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"ABSTRAKPNPM Mandiri Perdesaan ditujukkan untuk menanggulangi kemiskinan melalui kemandirian dan melibatkan partisipasi aktif dari masyarakat. Pinjaman bergulir merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang dinaungi oleh PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan untuk mendorong kegiatan ekonomi produktif dari masyarakat miskin.Pada akhir Desember 2015 PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan secara resmi berakhir. Tesis ini meneliti dampak pinjaman bergulir PNPM Mandiri Perdesaan terhadappendapatan usaha dan pengeluaran rumah tangga. Lingkup penelitian adalah di Kecamatan Sukakarya Kabupaten Bekasi. Data sampel 168 individu diperoleh melalui penyebaran kuesioner terhadap 84 peserta pinjaman bergulir (treatment) dan 84 non-peserta (kontrol). Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan pendekatan instrumental variabel. Ditemukan bahwa partisipasi pinjaman bergulir memiliki hubungan yang positif dan tidak signifikan baik terhadap pendapatan usaha maupun terhadap pengeluaran rumah tangga. Modal awal, tabungan, jumlah anggota keluarga, status usaha, dan pendidikan tidak tamat SD memberikan pengaruh signifikan pada pinjaman bergulir terhadap pendapatan usaha. Modal awal, tabungan, usia, jumlah anggota keluarga, rasio ketergantungan, gender kepala keluarga, dan pendidikan tidak tamat SD memberikan pengaruh signifikan pada pinjaman bergulir terhadap pengeluaran rumah tangga

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ABSTRACTPNPM Rural aim for alleviating poverty through self-reliance and community participation. Revolving loan fund is one of the activity under PNPM Rural to encourage poor's economic productive activity. In the end of December2015 PNPM Rural officially ended. This Thesis research the impact of PNPMRural revolving loan fund income enterprise and household expenditure. Thescope of the research is in Sub District Sukakarya Bekasi. Sample data 168individual gather through questionnaires to 84 revolving loan fund participant(treatment) and 84 non-participant (control). Quantitative method used to estimate the impact with instrumental variable approach. The result show that revolving loan fund participation has positive and insignificant effect to income enterprise and household expenditure. Initial capital, saving, household size, business status, and do not completed primary education status has significant impact on revolving loan fund through income enterprise. Initial capital, saving, age, household size, dependency ratio, household head gender, and do not completed primary education status has significant impact on revolving loan fund through household expenditure"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh karakteristik individu, rumah tangga, dan pasangan terhadap kontribusi perempuan pada anggaran rumah tangga dengan menggunakan data Susenas 2012. Hasil regresi Tobit menunjukkan bahwa perempuan yang berasal dari status ekonomi tingkat bawah berkontribusi lebih besar pada anggaran rumah tangga. Selain itu, preferensi pada perempuan dalam hal mengurus rumah tangga berhubungan positif dengan kontribusi perempuan pada anggaran rumah tangga. Sebaliknya, jumlah anak dalam rumah tangga berhubungan negatif dengan kontribusi perempuan pada anggaran rumah tangga. Ditemukan pula bahwa faktor terkuat yang memengaruhi kontribusi perempuan pada anggaran rumah tangga adalah status pekerjaan perempuan di sektor formal.

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This study analyzes the effect of individual, household and spouse characteristics on women?s contribution on household expenditure. Applying Tobit regressions using 2012 Susenas data, it is found that female from low level of status economic contributes more to household expenditure. Preference for female in housework is positively related to female?s contribution on household expenditure. On the contrary, number of children in household negatively related to female's contribution on household expenditure. It is also found that women?s employment in formal sectors have the strongest effect on their contribution on household expenditure."

