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"Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is an inflammatory condition of oral mucosa and is very common that occur in 20% of population, in which 80% of all cases are minor type. Etiology remains unknown but there are factors that can precipitate the attack, known as predisposing factors, which are haematinic deficiency, food hypersensitivity, bacterial or viral infection, hormonal changes, psychological stress, drugs and local trauma. Management of minor RAS are symptomatic and also discovering all predisposing factors which may play role in order to give the appropriate treatments to all predisposing factors. The appropriatetreatment for all predisposing factors is to prevent recurrency or reduce the severity of RAS.This paper presents 2 cases of minor RAS which have bacterial infection from poor oral hygiene; local trauma from radices, irritating tooth cusp and rough surface of calculus; haematinic deficiency; physical / psychological stress and food hypersensitivity, as predisposing factors. The management of those cases are scaling, grinding irritating cusp, giving advice of proper and healthy diet including vitamin supplementation, finding any stress factor and also overcome it. We concluded that finding and eliminating predisposing factors can reduce recurrency and severity of RAS."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 215-220The purpose of this study was to disclose one of the etiopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) at molecular level by analyzing the expression of protein anomaly in oral mucosa. This was a cross-sectional explorative and analytic observational study. Samples, who met inclusion and exclusion criteria, were taken from total population. Samples of protein swab were obtained from oral mucosa, serum weretaken from 15 patients with major RAS, 20 patients with minor RAS and 15 were control. The characterization of protein anomaly expressed on the surface of oral mucosa epithelium was carried out using SDS-PAGE 12% and Westemblot methods. The result of oral mucosa protein anomaly expression analysis in patients with major RAS using SDS-PAGE 12% revealed five protein bands with molecular weights of 87,65, 30, 25, and 20 kDa. In minor RAS cases with protein anomaly expression there were four proteins with molecular weights of 87, 65, 25, and 20 kDa, and the protein in remission RAS had four proteins bands with molecular weight of 87, 65, 25 and 20 kDa. The band disappearances by using Westemblot test, of 30 kDa of major cases, 87 and 20 kDa of minor cases and 20 and 25 kDa of remission cases, indicated that those patients were not reacted with polyclonal antibodies of rabbit serum; therefore they had no role in the induction of RAS. ln conclusion, the antigenic protein expressed in oral mucosa of major, minor, and remission RAS was predominantly 65 kDa molecular weight."

"Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is characterized by painful recurring ulceration of oral mucosa and is the most common oral ulcerative disease. The specific etiology of the disease remains unknown. This situation makes the therapy of RAS difficult and uncertain. This article will discuss the effectiveness and the safety of amlexanox 5% in relieving the symptoms and accelerate healing in RAS lesions. Amlexanox 5% is a new drug used topically in treatment of RAS. The mechanism of action by which amlexanox accelerates healing of RAS is unknown. Clinical study of efficacy amlexanox 5% has been demonstrated significantly accelerate healing and reduce pain of RAS, compared to amlexanox 1%, vehicle and no treatment. 5% amlexanox oral paste has an advantageous pharmacological activity to accelerate healing and reduce the pain of RAS, thus it can be used as one of the modality in this therapy."

"Latar belakang: Sariawan atau Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren (SAR) merupakan keluhan ulserasi pada rongga mulut yang paling sering terjadi. SAR dapat terjadi karena beberapa faktor (multifactorial factor).Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor-faktor determinan yang mempengarahui kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren (SAR) di Indonesia tahun 2014.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan desain cross sectional menggunakan data sekunder dari Data IFLS 5 tahun 2014 (n=28.410). Analisi deskriptif, chi-square, dan regresi logistik dilakukan untuk melihat proporsi dan hubungan antara kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren dengan variabel independen.Hasil: Hanya sebesar 18,39% reponden IFLS 5 mengalami kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren di tahun 2014. Hasil bivariat (chi-square) menunjukkan ada hubungan kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren dengan variabel independen terkait. Regresi logistik menunjukan kemungkinan kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren yang paling signifikan pada responden berusia 18-34 tahun, perempuan, belum menikah, bertingkat pendidikan SMA, bertempat tinggal di Kota, memiliki tingkat stress yang sering, memiliki kebiasaan makanan yang sering mengkonsumsi soda, makanan manis, sambal, gorengan dan mempunyai pernyakit komorbid hipertensi, asma, paru-paru, kanker, rematik, dan pencernaan. Kesimpulan: Terdapat banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren. Hasil penelitian ini dapat berguna untuk memberikan informasi dan edukasi mengenai hubungan faktor resiko kejadian Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren.

