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"ABSTRAKPemeriksaan mutasi gen PIK3CA penting dilakukan karena mutasi pada gen tersebut menyebabkan penderita kanker payudara dengan subtipe HER 2 mengalami resistensi terhadap terapi trastuzumab. Kit komersial pendeteksi mutasi gen PIK3CA yang beredar di pasaran dibuat berdasarkan genotipe kaukasia/Amerika. Penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui profil mutasi gen PIK3CA ekson 20 dari penderita kanker payudara di Sumatera Barat. Hasil sekuensing menunjukkan mutasi gen PIK3CA ditemukan 5 dari 68 sampel uji (7,35%) dan paling sering terjadi pada subtipe luminal. Mutasi tersebut berupa silent mutation T1025T (4,41%) dan missense mutation H1047R (2,94%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mutasi gen PIK3CA Ekson 20 tidak berasosiasi dengan keberadaan reseptor ER, PR, dan HER 2. Mutasi yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai referensi pembuatan kit deteksi mutasi gen PIK3CA meskipun tidak berasosiasi dengan parameter patologiklinik.

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ABSTRACTExamination of PIK3CA mutations in breast cancer patients is important because contributed to trastuzumab resistance problem in breast cancer subtype HER 2. Since commercial kit to detect PIK3CA mutation which now widely used were made based on caucasia/America genotype, not based on genotype Indonesia. The research has been conducted to determine the profile of the PIK3CA exon 20 mutations of the breast cancer patients in West Sumatra. Sequencing result showed that 5 out of 68 samples PIK3CA (7.35 %) had PIK3CA mutations and mostly occur in the luminal subtype. Mutations found were silent mutation T1025T (4.41 %) and missense mutation H1047R (2.94%). Meanwhile, this research results that PIK3CA mutation in exon 20 does not associated with the presence of ER, PR, and HER 2 reseptors respectively. However, mutations found in this research was expected to use as a reference in devloping detection kit of PIK3CA mutation regardless the negative association with clinical pathology parameters;"

"Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk deteksi gen PIK3CA ekson 9 dengan pendekatan dua metode PCR dan membandingkan dua metode tersebut, agar menghindari deteksi positif palsu akibat keberadaan pseudogene pada kanker payudara. Sepuluh DNA genomik digunakan pada penelitian ini. Dua pasang primer digunakan untuk metode PCR standar dan Nested PCR untuk deteksi gen PIK3CA ekson 9 dengan ukuran produk PCR adalah 200 bp dan 400 bp diikuti dengan metode DNA sequencing. Optimasi dilakukan untuk menentukan suhu annealing PCR standard dan Nested PCR, serta jumlah siklus yang digunakan pada 1st nested PCR 15 siklus dan 25 siklus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan PCR standar set primer I dan II bekerja dengan suhu annealing optimum 60,7oC, diinterferensi oleh pseudogene dengan tingkat spesifisitas untuk masing-masingnya sebesar 20 dan 30. Nested PCR dengan kondisi optimum suhu annealing untuk pertama 55oC, suhu annealing kedua 60,7oC dengan 15x siklus PCR berhasil 100 dapat mendeteksi gen PIK3CA. Sampel mengandung satu mutasi substitutsi pada basa 545 ekson 9, mengindikasikan perubahan asam amino dari asam glutamat E ke lisin K. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pseudogene terdapat pada kanker payudara. Metode Nested PCR spesifik digunakan untuk studi genotyping gen PIK3CA ekson 9.

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The aim of study is to detect of exon 9 PIK3CA gene with two PCR methods approach and comparing two methods, to avoid detection of false positives effect pseudogene exist in breast cancer. Ten genomics DNA were used in this experiment. Two pairs of primer Standard PCR and Nested PCR method used to detection of exon 9 PIK3CA genes with the size of PCR products is 200 bp and 400 bp followed with DNA sequencing method. Optimization was done to determine of annealing temperature of Standard PCR and Nested PCR, as well as the number of cycles used in the 1st nested PCR 15 cycles and 25 cycles.

