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"Halitosis is a general term denoting unpleasant breath arising from mouth, where odorous breath components could be originated from intraoral and/or extraoral. Classification includes genuine halitosis, pseudo-halitosis and halitophobia. Local and systemic factor play role in the process of halitosis. Diagnosis of halitosis can be made by analysing the degree and type of the presence of volatile compounds, as well as the identification of microbial components. Currentlyavailable treatments of halitosis includes local (mechanic and chemical) and systemic (probiotic) approaches. Probiotic is a new therapeutic approach for halitosis. Development of available probiotic-based halitosis treatments is significantly progressing and is overviewed herein."

"Latar Belakang: Self-perceived halitosis ditandai dengan bau tidak sedap yang timbul dari rongga mulut dan ditemukan penyebab utamanya berasal dari intraoral. Sehingga sangat penting bagi setiap individu untuk memelihara kesehatan mulutnya. Selain itu, walaupun etiologi utama dari faktor intraoral tersebut adalah tongue coating, namun prevalensi masyarakat yang membersihkan lidah setiap hari masih rendah. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitan ini akan lebih dikhususkan untuk membahas mengenai kebiasaan membersihkan lidah. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan antara kesehatan oral subjektif dengan self-perceived halitosis. Metode: Penelitian cross-sectional pada 298 remaja yang berusia 12-21 tahun yang berdomisili di DKI Jakarta dan merasa memiliki halitosis melalui kuisioner yang pengisiannya dilakukan secara daring menggunakan google form. Hasil : Penilaian subjektif penyakit dan kondisi rongga mulut yang terdiri dari gingivitis, mulut kering, dan tongue coating memiliki hubungan dengan self-perceived halitosis (p<0.05). Semakin besar responden yang merasa memiliki gingivitis, mulut kering, dan tongue coating di dalam rongga mulutnya, semakin tinggi nilai self-perceived halitosis. Faktor kesehatan oral subjektif lainnya yaitu penilaian subjektif karies dan kebiasaan menjaga kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang terdiri dari menyikat gigi, flossing, menggunakan obat kumur, dan membersihkan lidah tidak memiliki hubungan dengan self-perceived halitosis (p>0.05). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara faktor penilaian subjektif penyakit dan kondisi rongga mulut yang terdiri dari gingivitis, mulut kering, dan tongue coating terhadap self-perceived halitosis pada remaja di DKI Jakarta.

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Background: Self-perceived halitosis is characterized by an unpleasant odor arising from the oral cavity. It was found that the main cause of halitosis was from intraoral origin, so it is very important for each individual to maintain their oral health. In addition, although the main etiology of the intraoral factor is tongue coating, the prevalence of people cleaning their tongue every day is still low. Therefore, this research will be more devoted to discussing the habit of cleaning the tongue.

Objective: This study aims to identify the relationship between subjective oral health and self-perceived halitosis.

Methods: A-cross sectional study of 298 adolescents who live in DKI Jakarta and have a subjective halitosis through a questionnaire with a google form.

Results: Subjective assessment of oral diseases and conditions consisting of gingivitis, dry mouth, and tongue coating were associated with self-perceived halitosis (p <0.05). The greater the respondents who feel they have gingivitis, dry mouth, and tongue coating in their oral cavity, the higher the self-perceived halitosis value. Other subjective oral health factors, namely the subjective assessment of caries and oral hygiene habits which consisted of brushing, flossing, using mouthwash, and cleaning the tongue had no relationship with self-perceived halitosis (p> 0.05).

Conclusion: There is a relationship between the subjective assessment of oral diseases and conditions consisting of gingivitis, dry mouth, and tongue coating with self-perceived halitosis of adolescents who live in DKI Jakarta."

"ABSTRAKHalitosis atau bau mulut adalah masalah kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang banyak dikeluhkan dan dapat menjadi persoalan kesehatan yang serius. Penyebab halitosis terutama dan terbanyak adalah bakteri yang hidup dalam rongga mulut terutama bakteri anaerob gram negatif yang menghasilkan sulfur. Keseluruhan senyawa sulfur yang dihasilkan disebut Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSC) dan inilah yang menyebabkan bau pada mulut. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan efektifitas oral hygiene menggunakan chlorhexidine dan normal saline terhadap skor halitosis. Metode dalam peneltian ini adalah quasi eksperimen dengan subjek penelitian pasien dengan penyakit kritis sebanyak 28 orang yang dibagi dalam dua kelompok, 14 responden dilakukan oral hygiene dengan menyikat gigi dan lidah dengan chlorhexidine glukonate 0,1% dan 14 responden dilakukan oral hygiene dengan menyikat gigi dan lidah dengan normal saline. Pengukuran skor halitosis dilakukan sebelum dan 15 menit sesudah oral hygiene. Gas VSC diukur menggunakan alat Tanita BreathChecker . Hasil menunjukkan terjadi penurunan skor halitosis sebelum dan sesudah oral hygiene dengan memperlihatkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05). Jumlah responden dengan nilai 0 pada skor halitosis sebanyak 10 responden (72%) pada kelompok pertama dan pada kelompok kedua sebanyak 4 responden (29%). Kesimpulan penggunaan chlorhexidine glukonate 0,1% lebih efektif terhadap penurunan skor halitosis dibandingkan menggunakan normal saline.

