cytotoxity activity. So Sequential in vitro release study demonstrated that controlled release of mangostin-loaded microparticles were achievable which lead to potential application in gastrointestinal delivery for anticancer therapy purpose."

"Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) sebagai pelarut dalam ekstraksi senyawa bioaktif dapat menggantikan pelarut organik konvensional yang bersifat toksik bagi lingkungan dan kesehatan. NADES memiliki volatilitas yang dapat diabaikan pada suhu ruang, solubilitas tinggi, toksisitas rendah dan bersifat biodegradable. Pada penelitian ini, kemampuan NADES dalam mengekstraksi -mangostin dari kulit buah manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) dievaluasi. NADES dibuat dari campuran antara betain dengan donor ikatan hidrogen dari berbagai jenis alkohol dalam berbagai variasi rasio molar. Pada NADES dilakukan analisa struktur kimia, uji polaritas, uji viskositas, dan uji perilaku termal, untuk mengetahui karakteristik fisis dan kimianya. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode pengadukan pada suhu ruang. Kuantitas hasil ekstraksi dianalisa dengan high performance liquid chromatography. Hasil ekstraksi α-mangostin menggunakan NADES berbasis betain dengan 1,4-butanediol (rasio molar 1:3) serta 1,2-propanediol (rasio molar 1:3) mencapai 3,07% massa dan 3,02% massa, lebih tinggi dibandingkan hasil ekstraksi α-mangostin dengan pelarut etanol yakni 2,99% massa. Penelitian ini memperlihatkan potensi yang bagus dari NADES sebagai pelarut alternatif untuk mengekstraksi berbagai senyawa bioaktif dari alam.

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Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) as an extraction solvent of bioactive compounds can replace the conventional organic solvents which are toxic for environment and human health. NADES has a negligible volatility at room temperature, high solubility, and low toxicity. In this research, the ability of NADES to extract α-mangosteen from the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp is evaluated. NADES is made from a mixture of betaine with hydrogen bond donors of some types of alcohols, and in some varieties of molar ratios. There are chemical structure analysis, polarity test, viscosity test, and thermal behavior test, to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of NADES. The extraction method used is shaking method at room temperature. The quantities of extraction yield were tested by using high performance liquid chromatography. The extraction yield of α-mangosteen using betain based NADES with 1,4-butanediol (1:3 molar ratio) and 1,2-propanediol (1:3 molar ratio) give 3,07% mass and 3,02% mass, higher than the extraction yield of α-mangosteen using ethanol, 2,99% mass. This research shows a good potential of NADES as an alternative solvent for extraction of bioactive compounds from nature."

"Tribadi, Suranto, Sajidan. 2009. Variation of morphological and protein pattern of cassava (Manihot esculenta) varieties of Adira1 and Cabak makao in Ngawi, East Java. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 14-22. This research is intended to find out the morphological and anatomical variation as well as the protein band pattern of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) widely spread in three different areas of height. The sample collecting is done using simple random sampling in the three different areas of height that is 50, 300, 1000 meters asl in Ngawi District, East Java while the analysis of protein band pattern is done using SDS-PAGE. The result of the research of morphology and anatomy is analyzed descriptively and presented in the form of tabels, histograms and figures. The analysis of protein band pattern is done using quantitative and qualitative analysis that is based on the appearance or not the gel band pattern by counting the molecular weights based on code marker S 8445 and qualitative method based on the quality of the band formed. The band pattern formed is istimated and presented in the form of zimogram. The result of the research shows that the height of the cultivating site very much influences toward variations of root, stem and leaf morphology. The longest root is at 50 meter heights asl (Cabak makao local variety, the widest stem diameter is at 50 meters asl (Cabak makao local variety) the longest leaf and branch is at 300 meters asl (Cabak makao local variety) and 1000 meters asl (Cabak makao local variety). There is no difference of anatomy in the root, stem and leaf and no difference of protein band pattern either in Adira1 or Cabak makao local variety. "

"Diabetes melitus (DM) adalah gangguan metabolisme berupa hiperglikemia yang berhubungan dengan abnormalitas metabolisme karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein. Salah satu terapi untuk menurunkan hiperglikemia postprandial adalah penghambat aktivitas α-glukosidase yang dapat menghambat pelepasan glukosa dari disakarida sehingga memperlambat penyerapan karbohidrat di saluran usus. Penelitian terdahulu telah dilaporkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 80% daun manggis hutan (Garcinia daedalanthera Pierre) memiliki aktivitas penghambatan yang kuat terhadap α-glukosidase. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh fraksi teraktif dan mengetahui golongan senyawa kimia dari fraksi tersebut. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode refluks menggunakan pelarut etanol 80%. Ekstrak kemudian dipartisi menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol. Pengujian aktivitas antidiabetes dari fraksi n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol daun manggis hutan menggunakan microplate reader pada panjang gelombang 405 nm. Fraksi etil asetat memiliki aktivitas penghambatan terkuat dengan nilai IC50 128,81 μg/mL dengan mekanisme penghambatan secara kompetitif terhadap α-glukosidase. Golongan senyawa kimia yang terdapat dalam fraksi etil asetat daun manggis hutan adalah senyawa flavonoid, tanin, fenol, dan gula sebagai glikon dari glikosida.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a hyperglycemia condition which is related to fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism. α-Glucosidase inhibitor is one of the diabetes mellitus therapy which delays the releasing of glucose from disaccharides, so the absorption of carbohydrate in gastrointestinal tract delayed. The previous research showed that the ethanolic extract of manggis hutan (Garcinia daedalanthera Pierre) leaves had a good inhibitory activity to α-glucosidase.

