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"Hakim A. 2010. The diversity of secondary metabolites from Genus Artocarpus (Moraceae). Nusantara Bioscience 2:146-156.Several species of the Artocarpus genus (Moraceae) have been investigated their natural product. The secondary metabolitessuccessfully being isolatad from Artocarpus genus consist of terpenoid, flavonoids, stilbenoid, arylbenzofuran, neolignan, and adductDiels-Alder. Flavonoid group represent the compound which is the most found from Artocarpus plant. The flavonoids compound whichare successfully isolated from Artocarpus plant consist of the varied frameworks like chalcone, flavanone, flavan-3-ol, simple flavone,prenylflavone, oxepinoflavone, pyranoflavone, dihydrobenzoxanthone, furanodihydrobenzoxanthone, pyranodihydrobenzoxanthone,quinonoxanthone, cyclopentenoxanthone, xanthonolide, dihydroxanthone."

"Sebagai salah satu negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia dan memiliki kekayaan keanekaragaman hayati yang tinggi, membuat Indonesia memiliki banyak perbedaan pada kondisi lingkungan, tingkat keanekaragaman hayati, hingga pada tingkat komposisi kimia dan kuantitas suatu senyawa yang terdapat dalam suatu makhluk hidup, salah satunya adalah senyawa metabolit sekunder. Hal ini membuat perlu adanya analisis secara metabolomik terhadap suatu makhluk hidup dengan membandingkan lokasi yang berbeda. Phyllidiella nigra merupakan salah satu Nudibranchia yang banyak ditemui di Pulau Rambut dan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Phyllidiella nigra mendapatkan metabolit sekunder dari mangsanya dengan cara mengakumulasi kemudian memanfaatkan senyawa metabolit sekunder untuk peran ekologisnya seperti sebagai antimicrobial, antifeedant, dan antifouling. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengetahui perbandingan metabolit sekunder pada Phyllidiella nigra di lokasi yang berbeda yaitu Pulau Rambut dan Pulau Pramuka. Sampel diambil dengan cara jelajah bebas sebanyak sepuluh sampel. Metabolit sekunder diekstraksi menggunakan metanol 96%, diuapkan, kemudian dideteksi menggunakan GC-MS. Data kemudian dianalisis dengan PCA dengan scatter plot dan HCA dengan dendrogram. Terdapat delapan senyawa yang dapat dianalisis, tiga senyawa diantaranya memiliki pengaruh yang tinggi dalam pembentukan kelompok yaitu 1-propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, tributyl ester; tributyl acetylcitrate; dan phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1- dimethylethyl)-. Senyawa metabolit sekunder di kedua pulau tidak ditemukan adanya perbedaan karena berdasarkan PCA dan HCA, sampel di kedua pulau saling campur dan tidak membentuk kelompok sesuai lokasinya yaitu Pulau Rambut dan Pulau Pramuka.

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As one of the largest archipelagic countries in the world that is rich in biodiversity, Indonesia has various environmental conditions and biodiversity, either at the chemical composition and quantity contained in a living thing such as secondary metabolites. Hence, there is a need to perform a metabolomic analysis of a living thing that lived at different locations. Phyllidiella nigra is one of the Nudibranchia that is commonly found on Rambut Island and Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Phyllidiella nigra accumulates secondary metabolites from its prey and then used the compounds for several ecological roles such as antimicrobial, antifeedant, and antifouling. This study analyses and compares the secondary metabolites of Phyllidiella nigra from two different locations, namely Rambut Island and Pramuka Island. Samples were taken by free-roaming as many as ten. The secondary metabolites were extracted using 96% methanol, evaporated, and then detected using GC-MS. Data was then analyzed by PCA with scatter plot and HCA with dendrogram. Eight compounds could be analyzed, three of which were dominant on group formation, namely 1-propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, tributyl ester; tributyl acetylcitrate; and phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)-. There were no differences in the secondary metabolites between islands. Based on PCA and HCA, the samples on the two islands mixed and did not form groups according to their location, namely Rambut Island and Pramuka Island."

