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"ABSTRAKDeposit logam las SMAW 308L dengan variasi ferrit, nitrogen dan fluk basicity dievaluasi untuk meneliti pengaruhnya terhadap kekuatan mekanik dan perilaku korosi. Sifat mekanik diteliti melalui kekuatan tarik pada suhu kamar, charpy impak V-notch dan lateral expansion (LA) di suhu kriogenik -196oC. Polarisasi siklik potensiodinamik dilakukan pada lingkungan NaCl 3.5%w.t untuk mengamati potensial pitting dan hysteresis loop.Peningkatan ferrit dari 2-10FN, secara umum meningkatkan kekuatan logam lasan sebesar 0.5-4.9%. Pengurangan ferrit dari 4FN menjadi 2FN, meningkatkan secara signifikan charpy impak sebesar 21% dan LA sebesar 69%. Lasan dengan kandungan nitrogen yang lebih rendah memiliki charpy impak 10% lebih tinggi dan LA 37% lebih tinggi. Fluk tipe basa memiliki charpy impak 16% lebih besar dan LA 51% lebih besar.Positif hysteresis loop menunjukkan bahwa logam 308L rawan terhadap korosi pitting pada lingkungan NaCl 3,5%wt. Keberadaan ferrit mengurangi ketahanan terhadap korosi sumuran yang ditandai oleh penurunan nilai Epit. Nitrogen yang lebih rendah mengakibatkan Epit menjadi lebih aktif sementara itu Fluk tipe basa memiliki Epit yang lebih noble.Ketangguhan kriogenik dan ketahanan korosi pada logam las 308L dikontrol oleh kandungan ferrit yang rendah, kandungan nitrogen yang rendah dan fluk yang lebih basa. Sementara itu kekuatan mekanik dikontrol oleh kandungan ferrit yang tinggi

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ABSTRACTSMA (Shielded Metal Arc) welds metal 308L with variation in ferrite, nitrogen and flux basicity were evaluated in order to study its influence to mechanical and corrosion behavior. Mechanical behaviors were investigated by using tensile strength at room temperature, charpy impact V-notch and lateral expansion(LA) at cryogenic temperature -196oC. Cyclic polarization potensiodynamic was performed at 3.5% NaCl to observe pitting potential and hysteresis loop.Increment ferrite from 2-10 FN, in general increased 0.5- 4.9% welds strength. Reduction from 4FN to 2 FN had significantly increased charpy impact and LA to 21% and 69% respectively. Weld with lower nitrogen content had 10% higher charpy impact and 37% higher LA. Basic flux significantly increased charpy impact to 16% and LA to 51%.Positive hysteresis loop showed that 308L welds were prone to pitting corrosion at 3.5%w.t chloride solution. Present of ferrite reduced pitting corrosion resistance which indicated by Epit reduction. Lower nitrogen showed more active Epit. Weld with higher flux basicity resulted noble Epit.Cryogenic toughness and corrosion resistance at SMA 308L weld metal are controlled by low ferrite content, low nitrogen content and more basic flux. Meanwhile weld metal strength are controlled by high ferrite content."

