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"ABSTRAKEfisiensi yang tinggi merupakan persyaratan yang vital dalam merancangsebuah pembangkit. Salah satu alternatif yang memenuhi persyaratan tersebutadalah DFIG . Namun DFIG tersebut perlu dikendalikan agar bisa bekerja sesuaidengan aplikasinya.Skripsi ini membahas metoda pengendalian tegangan dan frekuensikeluaran daripada DFIG . Metoda pengendalian yang digunakan merupakanpengendalian skalar. Dimana frekuensi dan tegangan keluaran dikendalikan secaraterpisah dan keluaran sinyal kendalinya akan menyesuaikan dengan putaran turbingenerator dan setpoin yang diinginkan.

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ABSTRACTHigh efficiency is the most vital aspect to design a power distributionsystem . One of the alternative to meets the requirement is DFIG. But, we need tocontrol the DFIG to meet the desired output.This paper introduce a method to control the voltage and frequency outputof the DFIG . The method is called scalar control. Where the voltage andfrequency are controlled separately . The control signal will adapt to the turbinespeed from the generator and desired setpoint."

"Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) adalah metode untuk mengurangi konsumsi daya dan permintaan puncak. Ini bukan studi baru karena sudah banyak implementasi dan penelitian tentang CVR sebelumnya. CVR menyiratkan bahwa dengan mengurangi tegangan suatu perangkat atau sistem, daya yang dikonsumsi juga akan berkurang. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan menggunakan persamaan daya listrik yang menyatakan bahwa daya sebanding dengan tegangan.Sistem energi terbarukan sedang meningkat karena semakin murah dan lebih efisien. Daya yang dikeluarkan oleh sistem energi terbarukan tergantung pada faktor sumbernya, apakah itu radiasi atau kecepatan angin. CVR memungkinkan pengurangan konsumsi daya beban. Ini membantu mengurangi beban sistem karena mereka tidak harus menghasilkan lebih banyak daya daripada kebutuhan beban.Sistem PV dan turbin angin mikro memiliki keluaran yang berbeda, tetapi keduanya perlu memasok beban yang sama dalam jaringan mikro. Kedua sistem pada akhirnya diubah menjadi daya AC untuk digunakan beban. Inverter digunakan di kedua sistem untuk membantu konversi. Inverter umum memiliki fluktuasi tegangan antara -20% dan +10% dari tegangan nominalnya. Sebuah sistem kontrol digunakan untuk mengatur tegangan keluaran inverter dan memastikan tidak mencapai kisaran tegangan maksimum. Sistem kontrol akan memungkinkan output inverter diatur lebih dekat ke tegangan nominal dan dengan demikian mengurangi tegangan berlebih.Sistem energi terbarukan menghasilkan tegangan yang lebih rendah setelah sistem kontrol diterapkan untuk mengatur keluaran inverter. CVR telah dicapai dalam sistem ini. Sistem telah mengurangi konsumsi daya dan dengan demikian menurunkan beban sistem. Sistem tidak menghemat energi dengan menerapkan CVR. Perangkat yang bergantung pada voltase masih akan membutuhkan lebih banyak daya jika voltase perangkat dinaikkan. Sistem PV dan turbin angin mikro dengan CVR memungkinkan beban mendapatkan input tegangan yang lebih sehat sekaligus mengurangi konsumsi daya.

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Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) is a method to reduce power consumption and peak demand. It is not a new study as there have been plenty of implementations and research regarding CVR for a long time. CVR implies that by reducing the voltage of a device or system, the power consumed will also be reduced. This can be proven using the electrical power equation where it states that power is proportional to voltage. Renewable energy systems are on the rise as they are getting cheaper and more efficient. The power outputted by a renewable energy system depends on their source factor whether it is irradiance or wind speed. Conservation voltage reduction allows the reduction of power consumption of the load. This helps decrease the burden of the system as they do not have to generate more power than the load needs.

PV systems and micro wind turbines have different outputs, but both need to supply the same load in a micro-grid. Both systems are eventually converted to AC power for the load to use. An inverter is used in both systems to help with the conversion. A common inverter has a voltage fluctuation between -20% and +10% of its nominal voltage. A control system is used to regulate the inverter’s output voltage and make sure it does not reach the maximum voltage range. The control system will allow the output of the inverter to be regulated much closer to the nominal voltage and thus decreasing excess voltage. The renewable energy system outputs a lower voltage after a control system has been applied to regulate the output of the inverter. Conservation voltage reduction has been achieved in this system. The system has reduced power consumption and thus lowering the burden of the system. The system does not save energy by implementing conservation voltage reduction. A voltage-dependent device will still demand more power if the voltage of the device is increased. The PV and micro wind turbine system with CVR allows the load to benefit healthier voltage input while having reduced power consumption."

