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"The bond strength between glass ionomer and tooth structure can be improved with application of conditioner on enamel or dentin surface to remove the smear layer. The bond strength can be measured with shear bond strength testing. This study aimed to determine the difference of shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement to primary teeth dentine after conditioner application for 10",20" and 30". Twenty seven primary mandibular incisors were randomly divided into 3 groups that were subjected to application of 10% polyacrylic acid conditioner (Dentin Conditioner, GC) for 10",20" and 30", and restoration with glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX GP, GC). The specimens were kept in an incubator at 37°C for 24 hours. Shear bond strength test was done by using Universal Testing Machine Shimazu AG-5000 with 50 kgf load and crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Anova was used for statistical evaluation. Although the results showed no statistically significant differences in the shear bond strength of the glass ionomer cement between the test groups (p>0.05), the mean bond strength decreased with increasing duration of conditioner application, so that highest mean bond strength was obtained at 10" application."

"The purpose of this study was to determine whether different durations of conditioner application influenced glass ionomer cement penetration in dentin primary teeth. The conditioner being used was 10% poliacrylic acid. Samples in this study were 40 non-carious primary mandibular incisors. Samples were divided into 4 groups (10 samples each) : group A without conditioner, group B with seconds of conditioner application, group C with 20 seconds of conditioner application, and group D with 30 seconds of conditioner application. penetration of glass ionomer cement was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with 2000X magnification. One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test showed significant difference between groups. Longer conditioner application resulted in longer glass ionomer penetration in dentin of primary teeth."

"The objective of this research was to know the difference between the penetration of glass ionomer cement (Chemflex, Dentsply) in dentin of primary teeth with and without conditioner (10% polyacrylate acid). The primary molar tooth which were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). 1000X magnitude was measured for the length of glass ionomer cement penetration in dentin of primary tooth with and without conditioner. The t test showed that there was no significant difference between the length of glass ionomer cement penetration in dentin of primary teeth with and without conditioner (t=1,78; p>0,05)."

"Semen Ionomer Kaca (SIK) Konvensional dapat mengalami diskolorasi.Untuk mengetahui pengaruh penyikatan pasta gigi terhadap tingkat diskolorasi SIK Konvensional, dilakukan penelitian terhadap 24 spesimen SIK konvensional yang disikat oleh empat jenis pasta gigi dengan lama penyikatan 1, 2 dan 4 minggu, setelah sebelumnya direndam dalam larutan kopi. Terdapat peningkatan kecerahan warna seiring lama penyikatan pada setiap kelompok. Uji antar kelompok waktu menunjukkan adanya perubahan bermakna (p<0,05) pada beberapa kelompok pasta gigi sedangkan antar jenis pasta gigi menunjukkan perubahan bermakna (p<0,05) hanya pada minggu pertama dan ketiga. Penyikatan menggunakan pasta gigi pemutih menyebabkan peningkatan kecerahan warna SIK konvensional yang sebelumnya mengalami diskolorasi karena kopi.

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Discoloration can also happen to restorative material, such as Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement (Conventional GIC). To identify the effect of brushing with whitening toothpaste to discoloration level of conventional GIC, twenty-four specimens were first immersed in coffee, then brushed by four different toothpastes. There were increase of lightness at longer time of brushing in every specimens. Test between time groups showed significant changes (p<0,05) only in some toothpaste groups and also significant changes (p<0,05) between toothpaste groups only in the first and third week. Whitening toothpaste can decrease discoloration level of stained conventional GIC."