"Pembangunan infrastruktur yang saat ini sedang berlangsung, banyak menggunakan material baja berkekuatan tinggi sebagai material utama dalam membangun infrastruktur-infrastruktur tersebut. Seperti contoh penggunaan baja SM570 untuk struktur jalan tol layang, dimana proses penyambungan antar struktur baja tersebut digunakan proses pengelasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh kandungan nikel dalam kawat las terhadap struktur mikro dan sifat mekanik hasil pengelasan flux-cored arc welding baja SM570. Penelitian ini menggunakan baja SM570-TMC sebagai bahan uji dengan dimensi 370mm (p) x 300mm (l) x 16mm (t). Pengelasan dilakukan menggunakan metode FCAW dengan gas pelindung CO2 (100%), dengan desain sambungan butt joint (V groove), posisi las 1G, dan variabel kandungan nikel kawat las 0,4%, 1%, dan 1,5%. Pengamatan metalografi dilakukan untuk melihat struktur mikro yang terbentuk pada kampuh las, HAZ, dan logam induk. Radiografi untuk melihat ada tidaknya cacat setelah pengelasan. Sedangkan untuk mengetahui sifat mekanis hasil lasan dilakukan pengujian kekerasan untuk melihat distribusi kekerasan pada kampuh las, HAZ, dan logam induk, uji tarik, uji ketangguhan impak Charpy pada variabel suhu 25°C, 0°C dan -20°C dan uji komposisi menggunakan OES, SEM/EDX. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan tertinggi terdapat pada kandungan nikel 1% dengan nilai kekerasan 228 HV, diikuti oleh 1,5% (217 HV) dan 0,4% (193 HV). Kekuatan tarik tertinggi juga terdapat pada kandungan nikel 1% dengan 585 MPa, diikuti oleh 0,4% (578,5 MPa) dan 1,5% (575,5 MPa). Ketangguhan impak tertinggi juga terdapat pada kandungan nikel 1% (25°C = 186 J, 0°C = 171,5 J dan -20°C = 155 J), diikuti oleh 0,4% (178 J; 162,5 J; 127 J) dan 1,5% (108,5 J; 106,3 J; 77,9 J).

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The highway and underway infrastructure development use high strength steel (HSS) as the main material in building these infrastructure. As an example SM570 steel for the structure of elevated toll roads, where the joining process between steel structures is used the welding process. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine how the effects of nickel content on welding wire to microstructure and mechanical properties in flux-cored arc welding SM570-TMC steel.

This study uses SM570 steel as a test material with dimensions of 370mm (p) x 300mm (l) x 16mm (t). Welding is carried out using the FCAW method with CO2 shielding gas (100%), with a butt joint (V groove) connection design, 1G (flat) welding position, and nickel welding wire variable 0,4%, 1% and 1,5%. Metallographic observations were carried out to see the microstructure formed in the weld metal, HAZ, and base metal. Whereas to determine the mechanical properties of welds, a micro hardness test was used to see the hardness distribution on weld metal, HAZ, and base metal. Radiography to see defects after welding process. The others are tensile test, impact toughness test at temperature variable 25°C, 0°C, and -20°C and composition test (using OES, SEM/EDX).

The test results show that the highest value of hardness occurs in the welding wire containing 1% (228 HV), followed by 1,5% (217 HV) and 0,4% (193 HV). Highest value of tensile strength also occurs in the welding wire containing 1% (585 MPa), followed by 0,4% (578,5 MPa) and 1,5% (575,5 MPa). Highest value of impact toughness also occurs in the welding wire containing 1% (25°C = 186 J, 0°C = 171,5 J and -20°C = 155 J), followed by 0,4% (178 J; 162,5 J; 127 J) and 1,5% (108,5 J; 106,3 J; 77,9 J)."

"Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) atau dapat disebut juga tungsten inert gas (TIG) merupakan proses pengelasan yang memberikan kualitas hasil lasan yang baik dengan biaya yang relatif lebih rendah. Namun, kemampuan proses pengelasan ini terbatas pada pada kapasitas penetrasi yang berujung pada produktivitas yang rendah. Dengan itu, pengembangan harus dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penetrasi. Untuk pengembangan tersebut, metode penggunaan fluks pengaktif diperkenalkan pertama kali oleh Paton Welding Institute untuk pengelasan TIG yang digunakan pada material sebelum pengelasan. Dapat diketahui bahwa adanya peningkatan penetrasi dari pengamatan geometri hasil lasan dan sejak itu penggunaan fluks pengaktif yang disebut A-TIG menjadi banyak digunakan dan memberikan pengaruh besar.Penelitian kali ini meninjau proses pengelasan A-TIG yang mencakup beberapa kegiatan eksperimental yang sudah diteliti sebelumnya pada material baja tahan karat SUS 304. Dalam pengelasan A-TIG, parameter-parameter seperti arus, tegangan, kecepatan pengelasan, gas pelindung, dan jenis fluks mempengaruhi kualitas lasan. Selain itu, beberapa pengujian telah dilakukan pada struktur makro dan sifat mekanik untuk memiliki pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang pengelasan A-TIG.