The result of research was standard PCR using each primer pairs I and II with optimum annealing temperature 60,7oC, had interference by pseudogene with the degree of specificity for each them was 20 and 30. Nested PCR with optimum condition annealing temperature for the first round at 55oC, annealing temperature for the second round at 60,7oC with 15x PCR cycles 100 succeed to detect the true PIK3CA gene. Samples contain one substitution mutation at position 545 of exon 9, indicating amino acid changing from glutamate acid E to lysin K. The result was, pseudogene also exists in breast cancer. Nested PCR methods specifically used for genotyping studies exon 9 of PIK3CA gene. "

"Kanker payudara merupakan salah satu jenis kanker dengan kematian terbanyak kedua di dunia. Penyebab utama kematian penderita kanker payudara adalah metastasis sel kanker ke jaringan lain. Salah satu penanganan kanker payudara adalah pemberian pengobatan kemoterapi. Namun kemoterapi seringkali menimbulkan efek samping pada pasien. Salah satu jenis kemoterapi umum, Doxorubicin mampu meningkatkan resiko toksisitas jantung. Karakteristik kultur eksplan yang dapat mempertahankan kondisi sel secara in vivo dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi respons kemoterapi. Namun demikian, penggunaan kultur eksplan untuk memprediksi respon kemoterapi belum banyak diterapkan. Gen MYCN memiliki peran dalam mendorong keganasan sel kanker dan banyak terekspresi pada kanker payudara dengan prognosis buruk, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker untuk memastikan respon antara jaringan asal dan kultur eksplan relatif sama. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ekspresi gen MYCN pada jaringan asal dan kultur eksplan serta menganalisis tingkat ekspresi gen MYCN pada kultur eksplan terhadap treatment Doxorubicin dengan metode one-step semi-kuantitatif Reverse Transcriptation - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Perlakuan treatment dilakukan untuk mendukung kemampuan kultur eksplan dalam mempertahankan in vivo. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan ekspresi relatif gen MYCN pada jaringan asal dan kultur eksplan relatif sama serta adanya ekspresi gen MYCN setelah pemberian treatment pada kultur eksplan. Hal tersebut menandakan kultur eksplan dapat mempertahankan ekspresi dari jaringan asalnya. Selain itu, adanya ekspresi gen MYCN setelah pemberian agen kemoterapi mengkonfirmasi bahwa kultur eksplan memiliki respons yang relatif sama setelah pemberian treatment sehingga dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi respon kemoterapi.

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Breast cancer is one type of cancer with the second most deaths in the world. The main cause of death for breast cancer patients is the metastasis of cancer cells to other tissues. One of the treatments for breast cancer is chemotherapy treatment. However, chemotherapy often causes side effects in patients. One of the common types of chemotherapy, Doxorubicin can increase the risk of cardiac toxicity. Characteristics of explant cultures that can maintain cell conditions in vivo can be used predicting chemotherapy response. However, the use of explant cultures to predict chemotherapy response has not been widely applied. The MYCN gene has a role in promoting cancer cell malignancy and is widely expressed in breast cancer with a poor prognosis, so it can be used as a biomarker to ensure that the response between the tissue of origin and explant cultures is relatively similar. Therefore, this study aims to analyze MYCN gene expression in the original tissue and explant culture and to analyze the expression level of the MYCN gene in explant culture against Doxorubicin treatment using a one-step semi-quantitative Reverse Transcriptation - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) method. The treatment was carried out to support the ability of the explant culture to maintain in vivo. The results obtained showed that the relative expression of the MYCN gene in the original tissue and the explant culture was relatively the same as well as the expression of the MYCN gene after the treatment was given to the explant culture. This indicates that the explant culture can maintain the expression of the original tissue. In addition, the presence of MYCN gene expression after administration of chemotherapeutic agents confirmed that explant cultures had relatively the same response after treatment, so that they could be used to predict chemotherapy responses."