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ABSTRACTHalitosis or bad breath is a dental health problem that mainly complaint and can be a serious health problem. The cause of halitosis mainly and mostly bacterias which live in the oral cavity, especially anaerob negatif gram bacteria that produce sulfur. The whole sulfur component that was produced called Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSC) and this is the cause of bad breath. The purpose of this study was to know the comparison of effectiveness oral hygiene using chlorhexidine and normal saline on halitosis score. This study used Quasy experiment with subjects consisted of 28 patients with critically ill, divided into two groups, 14 subjects conducted oral hygiene to brush their teeth and tongue with chlorhexidine glukonate 0,1% and 14 subjects conducted oral hygiene to brush their teeth and tongue with normal saline. The measurement of Volatile Sulfur Compounds level used Tanita BreathChecker, conducted before and 15 minutes after oral hygiene. The result showed significant differences in reducing VSC components in both groups (p<0,05). Number of subjects with score halitosis 0 by 10 subjects (72%) in first group and 4 subjects (29%) in second group. In conclusion, chlorhexidine glukonate 0,1% is more effective decreased score halitosis than normal saline on patients with critically ill."

"Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini digunakan untuk menentukkan validitas dan reliabilitas kuesioner C-OIDP pada anak SMP dengan rentang usia 12-15 tahun di Wilayah DKI Jakarta. Metode: Versi Bahasa dari C-OIDP dibentuk sesuai dengan pedoman proses adaptasi cross-cultural. Penelitian dilakukan pada 502 anak usia 12 - 15 tahun dari enam SMP Negeri di Jakarta yang dipilih secara acak. Tes psikometrik mencakup konsistensi internal, reliabilitas test-retest, validitas diskriminan, dan validitas konvergen. Hasil: mean usia subyek penelitian adalah 13.3 tahun (SD ± 0.9) dan 54% subyek penelitian merupakan perempuan. Mean C-OIDP dari peserta adalah 3.49, (SD ±5.61). Konsistensi internal dan reliabilitas test-retest C-OIDP dengan nilai Chronbach’s alpha 0.72 dan intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.61. anak-anak dengan decay aktif, PUFA positif, rongga mulut tidak bersih, atau gingivitis memiliki skor C-OIDP yang lebih rendah secara signifikan (P ≤ 0.001). Dua per tiga (64.9%) dari sampel memiliki paling sedikit satu dampak oral yang berpengaruh pada performa keseharian. Kesimpulan: C-OIDP versi Bahasa Indonesia berhasil dibuat untuk digunakan sebagai instrumen OHRQoL pada anak-anak usia 12-15 di Indonesia.

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Obejctives: The aim of this study is to assess validity and reliability an Indonesian Version of C-OIDP in among 12-15 years old high-school-children in Jakarta.

Method: The Indonesian version of C-OIDP was developed according to the guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation process. The Indonesian version was tested for reliability and validity on random sample of 502, 12–15 years old school children in Jakarta. Psychometric analysis of the Indonesian Child-OIDP involved construct validity tests as well as internal and test-retest reliability.

Result: Mean age of the participants was 13.3, (SD± 0.9) and 46% of the student are males, 54% are females. Crohnbach’s alpha value was 0.72. In terms of test-retest reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.61. Two-third (64.9%) of the sample had oral impact affecting one or more performances in the past 3 months. The mean of C-OIDP score was 3.49 (SD±5.61). The construct validity was confirmed by C-OIDP scores being significantly associated with oral health condition.The Spearman’s correlation coefficients significant (all p<0.001).

Conclusion: This study indicates that the Indonesian Child-OIDP index is a valid and reliable measure to be used as an OHRQoL index among 12–15 years old children in Indonesia."