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Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) or can also known as tungsten inert gas (TIG) is one of the welding processes that provide good weld quality with relatively lower costs. However, this welding process is limited to penetration capacity which results in low productivity. With that regard, a development must be done to improve the ability of penetration. In this case, the method of using activated flux was first introduced by Paton Welding Institute for TIG welding by using it on the material before welding. It was obsereved that there was an increase in penetration on the weld geometry and by that the use of activated flux, called A-TIG, becomes more widely used and has a major influence.

In this study, the A-TIG welding process is discussed from several experimental activities that have been previously carried out on stainless steel SUS 304. In A-TIG welding, parameters process such as current, voltage, welding speed, gas shield, and type of flux affect weld quality. In addition, several testings was made on the macrostructure and mechanical properties to have a better understanding on A-TIG welding."

"[ABSTRAKPenggunaan baja tahan karat dua fasa austenitik-ferritik (Duplex) UNS32205 telah digunakan secara luas pada berbagai sektor perusahaan, khususnya industri Minyak dan Gas serta industri Petrokimia karena memiliki sifat mekanik dan ketahanan korosi yang sangat baik. Pada penelitian ini,yang diamati adalah pengaruh konsentrasi NaCl pada lingkungan kerja baja tahan karat ini, yang bertujuan mencari konsentrasi yang bersifat paling korosif, dan juga dilakukan pengamatan terhadap pengaruh perubahan Ferrite Content atau nilai rasio dari kedua fasa penyusun baja tahan karat UNS32205 yaitu Austenit dan Ferrit.Pada sampel awal yang diamati tanpa diberikan perlakuan panas apapun memiliki nilai rasio fasa 40% Austenit ? 60 Ferrit. Perubahan Ferrite Content atau perubahan rasio tersebut dilakukan dengan melakukan dua metode pemanasan sampel. Yaitu pemanasan menggunakan maffle furnace pada temperatur 11000C dan ditahan selama 20 menit, dengan hasil rasio 42% Austenit ? 58% Ferrit dan nilai ketahanan korosi paling rendah. Dan juga dilakukan pemanasan dengan cara mengambil sampel pada daerah HAZ dengan temperatur antara 4000C-12000C dan langsung quench, dengan hasil pengamatannya adalah memiliki ketahanan korosi paling tinggi karena memiliki rasio 50,3% Austenit ? 49,7% Ferrit.ABSTRACTThe use of Duplex Stainless Steel UNS32205 has been widely used in various sectors of the company, particularly the oil and Gas industry and the petrochemical industry because it has excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In this study, the effect of NaCl concentration was observed on the stainless steel working environment, which aims to find the most corrosive nature of concentrations, and also carried out observations on the influence of Ferrite Content or change the value of the ratio of the phase constituent of stainless steel UNS32205 i.e. Austenite and Ferrite. On the initial samples were observed without any heat treatment has given the value of the phase ratio 40% Austenite ? 60 Ferrite. Ferrite Content changes or changes the ratio by doing two sample heating method. I.e. the heating furnace temperature on maffle using 11000C and detained for 20 minutes, with a ratio of 42% Austenit ? 58% Ferrit and lowest corrosion resistance value. And also done warming up by taking samples at the HAZ with temperature between 4000C-12000C and direct quench, with the results of its observations is to have the highest corrosion resistance because it has a ratio of 50.3% Austenite ? 49.7% Ferrite., The use of Duplex Stainless Steel UNS32205 has been widely used in various sectors of the company, particularly the oil and Gas industry and the petrochemical industry because it has excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In this study, the effect of NaCl concentration was observed on the stainless steel working environment, which aims to find the most corrosive nature of concentrations, and also carried out observations on the influence of Ferrite Content or change the value of the ratio of the phase constituent of stainless steel UNS32205 i.e. Austenite and Ferrite.On the initial samples were observed without any heat treatment has given the value of the phase ratio 40% Austenite – 60 Ferrite. Ferrite Content changes or changes the ratio by doing two sample heating method. I.e. the heating furnace temperature on maffle using 11000C and detained for 20 minutes, with a ratio of 42% Austenit – 58% Ferrit and lowest corrosion resistance value. And also done warming up by taking samples at the HAZ with temperature between 4000C-12000C and direct quench, with the results of its observations is to have the highest corrosion resistance because it has a ratio of 50.3% Austenite – 49.7% Ferrite.]"