"Dengan adanya penetapan Penghasilan Tidak Kena Pajak (PTKP), maka disposable income dari rumah tangga tertentu akan meningkat. Peningkatan disposable income akan menaikkan konsumsi rumah tangga. Kenaika tersebut belum diketahui apakah akan meningkatkan konsumsi merit goods atau justru non-merit goods. Dengan menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) Tahun 2018, dan metodologi Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR), diperoleh informais bahwa peningkatan disposable income menurunkan presentase belanja bahan makanan, dan meningkatkan presentase belanja barang/jasa lainnya. Sedangkan belanja non-merit good cenderung memiliki persentase yang tetap. Namun dampak positif lebih banyak dibandingkan dampak negatif sehingga Pemerintah tidak perlu mengkawathirkan dampak negatif dari kenaikan PTKP

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With the determination of Non-Taxable Income (NTI), the disposable income of certain households will increase. An increase in disposable income will increase household consumption. It is not yet known whether the increase will increase the consumption of merit goods or non-merit goods. Using data from the 2018 National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas), and the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) methodology, information is obtained that an increase in disposable income reduces the percentage of spending on food, and increases the percentage of spending on other goods/services. Meanwhile, non-merit good spending tends to have a fixed proportion. However, the positive impacts outweigh the negative impacts, so the Government does not need to worry about the negative impacts of the increase in NTI."

"Sejumlah literatur menunjukan bahwa kepemilikan kredit mikro memiliki dampak positif bagi kesejahteraan keluarga. Dalam demografi, perubahan kesejahteraan terutama pendapatan rumah tangga memiliki pengaruhnya terhadap keputusan terkait dengan fertilitas. Namun apakah hubungan antara tingkat fertilitas dengan kepemilikan kredit mikro pada perempuan lebih disebabkan karena adanya penurunan permintaan rumah tangga terhadap anak atau adanya perubahan pada pola preferensi individu, tidaklah terlalu jelas. Studi ini bermaksud untuk mengkaji permasalahan tersebut. Dengan menggunakan model regresi 2SLS (Intrument Variable) pada data panel IFLS tahun 2007-2014 dengan responden 1.212 perempuan kawin, terlihat bahwa responden dengan kepemilikan kredit cenderung memiliki tingkat fertilitas yang lebih rendah -0,0143 poin, dibandingkan mereka yang tidak memiliki pinjaman mikro. Temuan ini secara tidak langsung dapat mendukung hipotesis bahwa kepemilikan kredit mikro dapat diasosiasikan dengan penurunan pada tingkat fertilitas perempuan.

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A number of literatures show that micro credit ownership has a positive impact on family welfare. In demographics, changes in welfare, especially household income, have an effect on decisions related to fertility. However, whether the relationship between fertility rates and microcredit ownership among women is due more to a decrease in household demand for children or a change in individual preference patterns isn’t very vivid. This study intends to examine these problems. By using the 2SLS (Intrument Variable) regression model on the IFLS panel data for 2007-2014 with 1,212 married women respondents, it seen that respondents with credit ownership tend to have a lower fertility rate of -0,0143 point, compared to those who do not have micro loans. This finding clearly supports the hypothesis that owning a microcredit can be associated with a decrease in the fertility rate of women."

"The objective of this research is to identify and analyze the distribution and stability of family income in connection to agroecosystem. This research was carried out in three provinces; these are Central Java, Lampung and South Sulawesi. In every province the study selected 4 villages that is classified based agroecosystems, i.e. wet land and dry land villages. The study interviewed 50-60 households who were the Patanas research household sample. The study employs descriptive analysis. Result of the research showed that income from agricultural sector has a dominant contribution, generally. Nevertheless, this domination tends to shifts gradually where the proportion of non-agricultural income increases significantly. Household income distribution in the village falls into high skewed criteria, especially in wet land villages. Household income in wet land villages fluctuates more than those of in dry land villages. Contribution of agricultural income is dominant in wet land villages, but it is a seasonal income. Farmers in dry land has more non-agricultural activity than those of in wet land villages."