"Latar Belakang : SIK sebagai bahan restorasi memiliki kemampuan untuk berikatan secara kimiawi terhadap struktur gigi dan kemampuan melepaskan fluoride sehingga cocok digunakan pada pasien dengan risiko karies tinggi namun memiliki kekuatan mekanis yang buruk. Modifikasi bahan restorasi SIK melalui penggabungan dengan bahan bioaktif untuk mendapatkan manfaat seperti meningkatnya sifat mekanis, sifat antibakteri dan potensi remineralisasi telah di sebutkan pada beberapa literatur penelitian. Pada studi ini, bubuk carboxymetyl-chitosan (CMC) ditambahkan pada komponen bubuk dari SIK konvensional. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh modifikasi material semen ionomer kaca (SIK) dengan carboxymetyl-chitosan (CMC) terhadap Kekuatan kompresi dan morfologi permukaan. Metode: Tiga puluh lubang pada cetakan akrilik silindris Diameter 4 mm tinggi 8 mm diisi dengan material SIK (FUJI IX, GC corp, Japan), modifikasi SIK dengan CMC 5% dan 10% yang di campurkan pada komponen bubuk SIK. Sampel dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol SIK (n=10) dan kelompok SIK-CMC 5% (n=10) serta kelompok SIK-CMC 10% (n=10). Kekuatan kompresi diukur dengan menggunakan Universal Testing Machine (Tensilon RTG-10Kn, A&D, Japan) dan dihitung dengan rumus KK= P/(πr2) dimana P adalah beban maksimum dan r adalah radius dari spesimen. Data dianalisis dengan analisis statistik menggunakan One-Way ANOVA dan Post hoc Bonferroni (p<0,5). Morfologi permukaan material modifikasi SIK-CMC dan kontrol di amati dengan menggunakan Scanning Electronic Microscope (EVO MA-0, Zeiss, Germany). Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok modifikasi SIK-CMC 5% dan SIK-CMC 10% dengan kelompok kontrol (One-Way ANOVA; p<0,05). Berdasarkan uji Post Hoc Bonferroni (p<0,5) terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna Kekuatan kompresi pada material modifikasi SIK-CMC 5 % dan SIK-CMC 10% dengan kelompok kontrol SIK. Modifikasi SIK dengan CMC mempengaruhi perubahan morfologi berupa berkurangnya porusitas dan bertambahnya permukan retakan seiring dengan penambahan persentase CMC.Kesimpulan: Modifikasi SIK dengan Penambahan CMC Mengurangi kekuatan kompresi dengan rerata hasil paling rendah pada penambahan CMC 10%. Porusitas permukaan material modifikasi SIK dengan penambahan CMC memiliki kecenderungan berkurang dan bertambahnya permukaan retakan yang melebar seiring dengan penambahan persentase CMC

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Background: GIC as a restorative material has the ability to chemically bond to the structure of teeth and the ability to release fluoride so that it is suitable for use in patients with a high caries risk but has poor mechanical strength. Modification of GIC restorative materials with combination with bioactive materials to obtain benefits such as increasing mechanical properties, antibacterial properties and remineralization potential has been mentioned in some research literature. In this study, Carboxymethyl-chitosan (CMC) is added to the powder phase of conventional GIC to increase the compressive strength. Objective: to analyze the influence of modified GIC with the addition of CMC on compressive strength and surface morphology. Methods: Thirty holes in a cylindrical acrylic mold, each hole has a diameter of 4 mm and thickness of 8 mm, were filled with conventional GIC restorative material (FUJI IX, GC corp, Japan), modified GIC with 5% CMC and 10% CMC added in the powder phase. The samples were divided into 3 groups: control group GIC (n=10), GIC-CMC 5% group (n=10) and GIC-CMC 10% group (n=10). The compressive strength measurement performed with Universal testing machine (Tensilon RTG-10Kn, A&D, Japan), and were calculated according to the following equation: CS= P/(πr2)

Where P is the maximum load and r is the radius of the cylinder-shaped specimen

Statistical analysis was done by One-Way ANOVA and Post hoc Bonferroni (p<0.05). The surface morphology of the material modification of GIC-CMC and control group was observed using the Scanning Electronic Microscope (EVO MA-0, Zeiss, Germany).

Results: There is a significant difference between the GIC-CMC 5% and GIC-CMC 10% modification groups and the control group (One-Way ANOVA; p<0.05). Based on the Post Hoc Bonferroni (p<0.5) test there is a significant difference in compressive strength in SIK-CMC modification materials of 5% and SIK-CMC of 10% with the SIK control group. Modification of SIK with CMC affects morphological changes in the form of reduced porosity and increased fractures along with the addition of CMC percentage.Conclusion: Modification of GIC with CMC addition reduces compressive strength with the lowest average yield at 10% CMC addition. The surface porusity of SIK modification material with the addition of CMC tends to decrease and increase the surface of cracks that widen along with the addition of CMC percentage."