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Background: Recurrent Aphthous sSomatitis (RAS) is the most common complaint of ulceration in the oral cavity. RAS can occur due to several factors (multifactorial factors).

Objective: To determine the determinant factors that influence the incidence of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) in Indonesia in 2014.

Methods: This study is a descriptive study with a cross sectional design using secondary data from IFLS 5 data in 2014 (n=28,410). Descriptive analysis, chi-square, and logistik regression were performed to see the proportion and relationship between the incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and the independent variables.

Results: Only 18.39% of IFLS 5 respondents experienced the incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in 2014. The bivariate (chi-square) results showed that there was a relationship between the incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and the related independent variables. Logistic regression showed the most significant possibility of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in respondents aged 18-34 years, female, unmarried, high school education level, living in the city, having frequent stress levels, having food habits that often consume soda, sweet foods, chili sauce, fried food and has comorbid hypertension, asthma, lung, cancer, rheumatism, and digestion.

Conclusion: There are many factors that influence the incidence of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. The results of this study can be useful to provide information and education regarding the relationship of risk factors for the incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis."

"Oral mucositis (OM) is an inflammatory and ulcerative process of the mucosa of the mouth that result from the administration of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy or blood and marrow stem cell transplant. The incidence and severity of OM will vary from patient to patient, that correlates with the risk factors. The risk factors are patient related factors and therapy related factors. We reported a case in a 33 years old woman patient with OM grade IV accompanied with oral candidiasis who is undergoing radiotherapy in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital for her nasopharyngeal cancer. The estimated risk factors of the severity OM in this case are the patient gender, poor oral hygiene,poor nutritional status, decreased saliva production, dose total andfractional radiation, and the staging of cancer. Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2 % mouthwash and Mycostatin oral supension administration was decreased the severity of OM in this patient, nevertheless not yet totally recovery because another risk factors that can affect OM and dental management can not optimally controlled. It’s concluded that identification and control of oral mucositis risk factors are required for minimize severity of OM, to achieve the better quality of life patient."

"Behçet’s Disease (BD) is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent oral-genital ulcers, ocular inflammation and frequently involves the joints, skin, central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. We reported a case of severe BD in 30 years old male patient with oral-genital ulcerations and ocular involvement. He had suffered from the disease since twelve years ago and ocular involvement has lead to blindness of the right eye. Eye drop treatment for eight years, was suspected to cause lichenoid lesion on the buccal mucosa. Management of this patient included the application of topicalsteroid, 1 % povidone iodine and oral hygiene promotion. We concluded that disease condition, poor oral hygiene, disability and less compliance of the patient could slowed the acceleration of lesions healing. Elimination local exacerbating factors and a good coordination between dentist-patient and among medical team work are required to achieve the optimal recovery and to minimize complication of its treatment in the oral cavity."

"Ruang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren (SAR) belum diketahui dengan pasti penyebabnya. Namun ada dugaan gangguan kekebalan melalui mekanisme infeksi dan mekanisme autoimun dapat berperan dalam patogenesisnya. Ketidak-seimbangan jumlah dan proporsi pada subpopulasi limfosit, dapat menyebabkan kelainan kekebalan. Beberapa penelitian terhadap SAR dan hubungannya dengan subpopulasi limfosit tersebut telah dilaporkan, namun hasil yang ditemukam tidak saling mendukung. Keragaman hasil yang dilaporkan para peneliti tersebut, mungkin disebabkan karena para peneliti tidak menggolongkan penderita SAR berdasarkan tipe lasi, yaitu tipe minor dan tipe mayor. Keragaman hasil mungkin pula disebabkan oleh karena sebagian peneliti menggunakan darah lengkap sebagai bahan pemeriksaan. Penelitian yang dilakukan ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan adanya kelainan kekebalan seluler yang ditemukan pada penderita SAR, dengan analisis jumlah dan proporsi subpopulasi limfosit, serta dikaitkan dengan tipe lasi SAR. Pada penelitian ini digunakan sediaan limfosit yang dimurnikan untuk menetapkan proporsi setiap subpopulasi dengan bantuan flow cyrometry. Selain proporsi, jumlah absolut setiap subpopulasi limfosit ditetapkan pula. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 19 penderita SAR yang terdiri dari 12 penderita SAR tipe minor dan 7 penderita SAR tipe mayor, serta 8 orang normal sebagai kontrol. Hasil penelitian dianalisis secara statistik (uji Mann-Withney) dengan membandingkan proporsi dan jumlah absolut antara kelompok normal dengan penderita SAR dan antara kelompok SAR tipe minor dengan tipe mayor. Hasil dan kesimpulan: Pada kelompok penderita SAR ditemukan nilai yang lebih rendah daripada kelompok normal pada: jumlah absolut sel Th (P< 0.05), proporsi sel Th (P< 0.01) dan nisbahTh/Ts (P<0.01). Proporsi sel Ts pada kelompok penderita SAR lebih tinggi daripada kelompok normal (p< 0.01). Nisbah Th/Ts pada penderita SAR tipe mayor lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan penderita SAR tipe minor (P<0.0 I) dan proporsi sel Ts pada penderita SAR tipe mayor lebih tinggi daripada SAR tipe minor (P< 0.01). Dengan demikian, disimpulkan bahwa pada pendrita SAR ditemukan adanya tanda-tanda kelainan kekebalan seluler yang semakin nyata pada penderita SAR tipe mayor."