"Kanker payudara adalah jenis kanker yang memiliki kasus baru terbanyak dan penyebab kematian tertinggi di kalangan wanita. Hal tersebut menjadikan pemahaman mengenai konsep pengobatan presisi (precision medicine) perlu dikembangkan, salah satunya dengan penggunaan kultur primer dari jaringan kanker pasien. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) telah dilaporkan umum digunakan sebagai marker prognostik kanker payudara melalui deteksi protein menggunakan metode immunohistokimia (IHK). Namun, metode tersebut memiliki kekurangan dalam menjadi acuan penentuan terapi adjuvant. Penggunaan kultur primer sebagai pengganti cell lines dalam penelitian kanker perlu terus dikembangkan karena lebih mewakili karakteristik fenotipe dan genotipe dari jaringan kanker in vivo. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat ekspresi relatif gen EGFR pada sampel kultur primer dan jaringan asalnya serta mengetahui perbandingan ekspresi relatif gen EGFR pada sampel jaringan jinak dan jaringan ganas kanker payudara. Metode yang digunakan, yaitu melalui deteksi mRNA gen EGFR dengan semi kuantitatif RT-PCR pada dua pasien yang mewakili jaringan jinak dan ganas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara ekspresi EGFR pada kultur primer dan jaringan asal, serta ekspresi EGFR pada jaringan ganas lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan jaringan jinak. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kultur primer dapat dijadikan model alternatif dalam penelitian kanker, serta EGFR dapat dijadikan marker potensial dalam menentukan tingkat agresivitas kanker payudara.

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Breast cancer is a type of cancer that has a highest rate of incidence as well as mortality among women. This makes the understanding of the concept of precision medicine need to be continuously developed, in wich one of the methods is through using primary cultures from patient's tissue. It has been reported that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly used as a prognostic marker of breast cancer through protein detection using the Immunohistochemical (IHC) method. However, this method has shortcomings in being a reference for determining adjuvant therapy. The use of primary culture as a subtitute cell lines in cancer research needs to be developed due to its more representative of the phenotype and genotype characteristics of cancer tissue in vivo. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relative expression level of the EGFR gene in primary culture sample and its tissue origin as well as comparing the relative expression of the EGFR gene in samples of benign tissue and malignant tissue of breast cancer. The method used is the detection of EGFR gene mRNA with semi-quantitative RT-PCR in two patients representing benign and malignant tissues. The results showed that there was no significant difference between EGFR expression in primary culture and tissue of origin, and EGFR expression in malignant tissue was higher than in benign tissue. Hence, it can be concluded that primary culture can be used as an alternative model in cancer research, and EGFR can be used as a potential marker in determining aggressiveness level of breast cancer."

"Kanker kolorektal merupakan salah satu kanker yang paling umum terjadi di Indonesia. Mutasi gen KRAS banyak terjadi pada kanker kolorektal dan diduga berkaitan dengan berkembangnya kanker tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis mutasi gen KRAS pada ekson 2 kodon 12 dan 13 pada spesimen jaringan kanker kolorektal menggunakan metode Sanger sequencing. Sampel jaringan segar dari 50 pasien di Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais yang sudah terkonfirmasi kanker kolorektal oleh dokter patologi anatomi dikumpulkan di Laboratorium Biobank Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais. Sampel dikoleksi dari tahun 2018-2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 13 sampel terdeteksi positif mutasi titik pada ekson 2 kodon 12 (9) dan kodon 13 (4). Mutasi pada kodon 12 ditemukan 2 jenis yaitu GGT>GAT dan GGT>GCT. Mutasi pada kodon 13 ditemukan 2 jenis yaitu GGC>GAC dan GGC>GCC. Berdasarkan hasil yang didapatkan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat 4 jenis mutasi yang ditemukan pada penelitian ini

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Colorectal cancer is one of the most occurred cancers in Indonesia. KRAS gene mutation often occurred in colorectal cancer and has been presumed to be related to development of this cancer. The aim of this study is to discover the mutation types of the KRAS gene exon 2 codon 12 and 13 in colorectal cancer tissue specimens in Dharmais Cancer Hospital. The fresh tissue from fifty patients in Dharmais Cancer Hospital confirmed colorectal cancer by pathology anatomy doctor were collected in Biobank Laboratory Dharmais Cancer Hospital. KRAS gene mutations were analyzed from fresh tissue using the Sanger Sequencing method. The result shows that 13 samples detected positive on KRAS gene mutation on exon 2 codon 12 (9) and codon 13 (4). Two types of KRAS gene mutation detected in codon 12 are GGT>GAT and GGT>GCT. Two types of KRAS gene mutation also detected in codon 13 are GGC>GAC and GGC>GCC. The conclusion of this study is four types of mutation has been discovered in this study."