"Latar Belakang :Pesantren merupakan institusi pendidikan di Indonesia yang menjalankan sistem tempat tinggal asrama. Kondisi status kesehatan gigi mulut di beberapa pesantren masih menunjukkan hasil sedang hingga rendah, padahal terdapat lebih dari empat juta remaja yang menempuh pendidikan di pesantren. Upaya meningkatkan kesehatan gigi mulut adalah melaksanakan program promosi kesehatan mulut berbasis sekolah, dan program ini dapat disusun dengan sebelumnya melakukan identifikasi perilaku kebersihan gigi mulut.Tujuan : Menganalisis hubungan antara perilaku kebersihan gigi mulut dengan indeks plak, laju alir saliva, dan kuantifikasi bakteri Veillonella Parvula dalam saliva di komunitas pesantren populasi anak usia 12 – 14 tahun. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan pada 101 siswa Ibnu Hajar Boarding School. Pengisian kuesioner indeks OHB untuk menilai perilaku kebersihan gigi mulut. Pengambilan sampel saliva tanpa stimulasi dan diukur lajur alir, dilanjutkan pemeriksaan indeks plak. Sampel saliva dibawa ke laboratorium untuk mengetahui kuantifikasi bakteri Veillonella parvula melalui metode RT-PCR. Hasil: Koefisien korelasi antara OHB dengan Indeks plak adalah r = 0.127 p-value = 0.204. Koefisien korelasi antara OHB dengan laju alir saliva adalah r = -0.211, p-value = 0.034. Koefisien korelasi antara OHB dengan Ct Veillonella parvula adalah r = -0.156 , p-value = 0.119. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan berbanding terbalik dan bermakna antara perilaku kebersihan gigi mulut dengan laju alir saliva, dan hubungan tidak bermakna antara perilaku kebersihan gigi mulut dengan indeks plak dan kuantifikasi bakteri Veillonella parvula.

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Background: Boarding schools in Indonesia operate as residential educational institutions. The oral health status in some boarding schools still indicates moderate to low results, despite more than four million adolescents pursuing education in these institutions. Efforts to improve oral health include implementing a school-based oral health promotion program, which can be designed after identifying oral hygiene behaviors. To date, there has been no study examining the relationship between oral hygiene behaviors and plaque index, saliva flow rate, and quantification of Veillonella Parvula. Objective: To analyze the relationship between oral hygiene behaviors and plaque index, saliva flow rate, and quantification of Veillonella Parvula in a population of 12- to 14-year-old students in a boarding school. Method: The OHB index questionnaire was used to assess oral hygiene behaviors. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected and saliva flow rate measured, followed by plaque index examination. Saliva samples were taken to the laboratory to determine the quantification of Veillonella Parvula bacteria using RT-PCR. Results: The correlation coefficient between OHB and the plaque index was r = 0.127, p-value = 0.204. The correlation coefficient between OHB and saliva flow rate was r = -0.211, p-value = 0.034. The correlation coefficient between OHB and Ct Veillonella Parvula was r = -0.156, p-value = 0.119. Conclusion: There was an inverse and significant relationship between oral hygiene behavior and salivary rate, and a non-significant relationship between oral hygiene behavior and plaque index and quantification of Veillonella parvula bacteria."

"Tujuan: Reliabilitas dan validitas kuesioner COHIP-SF 19 versi Bahasa Indonesia. Metode: Dibuat berdasarkan pedoman proses adaptasi cross-cultural. Penelitian dilakukan pada 548 anak usia 12 - 15 tahun dari enam SMP Negeri di Jakarta yang dipilih secara acak. Tes psikometrik mencakup konsistensi internal, reliabilitas test-retest, validitas diskriminan, dan validitas konvergen. Hasil: Mean usia subjek penelitian adalah 13,3 tahun (SD 0,9) dan 54% subjek penelitian merupakan perempuan. Mean COHIP-SF 19 adalah 57,8 (SD 8,8) dan mediannya adalah 58 (rentang 27 - 75). Konsistensi internal dan reliabilitas test-retest COHIP-SF 19 sangat baik dengan nilai Chronbach’s alpha 0,83 dan intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) 0,81. Anak-anak dengan decay aktif, PUFA positif, rongga mulut tidak bersih, atau gingivitis memiliki skor COHIP-SF 19 yang lebih rendah secara signifikan (P ≤ 0,030). Korelasi antara skor COHIP-SF 19 dan masing-masing domain, dengan tingkat keparahan klinis dan penilaian diri terhadap kesehatan umum atau kesehatan rongga mulut setelah disesuaikan dengan usia, jenis kelamin, dan sekolah sangat rendah hingga rendah (│rs│ = 0,04 – 0,27, P ≤ 0,028). Kesimpulan: COHIP-SF 19 versi Bahasa Indonesia berhasil dibuat untuk digunakan sebagai instrumen OHRQoL pada anak-anak usia sekolah di Indonesia. Konsistensi internal, reliabilitas test-retest, validitas diskriminan, dan validitas konvergen COHIP-SF 19 versi Bahasa Indonesia sudah dibuktikan.