"Using information on household expenditure from the l994Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (l 994 lDl?lS). it is found that thereis substantial variation in the level and distribution of household expenditurein indonesia. Most households in Indonesia spend more money each month forfood than non-food items. In addition. poorer provinces (as measured by totalmonthly household expenditure levels) tend to have greater inequality in thedistribution of wealth. However, in general Indonesia's is not typified by majorregional variations in the equality of household expenditure. Households withhigh expenditure levels are more likely to use contraception than householdswith low expenditure levels. In terms of individual methods, women residingin wealthier households are more likely to be using injectables and femalesterilization, which suggest that poor accessibility and the cost of thesemethods may be discouraging use among poorer women. However, implantprevalence is greater in households with lower spending levels: while pills.lUDs, condoms, and male sterilization do not have clear patterns ofassociation with household expenditure levels. As has been noted in previousstudies, poorer households rely more on public sector reproductive healthservices (family planning, prenatal and delivery services). Households withhigh expenditure levels rely more upon private hospitals. pharmacy/drugstores, private doctors and private family planning' clinics for their familyplanning care. Households with the lowest expenditure levels rely primarilyupon fieldworkers/PKLB, mobile units, traditional healers/dukuns,government health centers (puskesmas), and government health posts(posyandu). It is important to note that private sector social marketingprograms designed to offer methods through commercial outlets have beenless readilv utilized by Indonesia 's poorer households. Continuing efforts areneeded to ensure that poorer households are able to gain access to familyplanning services. primarily through lower cost public sector providers andsegmented commercial distribution systems."

"We investigate the extent to which household heads' earnings volatility is translated into household consumption volatility, and, in the process, identify measures of smoothing idiosyncratic earnings variation ..."

"Ketimpangan kepemilikan tanah disebabkan oleh akses yang tidak setara terhadap tanah. Studi ini mengkaji dampak akses ke tanah terhadap total pengeluaran rumah tangga petani. Kebijakan reforma agraria diasumsikan membuka akses dan memperluas akses ke tanah untuk kelompok rumah tangga petani yang tidak memiliki tanah dan memiliki tanah tetapi ukuran tanah yang sangat kecil. Melalui pendekatan state-led dan market-led, penelitian ini memberikan kategorisasi akses ke tanah ke dua hal yaitu variabel access opening dan access expansion dengan masing-masing cakupan sampel. Pada pendekatan state-led, pembukaan akses dilihat dalam bentuk redistribusi tanah ke petani yang tidak memiliki tanah dan perluasan akses dilihat dari bentuk redistribusi tanah ke petani yang merupakan petani gurem. Pendekatan market-led mengacu pada pembukaan akses melalui skema sewa dan perluasan akses melalui skema penguatan hak milik melalui sertifikat hak milik (SHM). Melalui metode two period difference-in-difference (DID), penelitian ini menganalisis dampak pembukaan dan perluasan akses terhadap total pengeluaran rumah tangga petani dengan menggunakan data IFLS 2007 dan 2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan signifikan dalam total pengeluaran rumah tangga petani akibat adanya pembukaan dan perluasan akses mengacu pada skema distribusi tanah (pendekatan state-led), serta tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan melalui pendekatan market-led terutama perluasan akses ke tanah. Kebijakan reforma agraria perlu dilakukan dengan penekanan redistribusi tanah kepada petani yang tidak memiliki tanah dan petani gurem.

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Inequality of land ownership is caused by unequal access to land. This study examines the impact of land access on total farmer’s household expenditure. The Agrarian reform policy is assumed can open access and expand access to land for groups of farmer households who do not own land and own land but the size of the land is very small. Through state-led and market-led approaches, this research provides a categorization of access to land in two ways, namely access opening and access expansion variables with each sample coverage. In the state-led approach, the opening of acces is seen in the form of land redistribution to farmers who do not own land and the expansion of access is seen in the form of land redistribution to smallholders. The market-led approach refers to opening access through a rental scheme and expanding access through a scheme to strengthen property right through ownership certificates. Using the two period difference-in-difference (DID) method, this study analyzes the impact of opening and expanding access to the total expenditure of farmer household using IFLS 2007 and 2014 data.  The results show that there is significant differences in the total expenditures of farmer households due to the opening and expansion of access reffering to the land distribution scheme (state-led approach), and there are varying results significant difference through the market-led approach. Agrarian reform policies need to be carried out by emphasizing the implementation of land redistribution to landless and small farmers."