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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pengasuhan individualis dan kolektivis memengaruhi perolehan ToM pada anak usia 3?5 tahun. Perolehan ToM diukur dengan menggunakan skala ToM yang dikembangkan oleh Wellman dan Liu (2004), dan pengasuhan individualis dan kolektivis diukur dengan skala yang dikembangkan dari skala individualis-kolektivis Triandis dan Gelfand. Skala ToM diberikan pada 202 anak (102 laki-laki, 100 perempuan), usia 3-5 tahun/36-71 bulan (M = 55, SD = 3.253), dan kuesioner diisi oleh orangtua masing-masing anak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengasuhan individualis dan pengasuhan kolektivis tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap perolehan ToM., dengan R2 = .012, p > 0.05. Pengasuhan individualis berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap perolehan konsep diverse beliefs (DB) (β = 0.017, p < 0.05), sedangkan pengasuhan kolektivis tidak berpengaruh terhadap perolehan kelima konsep ToM.

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This study aimed to investigate whether individualism and collectivism parenting affect theory of mind acquisition in children age 3-5 years. Theory of mind (ToM) acquisition was assessed using a ToM scale by Wellman and Liu (2004), and individualism and collectivism parenting was measured with a scale that was developed from Triandis and Gelfand's individualism collectivism scale. The ToM scale was given to 202 children ages 3 ? 5 years old/36-71 months (M = 55, SD = 3.253), and individualism and collectivism parenting scale was administered to their parents. The result of this study showed that individualism and collectivism parenting did not significantly influence children?s ToM (R2 = .012, p > 0.05.). Individualism parenting significantly influenced the acquisition of diverse beliefs (DB) (β = 0.017, p < 0.05), whereas collectivism parenting did not significantly predict the acquisition of the five concepts of ToM."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh media naratif terhadap perolehan theory-of-mind (ToM) anak usia prasekolah (3 ? 5 tahun). Perolehan ToM diukur dengan menggunakan skala ToM oleh Wellman dan Liu (2004), dan keterpaparan pada media naratif buku cerita, acara TV, movie/DVD diukur dengan melakukan wawancara. Skala ToM diberikan pada 202 anak usia 3 ? 5 tahun, dan wawancara dilakukan pada pengasuh utama setiap anak. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa media naratif secara signifikan memengaruhi perolehan ToM, dengan R2 = .06; F(3, 198) = 4.192, p < 0.05. Selain itu juga diperoleh hasil mengenai pengaruh ketiga jenis media naratif terhadap perolehan setiap konsep ToM. Media naratif buku cerita berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap perolehan konsep knowledge access (KA) (β = .385, p < 0.05), sedangkan ketiga jenis media naratif tersebut tidak signifikan berpengaruh terhadap perolehan konsep diverse desires (DD), diverse beliefs (DB), false belief (FB), dan hidden emotion (HE).

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This study aimed to investigate the effect of exposure to narrative media on preschoolers‟ theory-of-mind (3 ? 5 year olds). Theory-of-mind (ToM) was assessed using a ToM scale by Wellman and Liu (2004), and exposure to narrative media (children's storybooks, television, and movies) was measured by conducting an interview. The ToM scale was given to 202 children ages 3 ? 5, and interview was conducted with their parents. The result of this study showed that exposure to narrative media significantly influenced children's ToM (R2 = .06; F(3, 198) = 4.192, p < 0.05). This study also demonstrated about the effect of the three forms of narrative media on the acquisition of each of ToM concepts. Exposure to storybooks was significantly influenced the acquisition of knowledge access (KA) (β = .385, p < 0.05), whereas three forms of narrative media did not significantly predict four other ToM concepts, namely diverse desires (DD), diverse beliefs (DB), false belief (FB), and hidden emotion (HE)."

"Berfikir mengenai masa depan merupakan kemampuan kognitif yang mendasar pada manusia dan merupakan kemampuan yang sangatpenting. Mental Time Travel (MTT) merupakan kemampuan yang dimiliki manusia untuk merecall masa lalu dan memprediks imasa depan. Selain berfikir mengenai masa depan kemampuan untuk memprediksi mental state orang lain (Theory of Mind/ ToM) juga merupakan kemampuan yang mendasar yang harus dimiliki oleh manusia untuk membuat perencanaan, memprediksi masa depan serta mengantisipasi masalah yang akan dihadapi. Kedua kemampuan tersebut begitu penting dan mendasar pada manusia. Salah satu faktor yang diduga memberikan pengaruh terhadap MTT adalah perolehan ToM. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penelitian lebih jauh untuk melihat bagaimana kontribusi perolehan ToM terhadap perkembangan MTT. Untuk melihat kontribusi perolehan ToM terhadap MTT dilakukan pengukuran MTT melalui 2 eksperimen (Verbal task dan Tool Task) serta pengukuran skala ToM yang dikembangkan oleh Wellman dan liu (2011) pada anak usia 3-5 tahun. Hasil dari penelitian ini diperoleh usia mulai berkembangnya MTT, urutan perolehan ToM serta kontribusi perolehan ToM terhadap MTT di mana Perolehan ToM memiliki kontribusi positif sebesar 28% terhadap perkembangan MTT.