"SIK modifikasi resin dapat mengalami penurunan kekerasan permukaan pada pH kritis rongga mulut 5,5 yang dapat dicegah dengan pemberian ion kalsium dan fosfat. Ion tersebut bersumber dari CPP ACP. Pengaplikasian CPP ACP pada SIK modifikasi resin diketahui mampu mencegah terjadinya penurunan kekerasan permukaan SIK modifikasi resin. Saat ini telah ada penggabungan propolis pada CPP ACP yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan sifat antibakteri tetapi diketahui penambahan propolis mengurangi pelepasan ion kalsium dan fosfat dari CPP ACP sehingga berpengaruh terhadap kemampuannya dalam melindungi SIK modifikasi resin dari penurunan kekerasan permukaan. Namun belum diketahui efek pengaplikasian CPP ACP yang ditambahkan propolis terhadap kekerasan permukaan SIK modifikasi resin.Tujuan: penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pengaruh aplikasi pasta CPP ACP dengan dan tanpa kombinasi propolis terhadap kekerasan permukaan semen ionomer kaca modifikasi resin.Metode: Tiga puluh spesimen semen ionomer kaca modifikasi resin berbentuk silinder berukuran 6 x 3 mm, di polimerisasi menggunakan LED curing unit irradiansi 700 mW/cm2, selama 20 detik kemudian disimpan selama 1 hari kering dalam inkubator. Spesimen diuji kekerasan awalnnya dengan Knoop Hardness Tester (50 g selama 15 detik) dengan penjejasan 5 kali di 5 lokasi permukaan yang berbeda kemudian diambil nilai rata-ratanya untuk mempresentasikan permukaan spesimen. Spesimen dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu spesimen tanpa dan dengan pengolesan CPP ACP yang didiamkan 30 menit dan dengan pengolesan CPP ACP propolis yang didiamkan 30 menit. Seluruh spesimen direndam dalam larutan asam laktat pH 5,5 selama 24 jam dan diuji nilai kekerasan permukaan akhirnya. Data dianalisis menunggunakan uji statistik Kruskal Wallis dan uji Post Hoc Mann Whittney.Hasil: hasil menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan awal seluruh spesimen adalah 30,68, 0,03 dan setelah diberi perlakuan kelompok A menjadi 24,96, 0,07, kelompok B menjadi 27,9, 0,01 dan kelompok C menjadi 26.5, 0,03. Pengaplikasian CPP ACP propolis pada SIK modifikasi resin menyebabkan penurunan kekerasan permukaan yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang hanya diaplikasikan CPP ACP.

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The surface hardness of Resin modified glass ionomer cement can be decrease at the critical pH of the oral cavity 5.5 which can be prevented by giving calcium and phosphate ions. These ions can be sourced from CPP ACP. Aplication CPP ACP is known to be able to prevent a decrease in the surface hardness of resin modified glass ionomer cement. Now there has been the addition of propolis to CPP ACP which functions as an antibacterial but it is known the further addition of propolis reduces ion calcium and phosphate release from CPP ACP which influences its capability in protecting RMGIC from further reduction of surface hardnes. However, the effect of CPP ACP application that added propolis is not yet known on resin modified glass ionomer cement.

Objective: this study aims to compare the effect of CPP ACP paste application with it and without a combination of propolis against the surface hardness of glass ionomer cement modified resin.

Methods: thirty specimens of Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement in cylindrical shape (6 x 3 mm), 1 day dray storage in the incubator and the specimen are polymerized for 20 seconds using a 700 mW/cm irradiance LED curing unit. The initial specimens were tested for hardness with Knoop Hardness Tester (50 g for 15 seconds) with 5 times of crushing in 5 different surface locations then the average value was taken to present the specimen surface. The specimens were divided into three groups: without CPP ACP application, CPP ACP and CPP ACP Propolis application which were allowed to stand for 30 minutes. All specimens were immersed in lactic acid pH 5.5 for 24 hours and tested for final surface hardness values. Data obtained analyzed using Kruskal Wallis dan Mann Whittney.

Results: the test showed that the initial hardness of all specimens were 30,68, 0,03 and after treatment group A becomes 24,96, 0,07, group B becomes 27,9, 0,01 and group C becomes 26.5, 0,03. There was a decrease surface hardness of the resin modified glass ionomer cement before and after immersion at all groups. The initial hardness of all specimens were 30,68, 0,03 and after treatment group A becomes 24,96, 0,07, group B becomes 27,9, 0,01 and group C becomes 26.5, 0,03. The application of CPP ACP propolis to RMGIC caused."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 288-293ln dental bleaching, carbamide peroxide is usually used at concentration of 10%, 15%, to 20%. The result of our previous study showed that the application of l0% and 15% carbamid peroxide bleaching agent has increased the surface hardness of glass ionomer cement. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of 20% carbamide peroxide bleaching to glass ionomer surface hardness. Twenty specimens of glass ionomer cement type II after exposed to 20% carbamide peroxide were divided into two application time group: 4 and 8 hours per day. Glass ionomer cement surface hardness was measured by Vickers Microhardness Tester seri HMV-2 with a wieght 0,025 Hv for 20 second. The measurement was conducted at before/no application, a week after application, and 2 weeks after the application bleaching agent. The one way analysis of variance showed a significant difference of surface hardness of GIC type II between before/no application, after a week, and after 2 weeks application in both group. t can be concluded that the application of 20% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent could increase the surface hardness of glass ionomer cement after 1 week and 2 week application periode."