"Ekstrak daun Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Hal tersebut terkait dengan kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder pada ekstrak daun yang berperan sebagai agen antioksidan. Adapun aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak daun D. pentandra dapat berbeda-beda tergantung dari spesies inang yang ditumpanginya. Namun, penelitian yang membandingkan aktivitas antioksidan D. pentandra pada inang yang berbeda belum banyak dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu membandingkan aktivitas antioksidan serta total kandungan fenol dan flavonoid ekstrak daun D. pentandra yang dikoleksi dari empat spesies inang (Melia azedarach, Syzygium aqueum, Trachelospermum jasminoides, dan Lagerstroemia speciosa) di Kampus Universitas Indonesia, serta menganalisis korelasi antara aktivitas antioksidan dengan total kandungan fenol dan flavonoid ekstrak daun D. pentandra. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak air daun D. pentandra diuji dengan metode 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) dan analisis metabolit sekunder dilakukan dengan uji total phenol content (TPC) dan total flavonoid content (TFC). Berdasarkan uji ANOVA, diketahui bahwa aktivitas antioksidan, kandungan fenol serta flavonoid menunjukkan adanya perbedaan signifikan dari keempat spesies inang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua ekstrak D. pentandra memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan rentang nilai IC50 sebesar 235,89—337,13 µg/ml. Hasil analisis korelasi menunjukkan bahwa tingginya aktivitas antioksidan berkorelasi kuat dengan kandungan fenol dan flavonoid. Ekstrak dengan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi dihasilkan oleh inang L. speciosa (IC50= 235,89 µg/ml) dan M. azedarach (IC50= 236,46 µg/ml). Kedua inang tersebut juga terkonfirmasi memiliki kandungan fenol dan flavonoid tertinggi, yaitu berturut-turut 190,76 Gallic Acid Equivalent (mg GAE/g) dan 190,67 Quercetin Equivalent (mg QE/g) (L. speciosa); serta 187,20 mg GAE/g dan170,67 mg QE/g (M. azedarach).

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Leaves extracts of Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. has been known to have antioxidant activity. The level of antioxidant activity of D. pentandra individuals may be varied according to its secondary metabolite composition. As the secondary metabolite composition of a D. pentandra individual is affected by its host species, antioxidant activity of the individual may also differ according to the host species. The aims of this study were to investigate the antioxidant activity, total phenols and flavonoids contents of D. pentandra leaves water extracts collected from four host species (Melia azedarach, Syzygium aqueum, Trachelospermum jasminoides, and Lagerstroemia speciosa) in Universitas Indonesia Campus, and analyze the correlation between antioxidant activity and the total phenols and flavonoids contents of D. pentandra leaves water extracts. Antioxidant activity of each extract was evaluated using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, while the secondary metabolite analysis was performed using total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) assay. Based on the ANOVA test, the antioxidant activity, phenols content, and flavonoid contents of all extracts were significantly different. The IC50 value obtained from DPPH assay from all extracts ranged from 235.89 µg/ml to 337.13 µg/ml. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the samples was correlated strongly with phenols and flavonoids contents. The highest antioxidant activity was presented by L. speciosa (IC50= 235.89 µg/ml) and M.azedarach (IC50= 236.46 µg/ml). Those two extracts also confirmed to have the highest phenols and flavonoids contents, respectively 190.76 Gallic Acid Equivalent (mg GAE/g) and 190.67 Quercetin Equivalent (mg QE/g) (L. speciosa); also 187.20 mg GAE/g and 170.67 mg QE/g (M. azedarach)."

"Pteraeolidia ianthina adalah Nudibranchia yang dapat ditemukan di Kepulauan Seribu DKI Jakarta. Pulau Rambut dan Pulau Air merupakan dua pulau di Kepulauan Seribu yang memiliki kondisi berbeda akibat perbedaan jarak dengan perairan Teluk Jakarta yang tercemar. Perbedaan kondisi kedua pulau dapat berpengaruh terhadap kandungan metabolit biota perairan, termasuk P. ianthina. Penelitian dilakukan untuk menganalisis profil metabolit sekunder sampel P. ianthina dari Pulau Rambut dan Pulau Air. Tujuh sampel P. ianthina diambil dari kedua pulau dengan metode jelajah bebas dan dipreservasi menggunakan metanol 96%. Sampel dibuat menjadi ekstrak kasar untuk dianalisis lebih lanjut. Ekstrak yang didapat dianalisis menggunakan instrumen HPLC. Data kromatogram HPLC dianalisis lebih lanjut menggunakan metode Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dan Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). Hasil analisis kromatogram HPLC ke-7 sampel menunjukkan 5 common peak dengan luas area yang berbeda yang menandakan keberadaan senyawa yang sama pada setiap sampel dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda. Hasil analisis PCA dan HCA mengelompokan sampel menjadi 2 klaster. Pengelompokan yang didapat tidak sesuai dengan lokasi pengambilan sampel. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan kemungkinan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti faktor lingkungan seperti kekeruhan dan pencemaran serta faktor usia sampel.

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Pterarolidia ianthina is a Nudibranch that can be found on Thousand Island, DKI Jakarta, including at Rambut Island and Air Island. These two island have different environmental characteristics due to their locations relative to the poluted Jakarta Bay waters. These differences may affect the metabolic profiles of the marine organisms that lives in those waters. The aim of this research is to analyze the metabolite profile of P. ianthina samples taken from Rambut Island and Air Island. Seven samples were taken from both island and preserved with 96% purity technical grade methanol. Crude extract were made from the preserved samples. The extract were then analyzed using an HPLC instrument. The chromatogram data were analyzed further using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) method. HPLC Chromatogram analysis shows 5 common peaks found on each samples with variable peak areas suggesting the existence of same metabolite compounds with different concentrations. PCA and HCA analysis shows the samples were grouped into two major clusters with no correlation to the sampling locations. The results may be due to effects of factors such as environmental factors or age variation in the samples."