"Negara kesatuan Republik Indonesia memiliki tujuh wilayah besar dengan karakteristik yang berbeda dalam system kelistrikan, perkembangan kebijakan kelistrikan di Indonesia dimulai pada abad ke-19 dan mulai berkembang dengan adanya pemberian hak konsesi oleh Pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda kepada swasta di beberapa daerah, kemudian ketika Jepang menguasai Indonesia, sektor kelistrikan berubah fungsi sebagai alat pertahanan dalam peperangan. Indonesia memperoleh kemerdekaan pada tahun 1945 dibarengi dengan proses nasionalisasi aset-aset yang dimiliki oleh Hindia-Belanda dan Jepang, kemudian sektor kelistrikan dikuasai sepenuhnya oleh Negara yang diamanahkan melalui Badan Usaha Milik Negara yaitu PLN. Pada tahun 1966, sektor ketenagalistrikan merupakan bagian dari proses pembangunan yang digaungkan dalam RPLT (Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun), di era tahun 1998 terjadilah pergolakan reformasi, yang berdampak pada kebijakan ketenagalistrikan, dimana porsi swasta/Independent Power Producer (IPP) meningkat signifikan menjadi 3.169 MW pada tahun 2003, rentan waktu era reformasi kebijakan sektor ketenagalistrikan mengalami 2 kali perubahan, konsepnya masih sama yaitu demonopolisasi, namun ada beberapa konsep yang diluruskan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi, sehingga sektor ketenagalistrikan tetap menjadi bagian dari kontrol negara. Indonesia telah meratifikasi Paris Agreement, dimana konsep perencanaan kelistrikan akan berbasis pada energi baru terbarukan, berbagai skenario telah dipersiapkan pemerintah namun baru bersifat pemenuhan kebutuhan supply-demand dengan mengoptimalkan pemanfataan energi terbarukan untuk kebutuhan pembangkit listrik, belum ada kebijakan yang mengatur terkait agregasi energi terbarukan sehingga diperlukan proyeksi kebutuhan energi dengan alat bantu perangkat lunak Powersim dan Arena untuk menghitung kebutuhan energi secara skenario BAU (Business As Usual) dan skenario penambahan supply dari 20% dari PLTS Atap dan variabel lainnya dari PLT Energi Terbarukan sebesar 10 s.d 15 TWh dan penambahan demand dari adanya peningkatan penggunaan electric vehicle, kompor induksi dan ekspor listrik ke Singapura dan Timor Leste.

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The unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia has seven large regions with different characteristics in the electricity system, the development of electricity policy in Indonesia began in the 19th century and began to develop with the granting of concession rights by the Dutch East Indies colonial government to the private sector in some areas, then when Japan controlled Indonesia, the electricity sector changed its function as a means of defense in warfare. Indonesia gained independence in 1945 coupled with the process of nationalization of assets owned by the Dutch East Indies and Japan, then the electricity sector was fully controlled by the State mandated through state-owned enterprises, namely PLN. In 1966, the electricity sector was part of the development process echoed in the RPLT (Five-Year Development Plan), in the era of 1998 there was a reform upheaval, which had an impact on electricity policy, where the portion of private / Independent Power Producer (IPP) increased significantly to 3,169 MW in 2003, vulnerable when the era of electricity sector policy reform experienced 2 changes,  The concept is still the same as demonopolisation, but there are several concepts straightened out by the Constitutional Court, so that the electricity sector remains part of state control. Indonesia has ratified the Paris Agreement, where the concept of electricity planning will be based on new renewable energy, various scenarios have been prepared by the government but only meet the needs of supply-demand by optimizing the utilization of renewable energy for electricity generation needs, there is no policy that regulates the aggregation of renewable energy so that it requires the projection of energy needs with Powersim and Arena software tools for electricity generation.  Calculate the energy needs in the BAU (Business As Usual) scenario and the scenario of increasing supply from 20% of roofing power plants and other variables of renewable energy power plants of 10 to 15 TWh and the addition of demand from the increased use of electric vehicles, induction stoves and electricity exports to Singapore and Timor Leste."