This research aims to get the most active fraction and to know what phytochemical compounds within. Reflux was used as the extraction method by using 80% ethanol as the solvent. The fluid extract of ethanol was then partitioned using the following solvents: n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol.

The antidiabetic activity of each fraction of manggis hutan leaves was determined by using a microplate reader instrument at 405 nm wavelenght. The ethyl acetate fraction had the strongest inhibitory activity among others, which had the IC50 value 128,81 μg/mL as a competitive inhibitor to α-glucosidase. Phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate fraction showed that flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and sugars as a glycon subtituent were contained."

"ABSTRAKFraksi diklormetana kulit buah manggis Garcinia mangostana L diketahui kaya akan kandungan xanton dan terbukti memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang poten. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek gel transfersom fraksi diklormetana kulit buah manggis terhadap elastisitas dan kelembaban kulit pada wanita pascamenopause. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental acak tersamar tunggal terhadap 46 wanita pascamenopause yang terbagi dalam dua kelompok. Kelompok kontrol diberikan gel transfersom GT dan kelompok perlakuan diberikan gel transfersom fraksi diklormetana kulit buah manggis GTF . Penelitian dilakukan selama 6 minggu dan perubahannya diukur menggunakan Cutometer dan Corneometer. Uji potensi iritasi dilakukan sebelum perlakuan. Efek yang tidak diinginkan dari sediaan diamati selama perlakuan. Perubahan elastisitas dan kelembaban kulit menunjukkan kecenderungan yang meningkat, namun tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna p>0,05 baik pada kelompok kontrol maupun kelompok perlakuan. Hasil kategori respon iritasi menunjukkan iritasi yang tidak berarti Indeks Iritasi Primer=0.083 dan selama penelitian tidak ditemukan efek yang tidak diinginkan. Gel transfersom xanton aman diaplikasikan namun belum memberikan efek dalam perbaikan elastisitas dan kelembaban kulit wanita pascamenopause. Kemungkinan membutuhkan peningkatan dosis zat aktif atau waktu yang lebih lama.

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ABSTRACTDichlormethane fraction of mangosteen pericarp Garcinia mangostana L. has high contents of xanthones and it has proven to have potential antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dichlormethane fraction of mangosteen pericarp loaded transfersom gel on skin elasticity and skin hydration in postmenopausal women. This study design was single blind randomized controlled trial on 46 postmenopausal women which were divided into two groups. The control and treatment group were given a transfersom gel GT and a dichlormethane fraction of mangosteen pericarp loaded transfersom gel GTF respectivley. The study was conducted for 6 weeks and the elasticity and hydration status of the skin was measured by Cutometer and Corneometer. The potential irritant test was carried out before the treatment. The adverse effects observed during the the treatment. The irritation response categories showed non significant irritation Primary Irritation Index 0.083 during the study and no adverse effects. The changes in skin elasticity and skin hydration showed an incensement trend, but no significant difference p 0.05 for both the control and treatment group. Transfersome gel xanthones is safe but no effect in improving skin elasticity and skin hydration of postmenopausal women. It may take longer or dose incensement of the active ingredient."

"ABSTRAKXanthone merupakan zat kimia bioaktif yang terdapat dalam banyak bagiantumbuhan, salah satunya terkandung bagian kulit buah manggis. Dalam kulit buahmanggis, terkandung senyawa xanthone dalam jumlah yang tinggi dengan alphamangostinsebagai komponen terbanyak. Alpha-mangostin merupakan senyawabioaktif yang memiliki banyak manfaat bagi kesehatan manusia, dengan contohmemiliki kemampuan antioksidan, antivirus, anti-kanker, antibakterial, antiradang,dan lainnya. Untuk memperoleh senyawa bioaktif tersebut, proses ekstraksi adalahcara yang umum digunakan. Dalam proses ekstraksi, kondisi operasi adalah faktoryang sangat berpengaruh pada hasil ekstraksi secara kualitas dan kuantitas. Olehkarena itu, diperlukan penelitian untuk menentukan kondisi operasi dalam ekstraksiyang optimal untuk mengekstrak senyawa alpha-mangostin dari kulit manggis. Untukmengoptimasi operasi, metode optimasi berupa metode Response SurfaceMethodology merupakan metode yang umum dan efektif dalam menentukan kondisioperasi yang optimal. Dalam penelitian, variabel bebas yang digunakan adalahtemperatur, konsentrasi etanol, dan derajat keasaman atau pH. Hasil optimal dalapenelitian diperoleh pada temperatur 50ºC, konsentrasi etanol 70%, dan pH 2, dengankandungan alpha-mangostin 42.2968 mg/g simplisia

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ABSTRACTXanthones are a bioactive compound that can be found on various part of everydayplants, one of the prime example is mangosteen fruit rind. Mangosteen rind containsabundant amount of xanthones, which the major compound is alpha-mangostin.Alpha-mangsotin is a bioactive compound that has major health benefits, examplesinclude anti-cancerial, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antivirus, etc. To obtain thenecessary bioactive compound, extraction is the method commonly used. Inextraction process, operating conditions are the factors that significantly affect thequality and quantity of the extract. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a research tofound the optimal condition of the extraction process to obtain the alpha-mangostinfrom the mangosteen rind. To optimize the extraction process, optimization methodResponse Surface Methodology is a common method to determine the optimalcondition. The parameters used in the experiment will be temperature, ethanolconcentration, and acidity level. The optimal conditions of extraction of alphamangostinare acquired at 50ºC, with 70% ethanol concentration in pH 2 with42.2968 mg/g powder as the optimal alpha-mangostin yield."