"Kanker payudara merupakan penyakit kanker yang berkembang dari jaringan epitel duktus dan kelenjar susu dalam payudara. Kanker payudara merupakan kanker dengan prevalensi tertinggi di dunia dan telah mengalami kenaikan jumlah kasus yang signifikan (16,6%) per tahun 2020 di Indonesia. Pengobatan dengan kemoterapi telah umum dilakukan namun dilaporkan memiliki banyak efek samping. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan prediksi kemosensitivitas pada pasien sebelum obat diberikan. Prediksi kemosensitivitas dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan kultur primer metode eksplan sebagai patient-derived model in vitro yang menggunakan sel primer langsung dari pasien dan dapat memprediksi respons klinis terhadap obat. Adanya ekspresi relatif gen c-Myc selaku oncogene addiction gene dapat menjadi biomarker potensial pada kultur eksplan setelah diberi perlakuan Doxorubicin. Pada penelitian ini, ekspresi c-Myc pada jaringan asal dan kultur eksplan serta pada kultur eksplan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan diukur menggunakan metode semi kuantitatif RT-PCR dengan tahapan isolasi RNA, kuantifikasi, amplifikasi, dan visualisasi dengan elektroforesis. Kultur eksplan yang berhasil ditumbuhkan adalah sampel luminal A dan B. Sampel A menunjukkan migrasi sel hingga konfluensi 50%. Sementara uji viabilitas pada hasil kultur sampel B menunjukkan persentase viabilitas kultur non-treatment 60% dan treatment dosis 0,68 μM 41%. Hasil visualisasi elektroforesis tidak menunjukkan adanya ekspresi c-Myc di seluruh sampel.

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Breast cancer is a malignant tumor formacy on ductus epithelial tissue and mammary gland of the breast. The prevalence number of breast cancer is currently leading among other cancers in the world and significantly increasing especially in Indonesia (16,6% new cases in 2020). Treatment using chemotherapy agents is the most common option for patients but has many side effects. Chemosensitivity prediction using an in vitro model is recommended for more personalized treatment, and can be performed using primary culture (explant method) as an in vitro patient-derived model that uses primary cells directly from the patient and can predict pathological response to chemotherapy agents. c-Myc gene as an oncogene addiction gene can be a potential biomarker of explant cultures after being treated by Doxorubicin.

In this study, c-Myc expression in fresh tissue and explant culture, also in culture prior to and after treatment, was measured using a semi quantitative RT-PCR method involving the process of RNA isolation, quantification, amplification, and visualization using electrophoresis. Luminal A and Luminal B samples of explant culture were successfully grown and harvested. A sample showed cell migration up to 50% confluency. Meanwhile, the viability test on the results of the B culture showed the viability percentage of non-treatment culture was 60% and 0,68 μM treatment dose culture 41%. The results of electrophoretic visualization consistently showed downregulation of c-Myc in the form of a very low expression in all samples."

"Defisiensi enzim 6-pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase PTPS merupakan salah satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas enzim PTPS. Enzim PTPS memiliki peran dalam proses biosintesis tetrahydrobiopterin BH4. Defisiensi enzim PTPS menyebabkan gangguan untuk proses biosintesis BH4 sehingga, tidak dapat mengubah senyawa fenilalanin menjadi senyawa tirosin, disebut hyperphenylalanemia HPA. Defisiensi enzim PTPS terjadi akibat adanya mutasi pada gen PTS, dapat mengubah struktur dan fungsi dari asam amino yang dihasilkan. Penelitian tersebut bertujuan untuk menganalisis mutasi gen PTS ekson 1 dan ekson 3--4 yang terjadi pada penderita defisiensi enzim PTPS di Indonesia. Sampel DNA yang digunakan adalah hasil isolasi DNA darah pada tiga penderita defisiensi enzim PTPS di Indonesia dan 50 individu normal 25 laki-laki dan 25 perempuan. Sekuens gen PTS pada ekson 1 dan ekson 3--4 dari sampel tersebut diamplifikasi menggunakan metode PCR. Hasil dari proses PCR divisualisasikan menggunakan elektroforesis gel, kemudian disekuensing menggunakan metode automated Sanger sequencing. Hasil yang didapat dalam peneltian ini adalah tidak ditemukan mutasi pada penderita defisiensi enzim PTPS di ekson 1 dan ekson 3--4, namun ditemukan adanya mutasi di intron 4, yang bersifat novel yaitu IVS4 5T>C dan IVS4 6G>T.

