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"Obstruction of the upper respiratory tract (OURT) will cause mouth breathing that is known to influence neuromuscular activity. This will lead to malformation of face growth pattern and head posture that can result in dentocraniofacial deformity. This research aimed to identify the differences in soft tissue profile characteristics in OURT patients compared to normal subjects, and to analyze the differences between boys and girls in this respect. An analytic descriptive study with cross sectional design was applied. The sample consists of 96 subjects including 64 OURT patients (32 boys and 32 girls) and 32 normal subjects (11 boys and 21 girls). The results showed that the OURT patients had convex profile and longer distance than the normal subjects between upper or lower lip to esthetic line (p<0.05). Furthermore, normal male subjects had longer distance of upper lip to E-line than females (p=0.039). The same was also shown in OURT patients, i.e. male patients had longer distance of upper and lower lip to E-line compared to females (p<0.05)."

"Objective: To investigate the correlations between head posture and mandible growth in Deuteromalayid OURT (obstruction of the upper respiratory tract) patients with mouth breathing habit. Material & Methods: The study used cross sectional design for 64 subjects including 32 OURT patients with mouth breathing habit and 32 normal subjects, all 12 to 15 years old. Lateral cephalometry radiograph was taken for head posture measurements and mandibular growth (ramus height, mandibular length, and mandibular rotation) measurements. Results: The fraction of subjects with kifosis head posture in OURT withmouth breathing habit (34.4%) was larger than that in normal subjects (28.1%). There is no correlation between head posture and OURT with mouth breathing habit, but there is a correlation between OURT with mouth breathing habit and mandibular rotation. Conclusion: Patients with OURT and mouth breathing habit show more vertical growth of mandible than normal subjects."

"ABSTRAK Obstruksi saluran napas atas OSNA pada anak merupakan kondisi abnormal yang menyebabkan terjadinya kebiasaan bernapas melalui mulut. Studi potong lintang analitik dengan metode consecutive sampling dilakukan pada anak laki-laki dan perempuan yang memiliki riwayat rinitis alergi, rinosinusitis, polip nasal, hipertrofi adenoid, dan obstructive sleep apnea. Studi ini menganalisis perbandingan antara kejadian maloklusi pada anak / remaja dengan OSNA yang ada di Klinik Respirologi dan Klinik Imunologi Alergi Kiara Pusat Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo sebagai kelompok subjek dan anak sehat tanpa OSNA dengan usia dan jenis kelamin yang sama dengan kelompok subjek di Klinik IKGA RSKGM FKG UI sebagai kelompok kontrol. Pencetakan rahang atas maupun bawah dilakukan dan jangka sorong dengan ketepatan 0,1 mm digunakan untuk pemeriksaan oklusi. Beberapa tipe maloklusi seperti maloklusi kelas 2 divisi 1, anterior open bite, dan posterior crossbite ditemukan pada subjek dengan kebiasaan bernapas melalui mulut dengan OSNA. Analisis data dengan metode chi-square menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara kejadian maloklusi anak dengan OSNA dibandingkan dengan anak pada kelompok kontrol p 0,001 . Dari hasil studi ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kebiasaan bernapas melalui mulut pada pasien anak dengan OSNA memiliki peran dalam perkembangan maloklusi.ABSTRACT Upper airway obstruction is an abnormal condition in children which can cause mouth breathing habit. Cross sectional analitic study was conducted with consecutive sampling method on children adolescents having allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, nasal polyp, adenoid hypertrophy, and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. This study analyzed comparation between malocclusion in children diagnosed with upper airway obstruction attending Pediatric Respirology and Immunology Allergy Outpatient Clinic Kiara Maternal and Child Health Center at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital as subject group and healthy children without upper airway obstruction with same age and gender with the subjects at Pediatric Dental Clinic Universitas Indonesia Dental Hospital in Jakarta as control group. Impression was taken and Vernier caliper at a precision of 0.1 mm was used to analyze the occlusion. Several types of malocclusion such as malocclusion class 2 division 1, anterior open bite, and posterior crossbite were found in mouth breathing subjects from this study. Chi square test showed significant difference on malocclusion occurrence between children with upper airway obstruction p 0,001 and children in control group. From this study, we can conclude that mouth breathing habit in children with upper airway obstructions may contributes in the development of malocclusion."