"In 2020, renewable energy sources contribution in Indonesia’s energy production mix had only reached 14,71%. The percentage was still far from Indonesia’s renewable energy mix target of 23% in 2025 and 31% in 2050 according to their own national energy plan. To enhance their progress in reaching those targets, one way that can be done is to benefit promising renewable energy potential in many areas, including coastal area such as Muara Bungin Beach located in Pantai Bakti Village, Bekasi. The village mentioned before have an average of 3,26-5,41 m/s wind speed and solar radiation of 5-5,4 kWh/m2/day. To utilize the area’s potential, three units of The Sky Dancer TSD-500 wind turbine and two monocrystalline solar panels with a total capacity of 1800 Watt peak have been installed in that area since 2014, making Muara Bungin Village mostly known as Bungin Techno Village to public. Sadly, the wind turbines have been removed recently in October 2021 due to poor physical condition, and the solar panels rarely being used and maintenanced. A revitalization plan can be done to keep Bungin Techno Village’s existance in utilizing their renewable energy potential alive.

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The revitalization plan will create huge project, which is to install renewable energy power plants that can serve Desa Pantai Bakti’s electricity demand. A modelling result by LEAP shows that Desa Pantai Bakti’s electricity demand will reach 1.965,1 kWh/day in 2031. The planned renewable energy power plants will handle electricity load of 1.021,85 kWh/day or 51,6% from the village’s total electricity demand. A solar power plant consisting 104 units of Monocrystalline Maysun Solar Cell 500 Wp Peak Power with a lifetime of 25 years, a wind power plant consisting 24 units of 2000 W/220 V capacity wind turbines with a lifetime of 20 years, and a waste-to-energy power plant consisting a TG30 gasification machine and a 200 kVa/160 kW capacity diesel genset Caterpillar with a lifetime of 20 years. The total cost for lifetime operation of the planned solar, wind, and waste-to-energy power plant is estimated to be around Rp1.519.049.423; Rp3.238.231.499; and Rp859.733.884 respectively. The investment for the renewable energy technology revitalization plan can be considered economically worthy, judging by the NPV and ROR of every single planned power plants showing positive values or greater than zero."

"Penggunaan pompa air listrik satu fasa sebagai turbin-generator pembangkit listrik pikohidro menguntungkan untuk digunakan karena murah, sederhana, kokoh, mudah dipasang dan mudah dibeli di mana-mana. Sesuai standard yang berlaku pembangkit listrik harus memiliki luaran tegangan dan frekuensi dengan rentang kesalahan tunak yang aman dalam mensuplai peralatan. Untuk memenuhi kriteria ini terdapat beberapa masalah, antara lain; pompa air yang digunakan sebagai turbin tidak dilengkapi dengan pengendali putaran, pabrikan pompa tidak menyediakan data model dinamik dari pompa air untuk mode operasi turbin, serta efek cross-coupling antara loop pengendali tegangan dan loop pengendali frekuensi.Dalam penelitian ini permasalahan pengendalian frekuensi diselesaikan dengan menerapkan metode Electric Balanced Load, masalah penentuan model dinamik diselesaikan dengan metode estimasi data-driven, dan masalah efek cross-coupling diselesaikan dengan menambahkan blok decoupling pada model sistem pengendali. Ketiga solusi ini diimplementasikan dalam bentuk desain pengendali frekuensi dan tegangan menggunakan pengendali PID ganda. Pemilihan nilai parameter PID yang tepat, menghasilkan respons tegangan dan frekuensi luaran pembangkit yang dapat memenuhi persyaratan yang berlaku.Dari beberapa skenario simulasi menggunakan Matlab Simulink menghasilkan nilai kesalahan tunak tertinggi pada luaran frekuensi dan tegangan masing-masing 0,0008 pu dan 0,0015 pu serta settling time masing-masing 15 detik dan 11 detik. Dengan menambahkan modul pengendali tegangan dan frequensi seperti yang diterapkan pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pompa air listrik kapasitas 250-watt secara teknis layak untuk dikembangkan sebagai turbin-generator pembangkit listrik pikohidro dengan nilai toleransi tegangan dan frekuensi luaran generator yang aman untuk konsumsi peralatan listrik rumah tangga.