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Objectives: Assessing reliability and validity of COHIP-SF 19 Indonesian version.

Methods: Developed according to the guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation process. The instrument was tested among 548 children age 12 – 15 years old, from randomly selected six junior high school in Jakarta. The psychometric test include internal consistency, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity, and convergent validity.

Results: Mean age of the participants was 13,3 years (SD 0,9) and 54% of the participants were girls. The mean score was 57,8 (SD 8,8) and the median was 58 (range 27-75). The internal consistency and test-retest reliability was excellent with Chronbach’s alpha 0,83 and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) 0,81. Children with active decay, positive PUFA, not clean oral cavity, or gingivitis had significantly lower scores (P ≤ 0,030). Correlation between COHIP-SF 19 score, subscale scores and clinical severity as well as self-rated general or oral health were very low to low (│rs│ = 0,04 - 0,27, P ≤ 0,028), after adjustment for children’s age, gender, and school.

Conclusion: The Indonesian version of COHIP-SF 19 was successfully developed to be used as an OHRQoL instrument for Indonesian school-age children. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity, and convergent validity of COHIP-SF 19 Indonesian version were confirmed."

"Objective: To assess the oral health status and oral hygiene habits of the dependent elderly in Muang Phitsanulok,Thailand. Methods: 70 dependent elderly with an activity of daily living score of 0 - 4 were selected for this studyusing a convenience sampling technique. Both participants and their caregivers were interviewed and an oralexamination was carried out on all subjects. Information regarding demographics, oral health care habits, and oralhealth status including dental caries, remaining dentition, and occluding pairs of teeth was collected. The data wasanalysed using descriptive statistics. Results: Results showed that 82.1% of the participants had at least one cariouslesion. 62.9% of subjects possessed their natural dentition, however 52% of those did not have any occluding teeth.The majority of the edentulous group were categorised as a low socioeconomic status. Interestingly, none of thedentate group reported ever flossing their teeth, 31.9% brushed their teeth twice daily, and 14.3% reported that theydid not employ any oral hygiene methods. Additionally, it was found that the caregivers played a major role in theoral health care of the dependent elderly. Conclusion: The oral health of the dependent elderly is generally poor,especially amongst the low socioeconomic community. The subject’s declining dexterity and increase of general health risks limits their ability to maintain acceptable oral health."

"Latar belakang: Di Indonesia prevalensi kehilangan gigi pada usia 35-44 tahun adalah 35,3% dan terus meningkat seiring bertambahnya usia. Kehilangan gigi dapat menyebabkan penurunan fungsi gigi dan mulut. Untuk mengembalikan fungsi gigi individu dapat menggunakan gigi tiruan, namun hanya 4% penduduk usia 35-44 tahun yang menggunakan gigi tiruan. Literasi kesehatan gigi dan mulut/Oral Health Literacy (OHL) didefinisikan sebagai kapasitas individu untuk memperoleh, memproses dan memahami informasi dasar kesehatan gigi, mulut dan kraniofasial serta pelayanannya yang diperlukan untuk membuat keputusan yang sesuai mengenai kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Oleh karena itu, mungkin saja nilai OHL memengaruhi persepsi kebutuhan individu. Akan tetapi, penelitian mengenai topik ini masih terbatas di Indonesia. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara nilai OHL dengan persepsi kehilangan gigi yang dilihat dari fungsi gigi dan perawatan kebutuhan gigi pada dewasa hingga lansia. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif potong lintang menggunakan kuesioner The Health Literacy in Dentistry HELD-29 versi Indonesia (skor 0-116) dan pertanyaan mengenai persepsi fungsi gigi serta kebutuhan perawatan prostodonsia. Populasi penelitian adalah orang dengan usia 17 tahun keatas yang sudah mengalami kehilangan gigi. Hasil: 205 responden berusia 17-82 tahun dan mayoritas perempuan (66,3%). Nilai OHL (82 ± 16,75) lebih tinggi pada kelompok dengan persepsi fungsi gigi sangat baik dan memilih tidak memerlukan perawatan prostodonsia. Terdapat hubungan bermakna (p<0,05) antara nilai OHL dengan persepsi fungsi gigi (r= 0,285), jumlah kehilangan gigi (r= -0,265), jumlah dukungan oklusal berdasarkan indeks Eichner(r= -0,262), dan lokasi kehilangan gigi (r= -0,233). Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara nilai OHL dengan persepsi kebutuhan perawatan prostodonsia (r= 0,083, p>0,05). Terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai OHL pada usia dan tingkat pendidikan individu (p<0,05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai OHL berdasarkan jenis kelamin dan status ekonomi individu (p<0,05). terutama pada kelompok usia 17-29 tahun dengan ≥60 tahun (p= 0,006) dan kelompok usia 45-59 tahun dengan ≥60 tahun (p= 0,000) dan tingkat pendidikan SD dengan SMP (p= 0,002), SD dengan SMA (p= 0,000), dan SD dengan perguruan tinggi (p= 0,000). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai OHL berdasarkan jenis kelamin dan status ekonomi individu (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Semakin tinggi nilai OHL, semakin baik penilaian persepsi fungsi gigi. Semakin rendah nilai OHL maka semakin banyak jumlah kehilangan gigi, berkurangnya zona dukungan oklusal, dan semakin banyak lokasi kehilangan gigi yang terlibat.