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The 6 pyruvoyl tetrahydropterin synthase PTPS enzyme deficiency is one of the diseases caused by the activity of enzyme PTPS. The PTPS enzyme has a role in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin BH4, when the enzyme is disturbed, it can not convert phenylalanine into a tyrosine, called hyperphenylalanemia HPA. The PTPS enzyme deficiency caused a disruption BH4 biosynthesis so, can not convert phenylalanine into a tyrosine, called hyperphenylalanemia HPA. PTPS enzyme deficiency occurs due mutations in the PTS gene, can changed the structure and function of the amino acids produced.

This aim of this research are for analyze the mutation of exon 1 and exon 3 4 in PTS gene of patients with PTPS enzyme deficiency in Indonesia. DNA samples were extracted from the blood three patients with PTPS enzyme deficiency in Indonesia and 50 normal individuals 25 male and 25 female. The DNA samples were amplified using PCR method.

The results of the PCR process were visualized using gel electrophoresis, then were sequenced using the automated Sanger sequencing method. This study figure of that were no mutations found in patients with PTPS enzyme deficiency in exon 1 and exon 3 4, but two novel mutation found in intron 4 which are IVS4 5T C and IVS4 6G T."

"Kanker prostat merupakan masalah kesehatan yang umum terjadi pada pria di seluruh dunia. Diagnosis dini dan akurat sangat penting untuk pengobatan yang efektif. Spektroskopi Raman (RμS) menawarkan teknik yang menjanjikan untuk menganalisis sampel jaringan dan berpotensi membedakan antara jaringan prostat jinak dan ganas. Studi ini menyelidiki kemanjuran algoritma Machine Learning dalam mengklasifikasikan kanker prostat menggunakan data RS dari spesimen biopsi. Data Spektrum Raman yang digunakan berasal dari penelitian di Kanada yang dikumpulkan dari tiga kelompok Cohort yakni Centre Hospitalier de l’Universit´e de Montr´eal (CHUM) sebagai Cohort training, serta University Health Network (UHN) dan Centre Hospitalier de l’Universite de Montreal (CHUQc-UL) sebagai Cohort testing. Spektrum ini, yang mewakili komposisi kimia jaringan (Raw Spectra), digunakan untuk training dan model evaluation Machine Learning.Untuk membantu menganalisis komposisi kimia data RμS yang akurat, diperlukan algoritma Machine Learning dalam mengklasifikasikan BPH dan PC. Dua algoritma yang digunakan adalah Support Vector Machine (SVM) dan Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Data RμS dilakukan training dan testing menggunakan data yang berbeda yang menghasilkan nilai metrik klasifikasi dari dua algoritma yang dibandingkan dalam mengklasifikasikan sampel BPH atau PC. Ternyata, algoritma XGBoost memiliki kemampuan klasifikasi yang kurang unggul daripada SVM, hal ini dibuktikan dengan SVM memiliki rata-rata Akurasi sebesar 83,3%, Sensitivitas sebesar 96.,7%, Spesifisitas sebesar 46,4%, F1-Score sebesar 98,1%, dan ROC-AUC sebesar 87,7%. Sementara, XGBoost menunjukkan Akurasi sebesar 78%, Sensitivitas sebesar 80%, Spesifisitas sebesar 75%, F1-Score sebesar 78%, dan ROC-AUC sebesar 85%.Selain itu kedua algoritma juga bisa menentukan titik Feature Importance pada grafik Spektra Raman, yang ditunjukkan dengan beberapa fitur vibrasi molekul untuk BPH dan PC berdasarkan algoritma SVM dan XGBoost, yakni 720 cm−1, 828 cm−1, dan 931 cm−1 sebagai karakteristik jaringan BPH, dan 1.431 cm−1 dan 1.470 cm−1 sebagai jaringan PC.

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Prostate cancer is a common health problem in men worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. Raman spectroscopy (RμS) offers a promising technique to analyze tissue samples and potentially differentiate between benign and malignant prostate tissue. This study investigated the efficacy of a Machine Learning algorithm in classifying prostate cancer using RS data from biopsy specimens. The Raman Spectrum data used were from a Canadian study collected from three cohort groups, namely the Centre Hospitalier de l’Universit´e de Montr´eal (CHUM) as the training Cohort, and the University Health Network (UHN) and Centre Hospitalier de l’Universit´e de Montreal (CHUQc-UL) as the testing Cohort. This spectrum, which represents the chemical composition of the tissue (Raw Spectra), is used for training and model evaluation Machine Learning.