"Upper airway obstruction is an emergency condition that needs to be addressed immediately in order to prevent the consequent irreversible complication. The etiology of obstruction may vary depending on the patient's age ..."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Kebiasaan bernapas melalui mulut pada anak-anak dapat memberikan dampak pada pertumbuhan gigi, wajah dan dapat mempengaruhi bau mulut. Bau mulut merupakan suatu kondisi yang dapat memberikan rasa tidak nyaman pada individu maupun orang lain.Tujuan: Menganalisa perbandingan Streptococcus mutans serotype c dan Solobacterium moorei terhadap nilai organoleptik dan status kebersihan mulut pada anak yang bernapas melalui hidung dan melalui mulut, dan menganalisa korelasi Streptococcus mutans serotype c dan Solobacterium moorei pada anak yang bernapas melalui mulut pada sampel yang diisolasi dari usap lidah dan plak.Metode: Sampel yang diisolasi dari usap lidah dan plak diuji menggunakan metode ELISA. Nilai Optical Density dibaca pada panjang gelombang 450 nm. Nilai organoleptik dikorelasikan dengan jumlah antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype c dan Solobacterium moorei pada sampel yang diisolasi dari usap lidah dan plak.Hasil: Jumlah antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype c lebih banyak ditemukan pada anak yang bernapas melalui mulut, sedangkan jumlah antigen Solobacterium moorei lebih banyak ditemukan pada anak bernapas melalui hidung. Jumlah antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype c dan Solobacterium moorei lebih banyak ditemukan pada kategori ada bau, sedangkan pada anak yang bernapas melalui mulut jumlah antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype c dan Solobacterium moorei lebih banyak ditemukan pada kategori tidak ada bau yang diisolasi dari sampel usap lidah dan plak. Perbandingan pada kategori OHI-S anak yang bernapas melalui hidung, jumlah antigen pada Streptococcus mutans serotype c lebih banyak pada OHI-S dengan kategori baik, sedangkan jumlah antigen Solobacterium moorei lebih banyak ditemukan pada OHI-S kategori sedang yang diisolasi dari sampel usap lidah dan plak. Pada anak yang bernapas melalui mulut, jumlah antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype c lebih banyak ditemukan pada kategori OHI-S sedang dan Solobacterium moorei lebih banyak ditemukan pada kategori baik pada sampel yang diisolasi dari usap lidah dan plak.Kesimpulan: Terdapat kecenderungan korelasi negatif lemah antara jumlah antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype c dan Solobacterium moorei dengan skor organoleptik pada sampel usap lidah, sedangkan pada sampel plak diperoleh korelasi positif lemah.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Mouth breathing behavior in children gives impact to oromaxillofacial skeletal growth and oral malodor. Oral malodor is a condition that gives an uncomfortable sensation to the person and their surrounding.

Objective: To analyze the difference between Streptococcus mutans serotype c and Solobacterium moorei towards organoleptic scores and oral hygiene status in children with and without mouth breathing behavior, and to analyze correlation between Streptococcus mutans serotype c and Solobacterium moorei within sample from tongue swab and plaque in children with mouth breathing behavior.

Methods: Isolated sample from tongue swab and plaque are tested with ELISA methods. Optical density scores are read on wave length at 450 nm. Organoleptic scores are being correlated with the quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c and Solobacterium moorei within isolated sample from tongue swab and plaque.

Result: The quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c were counted more on children with mouth breathing behavior, as for the Solobacterium moorei were counted more on children without mouth breathing behavior. The quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c and Solobacteriun moorei were counted more on the malodor category, while for children with mouth breathing behavior the quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c and Solobacterium moorei were counted more on the no odor category which isolated sample from tongue swab and plaque. On children without mouth breathing behavior the Streptococcus mutans serotype c were found more in the high OHI-S category, while for Solobacterium moorei the quantity of the bacteria were found more on the moderate OHI-S category. On children with mouth breathing behavior, within tongue swab and plaque sample the Streptococcus mutans serotype c bacteria were found more on the high OHI-S category and the Solobacterium moorei bacteria were found more on the moderate OHI-S category.

Conclusion: There is slightly negative correlation between the quantity of Streptococcus mutans serotype c and Solobacterium moorei on organoleptic score within tongue swab sample while there is slightly positive correlation on plaque sample."

"Latar Belakang: Rongga hidung merupakan entry point untuk udara masuk dan merupakan proses utama dalam sistem respirasi. Namun, terkadang seseorang akan menggunakan mulut untuk bernapas. Prevalensi bernapas mulut pada anak-anak dilaporkan 50-55%. Pada rongga mulut, kondisi bernapas mulut yang terjadi pada anak-anak dapat menyebabkan peningkatan resiko penyakit gigi dan mulut . Perubahan kondisi pada rongga mulut dapat diukur menggunakan indeks kesehatan rongga mulut yang salah satunya adalah indeks OHI-S (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index). Sejauh ini belum dilaporkan adanya penelitian yang membahas korelasi indeks OHI-S terhadap karakteristik protein pada anak yang bernapas melalui mulut.