"The purpose of this study was to determine flour uptake difference in enamel of primary teeth between Glass Ionomer Cement and Compomer filling. The sample was 30 maxillary first incisors divided into 2 groups. Each group consisted of 15 teeth. The first group was filled with Glass Ionomer Cement (Fuji IX ART, GC) and second group was filled with Compomer (Dyract, Dentsply). The measurement was in percentage, using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrophotometry. T test exhibited significant difference of fluor uptake in enamel of primary teeth between Glass Ionomer and Compomer filling (t=1.1, p=0.0001) Fluor uptake of Glass Ionomer Cement filling in enamel of primary teeth was much more compare to Compomer filling"

"The adhesive of composite resin has been used for direct bonding of a bracket system of bracket fixed orthodontic treatment by etching. The disanvantage of etching is enamel loss and difficult procedure. Modified glass ionomer cement has been suggested as a bracket bonding system without etching. The chemical bonding without etching can reduce enamel loss and make the procedure more efficient. The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strength of modified glass ionomer cement as metal Begg bracket bonding system with and without etching. The subject of this study consisted of two groups which had 15 intact extracted permanent human upper bicuspids for each group. Group I was etched with ortho phosphate acid (37%) for 20 seconds and bonded with modified glass ionomer cement. Group II was untreated and bonded with the same adhesive. The shear bond strength was measured with Pearson Pankee Equipment, and bond failure location was observed under stereo microscope. To differentiate the effects with and without etching, t test was performed, while to observe the location of bond failures, chi-square test was conducted. The results of this study indicated that the shear bond strength of modified glass ionomer cement as bonding system metal Begg Brackets with etching was significantly higher (p<0.001) than without etching. Without etching, bond failure occured between enamel and bonding agent. With etching, the bond failure was mostly found within the adhesive."

"Bahan restorasi SIK selama ini terbukti memiliki kemampuan untuk meremineralisasi email. Namun, pada fase settingnya SIK sangat rentan terhadap asam sehingga dapat menghasilkan restorasi dengan sifat mekanis yang rendah. Modifikasi SIK dengan nanokitosan disinyalir dapat meningkatkan sifat mekanis dan kemampuan remineralisasi SIK. Pengaplikasian varnish dapat memberikan perlindungan pada restorasi SIK selama fase settingnya. Mengevaluasi pengaruh aplikasi varnish fluorida pada bahan restorasi SIK modifikasi nanokitosan terhadap potensi mineralisasi email. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental laboratorik dengan 24 gigi premolar dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan: (I)SIK konvensional tanpa varnish, (II)SIK konvensional dengan varnish, (III)SIKNK tanpa varnish, dan (IV)SIKNK dengan varnish. Sampel kemudian direndam dalam larutan siklus pH selama 5 hari, dianalisis menggunakan SEM-EDX untuk mengevaluasi perubahan topografi dan komposisi ion (Ca, P, F), serta uji Vickers untuk kekerasan permukaan email. Kelompok SIKNK dengan varnish menunjukkan topografi email paling halus, pola erosif minimal, dan komposisi ion (Ca, P, F) tertinggi dibandingkan kelompok lainnya. Analisis statistik Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) pada nilai kekerasan permukaan email antar kelompok perlakuan. Aplikasi varnish fluorida pada SIK modifikasi nanokitosan secara signifikan meningkatkan mineralisasi email dengan menunjukkan topografi email dengan pola erosif minimal, peningkatan komposisi ion, dan kekerasan permukaan email.

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Restorative materials based on GIC (Glass Ionomer Cement) have been shown to have the ability to remineralize enamel. However, during the setting phase, GIC is susceptible to acids, which can result restorations with low mechanical properties of restorations. The modification of GIC with nanochitosan is believed to improve the mechanical properties and remineralization ability of GIC. The application of varnish can provide protection to the GIC restoration during its setting phase. To evaluate the effect of fluoride varnish application on NCGIC in supporting enamel remineralization. This study was conducted using laboratory experimental design using 24 premolar teeth divided into 4 treatment groups: (I) conventional GIC without varnish, (II) conventional GIC with varnish, (III) nanochitosan-modified GIC (NCGIC) without varnish, and (III) NCGIC with varnish. The samples were subjected to pH cycling for 5 days, then analyzed using SEM-EDX to evaluate topographic changes and ion release (Ca, P, F), and Vickers Microhardness Test for enamel surface hardness. NCGIC with varnish group showed the smoothest enamel topography, minimal erosive patterns, and the highest ion release compared to other groups. Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.05) in enamel surface hardness among treatment groups. Fluoride varnish application on nanochitosan-modified SIK significantly enhances enamel mineralization by increasing ion release, refining enamel topography, and increasing enamel surface hardness adjacent to the restoration."