To help analyze the chemical composition of accurate RμS data, a Machine Learning algorithm is needed to classify BPH and PC. The two algorithms used are Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The RμS data is trained and tested using different data that produces classification metric values from the two algorithms that are compared in classifying BPH or PC samples. It turns out that the XGBoost algorithm has a classification capability that is less superior than SVM, this is evidenced by SVM having an average Accuracy of 83.3%, Sensitivity of 96.7%, Specificity of 46.4%, F1-Score of 98.1%, and ROC-AUC of 87.7%. Meanwhile, XGBoost showed Accuracy of 78%, Sensitivity of 80%, Specificity of 75%, F1-Score of 78%, and ROC-AUC of 85%. In addition, both algorithms can also determine the Feature Importance point on the Raman Spectra graph, which is indicated by several molecular vibration features for BPH and PC based on the SVM and XGBoost algorithms, namely 720 cm−1, 828 cm−1, and 931 cm−1 as characteristics of BPH tissue, and 1.431 cm−1 and 1.470 cm−1 as PC tissue."

"[ABSTRAKKanker merupakan faktor penting dalam beban penyakit global saat ini.Kasus baru setiap tahun terus meningkat. Angka kasus kanker payudara di RumahSakit Kanker Dharmais masih menempati urutan pertama dari jenis kanker lain.Informasi mengenai kualitas hidup perempuan dengan kanker payudara menjadisangat penting mengingat masih tingginya angka kasus kanker payudara sertauntuk memberikan dukungan kepada pasien kanker payudara dalamkeberlangsungan hidup jangka panjang. Kualitas hidup pasien kanker payudaratak luput dari faktor karakteristik individu, faktor karakteristik klinis dan faktorlingkungan sosial. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain case series dengan 90sampel diambil secara consecutive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa usia, terapi yang sedang dijalani, paparan informasi serta dukungankeluarga berhubungan dengan kualitas hidup pasien kanker payudara. Saran untukRumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais agar lebih meningkatkan penyebaran informasitentang kanker payudara, bagi masyarakat meningkatkan dukungan keluargaterhadap pasien kanker payudara.