"Paduan berbasis Kobal (Co) merupakan salah satu paduan strategis karena dapat digunakan secara luas dan dapat diaplikasikan pada kondisi-kondisi tertentu, salah satunya sebagai material implan. Paduan kobal dipilih sebagai material implan karena mempunyai sifat mekanis dan ketahanan korosi yang baik. Paduan kobal sebagai material implan yang banyak digunakan adalah Co-28Cr-6Mo (ASTM F75). Sifat mekanis dan ketahanan korosi paduan Co-28Cr-6Mo dapat dimodifikasi untuk mendapatkan kondisi yang optimal ketika diimplankan kedalam tubuh. Salah satu cara memodifikasi sifat mekanis dan ketahanan korosi material implan Co-28Cr-6Mo adalah dengan cara memvariasi penambahan karbon dan nitrogen dalam paduan. Pada penelitian ini ditambahkan 0,08 ? 0,25 %C dan 0,2 %N dalam persen berat (%wt) dan proses hot roll untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanis dan ketahanan korosi paduan. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan adalah uji kekerasan, uji tarik, uji potensiodinamik, metalografi, SEM-EDX dan XRD.Berdasarkan analisis hasil karakterisasi variasi penambahan karbon menyebabkan peningkatan nilai kekerasan, kekuatan tarik, dan penurunan laju korosi. Variasai penambahan karbon dan nitrogen meningkatkan nilai kekerasan, kekuatan tarik, mampu bentuk dan penurunan laju korosi. Penurunan nilai laju korosi, mengindikasikan bahwa ketahanan korosi material meningkat. Peningkatan nilai kekerasan, kekuatan tarik, dan ketahanan korosi disebabkan pertumbuhan presipitat karbida (M23C6), dan efek penghalusan butir akibat variasi penambahan karbon, nitrogen dan proses hot roll.

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Cobalt and its alloys is strategic material that widely used and applied at specific conditions, for example as implant material. The primary reason used cobalt alloys as implant material are good mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance. Co-28Cr-6Mo (ASTM F75) one of the main alloys that used as implant material on cobalt and its alloys. Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Co-28Cr-6Mo can be modified to obtain optimal conditions when implanted into the human body. The mechanism of modification by added a variety of carbon and nitrogen to the Co-28Cr-6Mo alloys. In this study, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance enhanced by hot roll process and added 0.08 ? 0.25 %C and 0.2 %N (%wt). The characterization that used to analysis are hardness test, tensile test, potentiodynamic test, metallographic, SEM-EDX, and XRD.

Based on the characterization result, can be analyzed that a variety of carbon added enhanced the hardness, tensile strength and reduced corrosion rate. A variety of carbon and nitrogen added enhanced the hardness, tensile strength. Formability and reduced corrosion rate. Decreased of corrosion rate indicated that the corrosion resistance of material increased. Increased hardness, tensile strength and corrosion resistance caused by formation of carbide precipitate and grain growth refinement due to hot roll process and a variety of carbon and nitrogen added."

"Sampel penelitian adalah sampah industri baja Neomax di Jepang dengan basis ferrite. Identifikasi fase dengan XRD dan XRF memperlihatkan bahwa sampel merupakan senyawa strontium ferrite SrO.6Fe 2O3 fasa tunggal. Kurva XRD menunjukkan waktu milling 5, 10 dan 20 jam tidak signifikan terlihat perubahannya. Mikrograf SEM menunjukkan semakin lama waktu milling jumlah porositas (pori) semakin berkurang dan proses sintering telah memadatkan butiran -butiran grain kristal. Perbandingan Histerisis PERMAGRAPH menunjukkan milling dengan waktu yang lebih lama dan sintering dengan waktu yang lebih lama pada suhu sekitar 1000°C - 1300°C (dibawah titik leleh Fe) dapat meningkatkan nilai remanen magnetisasi Br, dengan kecenderungan nilai koersivitas Hc relatif tetap atau turun dalam batas tertentu."