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The use of a single-phase electric water pump as a picohydro turbine-generator is advantageous tobe use because it is cheap, simple, sturdy, easy to install and easy to purchase. The Electric Power Generation which supplying the electric power to the consumer must have the quality of Voltage and Frequency comply to a specific standard code. The standard code mentioned that the power generation must have an output voltage within tolerance +/-10% and the frequency tolerance within -5% and +10%. To meet these criteria, this system has several problems such as; the water pump which used as the turbine do not equipped with mechanical governor, the pump manufacturer does not provide dynamic model data for the turbine operating mode, and the effect of cross-coupling between the voltage control loop and the frequency control loop.In this research, frequency control problems are solved by applying the Electric Balanced Load method, the problem of determining the dynamic model is solved by the Data-Driven Estimation method, and the problem of Cross-coupling effects solved by adding the Decoupling Blocks Compensator in the Dynamic Model Block of the Controller. These three solutions are implemented in the form of a Frequency and Voltage Controller design by using a dual PID controller. The selection of the right PID parameter values resulting a voltage and frequency output response of the generator which meet the requirements of the applicable standard code.From the simulation scenarios by using Matlab Simulink resulting a highest Steady State Error value of generator voltage and frequency 0,0008 pu and 0,0015 pu respectively as well as settling time 15 second and 11 second. Based on the results of the simulation study it can be concluded by added such frequency and voltage controller the single phase 250-watt electric water pump used in this study technically feasible to be developed as a turbinegenerator in a picohydro power plant."

"Dengan semakin berkembangnya kendaraan listrik maka pengembangan pada teknologi penghematan energi pun mengalami kemajuan. Pada proses pengereman motor biasanya akan menimbulkan energi kinetik yang berlebihan, kelebihan energi kinetik ini biasanya akan diubah menjadi energi listrik yaitu berupa arus balik. Pada monorail ataupun kereta rel listrik arus balik ini akan masuk ke dalan jaringan DC link, namun apabila arus balik ini terlalu besar dapat menimbulkan over voltage yang dapat merusak komponen-komponen pada inverter. Metode pengereman regeneratif dikembangkan untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang ditimbulkan karena arus balik ini, untuk mencegah timbulnya over voltage maka tegangan pada DC link dibatasi sehingga arus balik yang terjadi tidak begitu besar dan tegangan pada DC link dapat dijaga agar sesuai dengan acuannya. Dengan menggunakan metode ini arus dapat dibatasi namun sebagai kompensasinya diperlukan bantuan torsi mekanik agar pengereman dapat sesuai yang diinginkan. Penggunaan bidirectional converter sudah banyak dikembangkan agar dapat menurunkan tegangan pada DC Link tanpa memerlukan bantuan torsi mekanik dari luar. Dengan menggunakan voltage control rangkaian ini dapat dikendalikan untuk dapat menyimpan energi berlebihan yang timbul pada proses pengereman kemudian dapat memberikan daya pada saat proses motoring.

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With the recent revival of the electrical vehichle much advancement in power management has been made. Braking process cause surplus of kinetic energy in motor. These kinetic energy are converted to electrical energy in form of opposite current In electric vehicle such as monorail and electrical train this opposite current will be enter the DC link circuit, if the current is too large it can cause overvoltage that can damage components in inverter.

Regenerative braking method is developed in order to solve this problem, to prevent the over voltage the DC link voltage must be limit so the opposite current is not to high. With this method the current will be limit but as the compensation the braking systems need mechanical torque.

This bidirectional converter has been develop in order to reduce DC link voltage without need mechanical torque. These circuit can be controlled to save the kinetic energy that comes from the braking process and these energy can be used later for motoring condition."