Tujuan: Menganalisa korelasi antara indeks OHI-S dengan konsentrasi protein serta menganalisa profil protein pada anak yang bernapas melalui mulut.

Metode: Sampel dari anak yang bernapas melalui mulut dan anak bernapas normal dikumpulkan kemudian dikelompokan berdasarkan indeks OHI-S.Sampel dari tongue biofilm, dental biofilm , saliva dan mukosa bukal di uji menggunakan Bradford assay untuk melihat total protein, setelah itu sampel saliva diuji menggunakan SDS PAGE untuk melihat profil protein. Kemudian hasil dianalisa dengan SPSS.

Hasil: Pada kelompok anak yang bernapas melalui mulut, korelasi antara total protein pada masing-masing sumber sampel dan indeks OHI-S didapatkan sebagai berikut: korelasi negatif pada tongue biofilm (r=-0.051), korelasi negatif pada dental biofilm (r=-0,127), korelasi positif pada saliva (r=0.051) dan korelasi positif pada mukosa bukal (r=0.314). Pada deteksi profil protein, frekuensi 3 protein saliva yaitu Amilase (54 kDa), IgA(70 kDa) dan Statherin (8 kDa), Ig-A   terhitung lebih banyak pada kelompok anak bernapas normal yang memiliki indeks OHI-S sedang sedangkan Statherin terhitung lebih banyak pada kelompok anak bernapas normal dengan indeks OHI-S baik.

Kesimpulan: Karakteristik protein dapat menjadi salah satu indikator biologis  perubahan indeks OHI-S pada anak yang bernapas melalui mulut.

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Background: Nasal cavity is the entry point in respiration process. However, some individuals use their mouth to breathe. Prevalence of mouth breathing in children is reported between 50-55%.In oral cavity, mouth breathing in children cause increased risk of dental problems. The change of condition within oral cavity can be measured with oral hygiene index such as OHI-S Index (Simplified Oral Hygiene Index). Thus far, there’s no further studies yet that discuss the correlation between OHI-S index and characteristics of protein in children with mouth breathing.

Objective: To analyse the correlation between OHI-S Index and protein total of several sample sources and analyse the salivary profile protein in children with mouth breathing.

Method: Samples were collected from children with mouth breathing and children without mouth breathing as a control group and categorized based on their OHI-S index score. Samples from tongue biofilm, dental biofilm, saliva and buccal mucosa were tested using Bradford Assay method to measure the protein total of each sample source and the salivary protein profile was analysed using SDS PAGE. Final results were analysed using SPSS.

Result: In a group consists of chidren with mouth breathing, the correlation of OHI-S Index and protein total of each sample source were resulted: negative correlation in tongue biofilm (r=-0.051), negative correlation in dental biofilm (r=-0.127), positive correlation in saliva(r=0.051) and positive correlation in buccal mucosa (r=0.314). In salivary profile protein, the frequencies of three proteins: Amylase (54 kDa), IgA (70 kDa) and Statherin (8kDa), Ig-A were counted more in control group with moderate OHI-S Index score and Statherin were counted more in control group with low OHI-S index score.

Conclusion: Characteristics of protein is capable to be one of the biological indicators of changes in OHI-S index in children with mouth breathing."

"ABSTRAK Obstruksi saluran pernapasan atas OSNA adalah penyempitan di bagian nasofaring dan orofaring sehingga menimbulkan gejala sesak napas. Anak dengan obstruksi saluran pernapasan atas mempunyai kebiasaan bernapas melalui mulut sehingga menyebabkan palatum dalam. Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang analitik dengan metode consecutive sampling yang dilakukan pada anak laki-laki dan perempuan dengan riwayat penyakit rinitis alergi, hipertrofi adenoid, obstructive sleep apnea, rhinosinusitis, dan polip nasal. Dilakukan analisis perbedaan kedalaman palatum antara anak OSNA yang datang ke Klinik Respirologi dan Klinik Imunologi Alergi Kiara Pusat Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak RSCM Jakarta sebagai kelompok subjek, dan anak tanpa OSNA yang datang ke Klinik Gigi Anak RSGM FKG UI sebagai kelompok kontrol. Kedalaman palatum dihitung melalui analisa studi model rahang atas menggunakan kaliper dengan ketepatan 0,1 mm. Analisis data dengan metode Mann-Whitney menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara kedalaman palatum anak OSNA dengan kedalaman palatum anak pada kelompok kontrol p 0,001 . Berdasarkan penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa obstruksi saluran pernapasan atas dapat menyebabkan terjadinya palatum dalam.ABSTRACT Upper airway obstruction is a blockage in nasopharynx or oropharynx areas. In Children, upper airway obstruction leads to mouth breathing habit, this could result high palatal vault. Cross sectional analytic study was conducted with consecutive sampling method on boys and girls with rhinitis allergy, adenoid hypertrophy, obstructive sleep apnea, rhinosinusitis, and nasal polyp. This study analyzed comparation the palate depth between children with upper airway obstruction attending Pediatric Respirology and Immunology Allergy Outpatient Clinic Kiara Maternal and Child Health Center at RSCM Jakarta as a subject group, and children without upper airway obstruction attending Pediatric Dentistry Clinic in Dental Hospital Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia. The hard palate measurement were made with upper arch study model using caliper with precision 0,1 mm. According to Mann Whitney test, there was a significant difference in the palate depth between children with upper airway obstruction and children without upper airway obstruction p 0,001 . Based on this study, upper airway obstruction can cause high palate."