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Background: Prevalence of tooth loss in Indonesia is 35.3% at 35-44 years old and continues to increase with age. Tooth loss can lead to decreased oral function. To restore the oral function, individuals with tooth loss can wear denture, but only 4% of the population aged 35-44 years old wears denture. Oral health literacy (OHL) is defined as the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic dental, oral, and craniofacial health information and services needed to make appropriate oral health decisions. Therefore, low OHL score may be a cause of the low perceived need. Nonetheless, research concerning this issue is still limited in Indonesia.

Objective: To assess the correlation between OHL score and perception of tooth loss in adults to elderly.

Methods: Cross-sectional study was performed using The Health Literacy in Dentistry (HeLD)-29 Indonesian version (score 0-116) and questions about perception of dental function and perceived need for prosthodontics treatment. The population of this study were people aged 17 years old and over who had experienced tooth loss.

Results: There were 205 respondents with age range 17-82 years old and 66.3% of the respondents were female. The mean OHL score was 82. The OHL score was higher in the group of individuals who choose the higher perception of dental function and choose not to get Prosthodontics treatment. There is a significant correlation (p<0.05) between the OHL score and the perception of dental function (r= 0.285), number of tooth loss (r= -0.265), the number of occlusal support based on the Eichner index (r= -0.262), and the location of tooth loss (r= -0.233). There is no correlation between the OHL score and the perceived need for prosthodontics treatment (r= 0.083; p>0.05). There is a significant difference in the OHL score on age and educational level (p<0.05), especially in the aged 17-29 years old with ≥60 years old (p= 0.006) and the aged 45-59 years old with ≥60 years old (p= 0.000) and the level of education between elementary school with junior high school (p= 0.002), elementary school with senior high school (p= 0.000), and elementary school with higher level of education (p= 0.000). There is no significant difference in the OHL score on gender and individual economic status (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Higher OHL scores show better perception of dental function. Lower OHL scores are associated with higher tooth loss, loss of occlusal support zone, and more locations of tooth loss."

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Prevalensi masalah kesgimul di DKI Jakarta tahun 2013 meningkat dibanding tahun 2007 namun hanya 39,5% di antaranya yang mendapat perawatan. Hal ini dapat dipengaruhi oleh tingkat Oral Health Literacy (OHL). Tingkat OHL yang rendah dapat mempengaruhi perilaku kesehatan seseorang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat tingkat OHL pada penduduk dewasa dan kaitannya dengan oral health key literacy outcomes seperi kunjungan terakhir ke dokter gigi, alasan berkunjung ke dokter gigi, dan frekuensi merokok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat kaitan antara tingkat OHL dengan kunjungan terakhir ke dokter gigi dan alasan berkunjung ke dokter gigi (p<0,05)namun tidak dengan frekuensi merokok (p>0,05).

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Prevalence of Oral health problems among adults during 2013 in DKI Jakarta increased from 2007 but only 39.5% of them got treatment from dental clinicians. This can be influenced by the level of Oral Health Literacy (OHL) that will affect their health behaviours. This study aims to know the OHL level and its relation to its Key Literacy outcomes such as last visit to dentist, reason to go to dentist, and smoking frequencies. Results showed that there’s an association between OHL and its outcomes (p<0,05) except with smoking frequencies (p>0,05)."