"Penumpukan sampah yang terjadi terutama sampah organik mengakibatkan dampak negatif bagi lingkungan maupun kesehatan masyarakat. Untuk itu diperlukan pengolahan sampah lebih lanjut menjadi produk yang bermanfaat, salah satunya adalah ekoenzim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder dan mengevaluasi potensi antimikroba ekoenzim yang terdiri dari campuran bahan kulit buah naga, kulit pepaya, kulit jeruk, dan bonggol nanas. Skrining fitokimia senyawa metabolit sekunder dilakukan melalui reaksi warna dengan menggunakan pereaksi tertentu. Sedangkan aktivitas antimikroba ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode zona hambat atau metode difusi cakram kertas dan metode bioautografi kontak terhadap mikroba Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella typhi, dan Candida albicans. Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa ekoenzim mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder flavonoid dan fenol. Hasil dari metode zona hambat menunjukkan bahwa ekoenzim pada konsentrasi 50%, 75%, dan 100% dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus dengan diameter zona hambat berturut-turut 0,450 mm, 2,133 mm, dan 4,367 mm; menghambat pertumbuhan Salmonella typhi dengan diameter zona hambat berturut-turut 1,483 mm, 4,733 mm, dan 6,083 mm; tetapi tidak menghambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans. Pada uji bioautografi, ekoenzim menunjukkan adanya zona hambat tetapi hanya pada titik awal penotolannya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antimikroba dari ekoenzim yang terdiri dari campuran bahan kulit buah naga, kulit pepaya, kulit jeruk, dan bonggol nanas terhadap S. aureus dan S. typhi, sehingga dapat dijadikan produk antimikroba alami potensial.

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The accumulation of waste, especially organic waste, can have a negative impact on the environment and public health. Therefore, further processing of waste into useful products is needed, one of which is eco-enzymes. This study aimed to identify secondary metabolite compounds and evaluate the antimicrobial potential of eco-enzymes consisting of a mixture of dragon fruit peel, papaya peel, orange peel, and pineapple stem. Phytochemical screening of secondary metabolite compounds is carried out through color reactions using certain reagents. Meanwhile, antimicrobial activity is determined using the inhibition zone method or paper disc diffusion method and contact bioautography method against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella typhi, and Candida albicans. The results of phytochemical screening showed that eco-enzymes contain secondary metabolite compounds of flavonoids and phenols. The results of the inhibition zone method showed that eco-enzyme at concentrations of 50%, 75%, and 100% could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with inhibition zone diameter respectively 0,450 mm, 2,133 mm, and 4,367 mm; inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi with inhibition zone diameter respectively 1,483 mm, 4,733 mm, and 6, 083 mm; but didn’t inhibit the growth of Candida albicans. In bioautography assay, the eco-enzyme showed the presence of an inhibitory zone but only at the starting point. The results of this study showed the antimicrobial activity of eco-enzymes consisting of a mixture of dragon fruit peel, papaya peel, orange peel, and pineapple stem against S. aureus and S. typhi, so that it can be used as a potential natural antimicrobial product."

"Lichens, a unique symbiosis between a mycobiont and a photobiont organism, are known to produce metabolites that can be tapped as biopesticides for agriculture. Such property of the fruticose lichen Ramalina collected within Guimaras Island, Philippines was investigated in this study. A total of 195 specimens were collected and characterized using conventional morphological and chemical analyses. These lichens were identified as Ramalina farinacea, R. roesleri, and R. nervulosa. To test their potential application in agriculture, nine lichen specimens were extracted with acetone and assayed for its inhibitory activities against test bacteria, fungi, and weedy plants. All nine lichen extracts inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa (>19 mm ZOI) while only seven lichen extracts inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (13–19 mm ZOI). No inhibitory activity was observed among the fungal plant pathogens Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, Colletotrichum capsici, and C. gleosporioides, and on the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pectobacterium carotovorum var. carotovorum. A decrease in the root (up to 27% reduction) and shoot (up to 39% reduction) lengths, and leaf chlorophyll content (up to 44% reduction) of rice weeds Fimbristylis miliacea, Leptochloa chinensis and weedy rice (Oryza sp.) were also observed. These results, therefore, suggested that the lichen crude extract from Ramalina is a potential biological control for weed management."

"Pada era sentralisasi dan diberlakukannya UU No. 5 tahun 1974 tentang pokok-pokok pemerintahan di daerah , perluasan kota banyak terjadi pada kota-kota yang penduduknya bertambah pesat...."