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ABSTRACTCancer is an important factor in the current global disease burden. New cases eachyear continues to increase. The numbers of breast cancer cases in the DharmaisHospital Cancer still ranks first than other types of cancer. Information on thequality of life of women with breast cancer becomes very important consideringthe high number of cases of breast cancer and to provide support to breast cancerpatients in the long-term survival. The quality of life of breast cancer patientslitely dependent the individual characteristic, clinical characteristics and socialenvironmental factors. This study used a case series design with 90 samplesemployed consecutive sampling. The results showed that age, the therapy beingundertaken, breast cancer exposure information as well as family support relatedto the quality of life of the breast cancer patients. Suggestions one made to theDharmais Cancer Hospital to further improve the dissemination of informationabout breast cancer, in the family to increase family support for breast cancerpatients.;Cancer is an important factor in the current global disease burden. New cases eachyear continues to increase. The numbers of breast cancer cases in the DharmaisHospital Cancer still ranks first than other types of cancer. Information on thequality of life of women with breast cancer becomes very important consideringthe high number of cases of breast cancer and to provide support to breast cancerpatients in the long-term survival. The quality of life of breast cancer patientslitely dependent the individual characteristic, clinical characteristics and socialenvironmental factors. This study used a case series design with 90 samplesemployed consecutive sampling. The results showed that age, the therapy beingundertaken, breast cancer exposure information as well as family support relatedto the quality of life of the breast cancer patients. Suggestions one made to theDharmais Cancer Hospital to further improve the dissemination of informationabout breast cancer, in the family to increase family support for breast cancerpatients.;Cancer is an important factor in the current global disease burden. New cases eachyear continues to increase. The numbers of breast cancer cases in the DharmaisHospital Cancer still ranks first than other types of cancer. Information on thequality of life of women with breast cancer becomes very important consideringthe high number of cases of breast cancer and to provide support to breast cancerpatients in the long-term survival. The quality of life of breast cancer patientslitely dependent the individual characteristic, clinical characteristics and socialenvironmental factors. This study used a case series design with 90 samplesemployed consecutive sampling. The results showed that age, the therapy beingundertaken, breast cancer exposure information as well as family support relatedto the quality of life of the breast cancer patients. Suggestions one made to theDharmais Cancer Hospital to further improve the dissemination of informationabout breast cancer, in the family to increase family support for breast cancerpatients.;Cancer is an important factor in the current global disease burden. New cases eachyear continues to increase. The numbers of breast cancer cases in the DharmaisHospital Cancer still ranks first than other types of cancer. Information on thequality of life of women with breast cancer becomes very important consideringthe high number of cases of breast cancer and to provide support to breast cancerpatients in the long-term survival. The quality of life of breast cancer patientslitely dependent the individual characteristic, clinical characteristics and socialenvironmental factors. This study used a case series design with 90 samplesemployed consecutive sampling. The results showed that age, the therapy beingundertaken, breast cancer exposure information as well as family support relatedto the quality of life of the breast cancer patients. Suggestions one made to theDharmais Cancer Hospital to further improve the dissemination of informationabout breast cancer, in the family to increase family support for breast cancerpatients., Cancer is an important factor in the current global disease burden. New cases eachyear continues to increase. The numbers of breast cancer cases in the DharmaisHospital Cancer still ranks first than other types of cancer. Information on thequality of life of women with breast cancer becomes very important consideringthe high number of cases of breast cancer and to provide support to breast cancerpatients in the long-term survival. The quality of life of breast cancer patientslitely dependent the individual characteristic, clinical characteristics and socialenvironmental factors. This study used a case series design with 90 samplesemployed consecutive sampling. The results showed that age, the therapy beingundertaken, breast cancer exposure information as well as family support relatedto the quality of life of the breast cancer patients. Suggestions one made to theDharmais Cancer Hospital to further improve the dissemination of informationabout breast cancer, in the family to increase family support for breast cancerpatients.]"

"Penelitian ini menyelidiki penerapan spektroskopi Raman pada sampel jaringan kanker kolorektal menggunakan pendekatan machine learning pada komputer klasik dan kuantum. Kanker kolorektal, salah satu penyebab utama kematian akibat kanker, memerlukan metode diagnostik yang akurat dan efisien. Studi ini menggunakan data spektroskopi Raman dari penelitian sebelumnya dan mengimplementasikan algoritma machine learning seperti XGBoost, LightGBM, Fully Connected Neural Network (FCNN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), dan Gated Recurrent Network (GRU) pada komputer klasik. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga memperkenalkan pendekatan baru dengan mengaplikasikan Hybrid Quantum Neural Network (QNN). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model XGBoost pada komputer klasik mencapai F1-Score tertinggi sebesar 64,311%, sedangkan model Hybrid Classical-Quantum Classifier menunjukkan F1-Score terendah, sebesar 55.263%. Meskipun model Hybrid Classical-Quantum Classifier memperoleh skor terendah, penelitian ini menunjukkan potensi penerapan komputasi kuantum dalam meningkatkan akurasi diagnosis kanker kolorektal di masa depan. Namun, keterbatasan perangkat keras komputer kuantum saat ini menjadi kendala signifikan yang perlu diatasi melalui penelitian lebih lanjut.

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This study investigates the application of Raman spectroscopy to colorectal cancer tissue samples using classical and quantum computer machine learning approaches. Colorectal cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer deaths, requires accurate and efficient diagnostic methods. This study utilizes Raman spectroscopy data from previous research and implements machine learning algorithms such as XGBoost, LightGBM, Fully Connected Neural Network (FCNN), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Network (GRU) on classical computers. In addition, this research also introduces a new approach by applying a hybrid quantum neural network (QNN). The results showed that the XGBoost model on classical computers achieved the highest F1-Score of 64.311%, while the Hybrid Classical-Quantum Classifier model showed the lowest F1-Score, at 55.263%. Despite the lowest score, this study shows the potential of applying quantum computing in improving the accuracy of colorectal cancer diagnosis in the future. However, the current hardware limitations of quantum computers are a significant obstacle that needs to be overcome through further research."