"Latar Belakang: Kebiasaan bernapas melalui mulut umum memengaruhi anak-anak dandapat mengakibatkan perubahan kondisi cairan dalam rongga mulut sehinggamemengaruhi kebersihan mulut dan memicu terjadinya bau mulut. Keadaan ini dapat pulamengakibatkan kondisi mikroorganisme seperti Streptococcus mutans serotype e danCandida albicans pada mulut mengalami perubahan. Tujuan: Menganalisis kadarStreptococcus mutans serotype e dan Candida albicans terhadap kondisi bau mulut danOHI-S pada sampel saliva dan usap lidah. Metode: Sampel saliva dan usap lidah darisubjek di uji dengan menggunakan ELISA-indirect dan dibaca nilai absorbansinyadengan ELISA reader pada panjang gelombang 450nm. Nilai absorbansi dijadikansebagai nilai kadar antigen mikroorganisme pada subjek dan dibandingkan terhadap hasilpemeriksaan organoleptik dan OHI-S. Hasil: Jumlah anak bernapas melalui mulutditemukan lebih sedikit pada SD Tugu Ibu 1, Depok. Kondisi bau mulut tidak berkaitandengan kebersihan mulut subjek. Kadar antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype e danCandida albicans yang terisolasi pada sampel saliva maupun usap lidah lebih banyakditemukan pada anak bau mulut. Kadar antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype e yangterisolasi pada sampel saliva dan usap lidah tidak memiliki tendensi pada salah satukategori OHI-S. Sedangkan kadar antigen Candida albicans memiliki tendensi lebihbanyak pada kategori OHI-S sedang pada kedua sampel dan subjek kecuali pada sampelusap lidah anak bernapas melalui hidung, lebih banyak ditemukan pada kategori baik.Kesimpulan: Kondisi bau mulut tidak berhubungan dengan status kebersihan mulut.Banyaknya kadar antigen Streptococcus mutans serotype e dan Candida albicans tidakberpengaruh dengan kondisi kebiasaan bernapas anak dan tidak dapat menentukan baumulut serta status kebersihan mulut pada subjek anak bernapas melalui hidung maupunmelalui mulut

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Background: Mouth breathing is common affects children and can cause changes in fluid

conditions in the oral cavity that affect oral hygiene and trigger bad breath. This situation

can change the condition of microorganisms such as Streptococcus mutans serotype e and

Candida albicans in the mouth. Objective: To analyze the level of Streptococcus mutans

serotype e and Candida albicans on the condition of bad breath and oral hygiene status

in bad breath and oral hygiene condition in subjects. Methods: Saliva and tongue swabs

samples were tested using indirect ELISA, and the absorbance values read with an ELISA

reader at a wavelength of 450nm. Absorbance value is used as the value of microorganism

antigen levels in the subject and compared to the results of organoleptic examination and

OHI-S. Result: The number of mouth breather children is fewer than normal in SD Tugu

Ibu 1, Depok. Bad breath is not related to the subject's oral hygiene. Antigen levels

of Streptococcus mutans serotype e and Candida albicans used in saliva samples or

tongue swabs are more common in children with bad breath. Antigen level of

Streptococcus mutans serotype e isolated in saliva samples and tongue swabs didnt have

a tendency to any of the OHI-S categories. While antigen levels of Candida albicans had

more tendency in the OHI-S category while in both the sample and the subject except for

the nose breather childs tongue swabbing samples, more were found in the good category.

Conclusion: The condition of bad breath is not related to oral hygiene status. The large

number of Streptococcus mutans serotype e and Candida albicans antigens does not

affect the childs breathing habits and cannot determine bad breath and oral hygiene status

in nose breathing and mouth breathing children"