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Sampai dengan Oktober 2019, pada Pemerintahan Indonesia, hanya 19 Kementerian/Lembaga (K/L) (22.09%) yang berinisiatif untuk menyusun Laporan Tahunan (Laptah) di samping Laporan Keuangan dan Laporan Kinerja. Hal ini mengakibatkan pelaksanaan prinsip utama good governance (transparansi) menjadi tidak optimal. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori institutional logics dan isomorphism untuk menganalisis perbedaan perilaku para manajer yang bertanggung jawab dalam penyusunan dan publikasi laptah. Strategi penelitian menggunakan studi kasus dengan menggali fenomena dalam penyusunan laptah dan faktor institusional yang menjadi latar belakangnya. Penggalian data dilakukan melalui penyebaran kuesioner dan wawancara kepada 86 K/L. Tingkat pemenuhan persyaratan symbolic carriers dalam penyusunan laporan tahunan masih rendah.  Terkait material carriers, fenomena budaya kurangnya inovasi dan kurangnya adaptasi dapat menjadi faktor penghambat dalam penyusunan laporan tahunan.  Keberadaan SOP menjadi salah satu faktor penggerak yang memudahkan K/L dalam menyusun laporan tahunan. Dari sisi artifacts, dukungan teknologi dan sistem informasi yang ada saat ini sudah baik dan mampu memfasilitasi K/L dalam menyusun laporan tahunan. Adanya pandangan bahwa penyusunan laporan tahunan merupakan suatu kewajiban karena adanya amanat dari peraturan (coercive isomorphism), menjadi motivasi utama bagi K/L dalam menyusun laporan tahunan. Motivasi kedua adalah karena adanya dorongan profesionalisme (normative isomorphism) bahwa penyusunan laporan tahunan ini merupakan bentuk tanggung jawab transaparansi dan akuntabilitas kepada masyarakat. Praktik mencontoh atau mempertimbangkan keputusan yang diambil oleh K/L lain (mimetic isomorphism) tidak ditemukan pada penelitian ini. 

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Until October 2019, in the Government of Indonesia, only 19 Ministries/Institutions (SM/I) (22.09%) took the initiative to prepare an Annual Report (AR) in addition to the Financial Statements and Performance Reports. This resulted in the implementation of the main principles of good governance (transparency) being not optimal. This study uses the theory of institutional logics and isomorphism to analyze differences in the behavior of managers who are responsible for the preparation and publication of the report. The research strategy uses case studies by exploring phenomena in the preparation of the report and institutional factors that are the background. Data mining was carried out through questionnaires and interviews to 86 SM/I. The level of fulfillment of symbolic carriers' requirements in preparing annual reports is still low. Regarding material carriers, lack of innovation and lack of adaptation can be a limiting factor in the preparation of annual reports. The existence of SOPs is one of the driving factors that facilitate SM/I in preparing annual reports. In terms of artifacts, technology support and existing information systems are already good and able to facilitate SM/I in preparing annual reports. The view that the compilation of annual reports is an obligation because of the mandate of regulations (coercive isomorphism), becomes the main motivation for SM/I in preparing annual reports. The second motivation is due to the encouragement of professionalism (normative isomorphism) that the preparation of this annual report is a form of responsibility of transparency and accountability to the community. The practice of imitating or considering decisions taken by other SM/I (mimetic isomorphism) was not found in this study.