"This book describes and assesses energy technologies, markets and future strategies, focusing on their capacity to produce, exchange, and use energy vectors. Special attention is given to the renewable energy resources available in different areas of the world and made exploitable by the integration of energy vectors in the global energy system. Clear definitions of energy vectors and energy systems are used as the basis for a complete explanation and assessment of up-to-date, available technologies for energy resources, transport and storage systems, conversion and use. The energy vectors scheme allows the potential realization of a worldwide sustainable energy system to fulfill global development expectations by minimizing both the impact on the environment, and the international political frictions for access to limited and concentrated resources."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang UnderVoltage Load shedding pada subsistem Balaraja jaringan PT. PLN APB Jakarta & Banten. Pelepasan beban dilakukan dengan 3 metode dengan mempertimbangkan daya reaktif terbesar dan mempertimbangkan fluktuasi beban terkecil dan fluktuasi beban terbesar. Pelepasan beban dilakukan dengan tujuan menaikkan tegangan sistem sampai batas toleransi nilai yang diizinkan yaitu +5 % dan -10 % (Aturan Jaringan, 2007) dari nilai tegangan nominalnya yaitu 150 kV. Simulasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak DIgsilent 14.1.3. Dengan mempertimbangkan daya reaktif beban yang dilepaskan 23.56%. Dengan mempertimbangkan fluktuasi beban terkeciil beban yang dilepaskan 26.81%. Dengan mempertimbangkan fluktuasi beban terbesar beban yang dilepaskan 30.68%. Dengan ini dapat dilhat bahwa Pelepasan beban dengan mempertimbangkan daya reaktif paling optimal.

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This thesis examine about Under Voltage Load Shedding in Balaraja Sub-system on PT. PLN APB Jakarta & Banten grid. Load shedding is done by 3 methods by considering the greatest reactive power , greatest load fluctuations and consider the smallest load fluctuations. Load shedding is done with the aim of raising the voltage of the system to the extent the value of the permitted tolerance +5% and -10% (Network Rules, 2007) of the value of its nominal voltage of 150 kV. Simulations done using software DIgsilent 14.1.3. In considering the reactive power load is released 23:56% of full load. By considering the load smallest fluctuation, load is released 26.81%of full load. Taking into account By considering biggest fluctuations load, load is released 30.68% of full load. It can be seen that consider reactive power in load shedding is the most optimal method."

"Saat ini terjadi kelebihan pasokan listrik di Jawa-Bali seiring beroperasinya PLTU dari program 35.000 Mega Watt. Untuk itu dibutuhkan prediksi kebutuhan energi listrik yang lebih akurat sebagai dasar perencanaan dan pengoperasian sistem tenaga listrik, serta peningkatan efisiensi sistem tenaga listrik. Mengembangkan model yang mencapai presisi peramalan tertinggi dalam konteks tenaga listrik telah menjadi objek studi di beberapa negara. Penelitian ini berusaha menemukan model prediksi konsumsi energi listrik di Indonesia menggunakan LSTM (Long Short Term Memory). LSTM merupakan jenis jaringan syaraf berulang (Recurrent Neural Network) yang sering digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi pola periodik dalam deret waktu (time series) karena merekam hubungan antara nilai yang berurutan. Pelatihan dan pengujian model menggunakan data konsumsi energi listrik dari Januari 2013 hingga Februari 2023 yang diperoleh dari laporan penjualan tenaga listrik PT PLN. Dilakukan percobaan dengan berbagai kombinasi nilai hyperparameter jumlah unit neuron dan jumlah epoch untuk masing-masing model prediksi konsumsi energi listrik Nasional, segmen Rumah Tangga, Bisnis, dan Industri. Evaluasi kinerja model diukur dengan MAPE (rata-rata persentase kesalahan absolut). Model prediksi konsumsi energi listrik nasional dapat memprediksi dengan baik dilihat dari nilai MAPE sebesar 2,212%. Dengan membandingkan akurasi model LSTM yang dibangun dengan prediksi manual yang dilakukan PLN per bulan, maka model LSTM yang dibangun mampu melakukan prediksi lebih akurat.

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Currently, there is excess power or oversupply of power generation capacity in Jawa-Bali in line with the operation of the PLTU from the 35,000 Mega Watt program. For this reason, a more accurate prediction of electricity demand is needed as a basis for planning and operating the electric power system, as well as increasing the efficiency of the electric power system. Developing a model that achieves the highest forecasting precision in the context of electric power has been the object of study in several countries. This research seeks to find a predictive model of electricity consumption in Indonesia using LSTM (Long Short Term Memory). LSTM is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) that is often used to identify periodic patterns in a time series because it records the relationship between successive values. Model training and testing uses electricity consumption data from January 2013 to February 2023 obtained from PT PLN's electricity sales report. Experiments were carried out with various combinations of hyperparameter values for the number of neuron units and the number of epochs for each prediction model for the National electricity consumption, the Household, Business and Industrial segments. Model performance evaluation is measured by MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error). The National electricity consumption prediction model can predict well with MAPE value of 2.212%. By comparing the accuracy of the built LSTM model with manual predictions made by PLN per month, LSTM model was able to make more accurate predictions."