"Ferokrom 45-75 Cr dan 35-50 Fe paduan penting pembuatan baja tahan karat karena sifat kekuatan dan ketahanan korosi yang tinggi. Ferokrom berasal dari endapan kromit di wilayah Indonesia adanya berkadar rendah dengan ratio Cr/Fe < 1.5 sehingga diperlukan benefisiasi. Tahapan benefisiasinya pemisahan magnetik lemah dilanyutkan pemanggangan temperatur, waktu, jenis reduktor dan berat CaCO3 , hasil pemanggangan dilakukan pemisahan magnetik kuat dan diuji xrf dan xrd. Parameter optimal benefisiasi untuk pembuatan briket input peleburan tanur SAF. Peleburan briket kromit diteliti pengaruh basisitas terhadap parameter ratio Cr/Fe, kadar kromium dan besi, konsumsi energi/berat produk . Pengaruh temperatur pemanggangan 800, 1000 dan 1200 oC terhadap ratio Cr/Fe optimum temperaturnya 1000 oC ratio Cr/Fe sebesar 1,53. Pengaruh waktu pemanggangan 30, 60 dan 90 menit terhadap ratio Cr/Fe optimum waktunya 60 menit ratio Cr/Fe sebesar 1,53. Pengaruh reduktor grafit, kokas dan arang batok terhadap ratio Cr/Fe optimum redukror arang batok ratio Cr/Fe sebesar 1,60. Pengaruh wt CaCO3 5 , 10 dan 20 terhadap ratio Cr/Fe optimum wt CaCO3 pada 20 rasio Cr/Fe sebesar 1,60. Basisitas terak = 2 memberikan ratio Cr/Fe optimum =1,06 , kadar Cr = 50,07 . Konsumsi energi/berat logam optimum 5,7 Kwh/Kg pada nilai basisitas 1,2.

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Ferrochrome is an important alloy of stainless steel due to its high strength and corrosion resistance. Ferromchrome is derived chromite in the Indonesia region low grade Cr Fe "

"Characterizations have been performed on single stage Transversely Excited Nitrogen Laser of Blumlein type. Optical cavity arrangement is varied prior to measurement which shows no significant increase in energy on both configurations of inserting a mirror only and a pair of mirror and a quartz parallel plate. Frequency repetitions respond reveals a small drop in energy at higher frequency i.e. 10 Hz by a factor of 20%. N2 flow rate consideration behaves on the similar way like pressure profile. At higher supply voltage maximum energy is shifted to higher N2 flow rate. A similar tendency occurs on pressure curve but with more pronounced maximum energy. Higher supply voltage would shift maximum energy to higher N2 pressure. Other operating conditions have been kept constant. Beam divergence measurement has given 1,87 mrad on vertical direction and 9,32 mrad on horizontal axis. However, beam cross section experiences a -10° tilt against horizontal reference. This may happen due to a slight twist on main electrodes. Measurements on different date have showed inconsistent results. Major cause is suspected on using different N2 cylinder, replacement on the gauge pressure, and crater creation on HV side spark gap electrode."

"ABSTRACTTwo laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBR) arranged in series were used to evaluate bioxidadon and nitrogen removal from a synthetic sewage consisting of acetic acid as the carbon source. Microprocessor based timer were used to control various phases in the SBR?s phases. This paper discusses the result of varying recycle ratio, returned mixed liquor, in bioxidation, denitrification and nitrification process in the modified SBR Generally, as the recycle ratio increased if was found to give a better the removal efficiency in terms of organic carbon and total nitrogen removal. The modified SBR, in general. shows promise as an effective treatment alternative to the conventional activated sludge process."

"ABSTRACTThe autofluorescence spectra of human tissues excited with 33'7,1-nm line of pulse nitrogen laser have been measured. The autofluorescence spectra of cancerous tissues consistently exhibit characteristic peaks near E530-nm and 690-nm. which do not appear in the spectra of the corresponding normal tissues. Spectroscopic investigation indicates that the porphyrin compounds localized and retained in cancerous tissues might be responsible for this characteristic autofluorescence. This preliminary result suggests the possibility of employing spectroscopy tool for complementary diagnosis of cancer along with the traditional methods of pathological analysis."