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"Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune–mediated disease of skin and mucous membran leading to progressive blistering and chronic erosions. It often begins with blister formations which easily rupture. The characteristic feature is positive nikolsky sign which may or not be presented simultaneously. Infrequently, ocular involvement may be seen as conjunctivitis. Establishment of early definite diagnosis is critical and requires correlation of clinical and histopathological findings. Because of this conditon is a potentially life-threatening, the risk of complications and mortality rate increases if initial management is non comprehensive and inadequate. Treatment is directed at supression of autoimmune process, typically administration of corticosteroids. This article report a case in a 51 years old woman who had painful chronic oral ulcer and poor general health condition. Prior to the visit to Oral Medicine clinic, patient was treated by her general practitioners for several months, without either established diagnosis nor comprehensive and adequate management, so that she had no clinical improvement. Clinical examination at the first visit in OralMedicine clinic Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, revealed bula in the skin, conjunctivitis, easily bleed oral mucosae, widespread erosions and ulcerations of the lips, gingiva, tongue, and buccal mucosae. Biopsy of one of skin erosions demonstarting suprabasal intraepithelial acantholysis. Multi divisions in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, such as Oral Medicine, Dermatology, Internal Medicine, Ophtalmology, ENT, were involved in treating this case. Patient received high dose methylprednisolone sistemically and prednisone topically for the lips. General remission achieved in several days. Thus, establishment of early definite diagnosis and adequate management are important in management of Pemphigus vulgaris."

"Latar Belakang : Youtube menjadi platform Media sosial yang paling banyak digunakan di Indonesia saat ini. Namun, kualitas informasi mengenai kesehatan di Youtube masih diragukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa kualitas video berbahasa Indonesia mengenai Stomatitis Aftosa Rekuren yang tersedia di Youtube dalam kurun waktu 1 tahun terakhir. Metode: Melakukan pencarian di Youtube menggunakan kata kunci “Sariawan”. 250 video pertama diseleksi dengan kriteria eksklusi, menghasilkan jumlah video inklusi sebanyak 90 video. Mencatat tanggal video diunggah, sumber pengunggah, durasi, Views, likes,dab dislikes. Video dinilai visibilitas, popularitas, kualitas, kegunaan, dan reliabilitas oleh 1 orang penguji. Uji statistik menggunakan Uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Sebagian besar video diunggah oleh pengguna independen (78,8%), tenga kesehatan profesional (12,2%), tv channel (7,8%), dan organisasi profesional (2,2%). Secara keseluruhan, mayoritas video memiliki skor GQS, Usefulness, dan Discern rendah. Namun, video yang diunggah profesional memiliki kualitas yang lebih baik dibanding pengguna independen (p<0.05, Uji Mann-Whitney) . Kesimpulan: Terdapat sedikit video berbahasa Indonesia mengenai SAR di Youtube yang memiliki kualitas baik. Diperlukan adanya keterlibatan profesional untuk menigkatkan kualitas informasi kesehatan di Youtube dengan mengupload video berkualitas baik dengan merujuk serta menyertakan sumber yang reliabel.

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Background :Youtube has become the most used social media platform in Indonesia. However, the quality of information regarding health on Youtube is still questionable. This study aims to analyze the quality of Indonesian-language videos about Recurrent Aphtous Stomatitis available on Youtube within the last 1 year. Method : A systematic search of Youtube was performed using the keyword “Sariawan”. 90 videos were inluded. The date video uploaded, source, duration, views, likes, and dislikes. Videos were assssed for visibility, popularity, quality, utility, and reliability by one examiner. Results : Most of the videos were uploaded by independent users (78,8%), health professionals (12,2%), TV Channels (7,8%), and professional organizations (2,2%). Overall, the majority of th evideos had low GQS (Global Quality Score), Usefulness, and Discern scores. However, videos uploaded by professionals had a better quality, utility, and reliability than independent users (p<0,05), Mann-Whitney test. Conclusion : There are still a few videos in Indonesia-language which are of good quality. Professional involvement is needed to improve the quality of health information on Youtube by uploading good quality videos by referring and mention reliable source."