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Thinking of the future is the human’s basic cognitive ability and it’s really important. Mental Time Travel (MTT) is ability to recalling the past and predict the future. Besides thinking of the future, ability to predict others mental state (Theory of Mind) is also the basic competence which humans should have in order to make a plan, predict a future and anticipated problem which will be faced. The two competences are really basic and important for human. One of factor which are assumed giving the influence on MTT is Theory of Mind (ToM) acquisition. Therefore, it is needed to do the future research to see how the contribution of ToM acquisition on MTT. In order to see the contribution ToM acquisition to MTT, the researcher did MTT measurement by doing two eksperiment (verbal task and tool task) and ToM measurement develop by Wellman & Liu (2011) on the 3-5 year children. The result of the research are when MTT develops, the sequence of ToM acquisition and the contribution of ToM acquisition on MTT, which is the ToM acquisition has positive contribution 28% on Mental Time Travel."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh pengasuhan otoritatif-otoritarian dan pengasuhan kolektivis-individualis orangtua terhadap perkembangan first-order theory of mind (ToM) dan second-order theory of mind anak di kota Jakarta. Perolehan ToM diukur dengan menggunakan theory of mind scale, pengasuhan kolektivis-individualis diukur dengan Parents’ Attitude I dan pengasuhan otoritatif-otoritarian diukur dengan Parents’ Attitude II. Skala ToM diberikan pada 98 anak (46 laki-laki, 52 perempuan) dengan usia 4-7 tahun. Kuesioner pengasuhan diberikan kepada ibu. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengasuhan otoritatif-otoritarian dan pengasuhan kolektivis-individualis tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap perkembangan first-order ToM dan second-order ToM. Ditemukan bahwa orangtua di Jakarta cenderung memilih pengasuhan otoritatif dan pengasuhan kolektivis. Selain itu pola perkembangan ToM anak di Jakarta mengikuti pola western yaitu DD>DB>KA>FB>HE.

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This study aims to determine whether there is authoritative-authoritarian parenting and collectivist-individualist parenting influence to the children’s first-order theory of mind (ToM) and second-order theory of mind in Jakarta. ToM is measured by using theory of mind scale, collectivist-individualist parenting is measured by using Parents’ Attitude I and authoritative-authoritarian parenting is measured by using Parents’ Attitude II. ToM scale was given to 98 children (46 boys, 52 girls) aged 4-7 years. Parenting questionnaires are given to mother of children. The results of the study shows that there is no significant influence between authoritative-authoritarian parenting and collectivist-individualist parenting with first order ToM and second order ToM development. Parents in Jakarta are likely to choose authoritative parenting and collectivist parenting. In addition, the sequence of children’s ToM development in Jakarta follows the western pattern, namely >DB>KA>FB>HE."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji urutan perolehan Theory of Mind ToM , serta menguji hubungan antara pengasuhan kolektivitas dengan perolehan ToM pada anak-anak di Bogor, Indonesia. Untuk itu, peneliti akan menguji 100 anak berusia 5-7 tahun 53 laki-laki, 47 perempuan menggunakan Skala ToM Wellman dan Liu 2004 . Orang tua anak juga diminta untuk mengisi self-report pengukuran Skala Pengasuhan Individualitas-Kolektivitas Rudy Grusec, 2001 , untuk melihat hubungan antara pengasuhan kolektivitas dan perolehan ToM anak. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa partisipan anak pada penelitian ini lebih banyak yang menguasai Knowledge Access dibanding Diverse Belief. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa urutan perolehan ToM anak-anak di Bogor sesuai dengan urutan perolehan ToM anak-anak di negara dengan budaya kolektivitas lain Tiongkok dan Iran . Hasil dari penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa pengasuhan kolektivitas orang tua memiliki hubungan positif yang signifikan dengan perolehan ToM anak r = .298, p < 0.01 . Selain itu, pengasuhan kolektivitas juga memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan perolehan Diverse Desire r = .247, p < 0.01 dan perolehan Knowledge Access anak r = .174, p < 0.05 . Hasil penelitian ini semakin memperkuat dugaan bahwa pengalaman budaya yang diterima anak akan mempengaruhi perkembangan ToM pada anak.

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ABSTRACTThis study aims to examine Theory of Mind ToM sequence, and examine the correlation between collectivism parenting with the acquisition of ToM in children in Bogor. 100 children in Bogor, Indonesia age 5 7 years, 53 boys, 47 girls were assessed using the ToM Scale Wellman and Liu 2004 . Parents were also required to complete self report measurements of the Individualism Collectivism Parenting Scale Rudy Grusec, 2001 to see the correlation between collectivism parenting and the acquisition of ToM children. The results of this study indicated that children in Bogor mastered Knowledge Access more than Diverse Belief. It shows that ToM sequence of children in Bogor matched with other collectivism countries sequence Chinese and Iraninan sequence . The results of this study also showed that collectivism parenting had a significant positive correlation with the child rsquo s acquisition of ToM r .298, p "

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menginvestigasi hubungan antara pengasuhan orangtua dengan theory of mind (ToM) anak usia 6-8 tahun. Partisipan penelitian ini adalah 107 anak sekolah (61 laki-laki, 46 perempuan) dan orangtuanya di Bogor, Indonesia. Peneliti mendapatkan skor ToM anak melalui pengukuran menggunakan skala ToM (Wellman & Liu, 2004) dan second order false belief (Astington et al., 2002; Sullivan et al., 1994) serta skor pengasuhan orangtua menggunakan inventori pengasuhan (PAI) Vinden (2001) yang disempurnakan oleh OReilly dan Peterson (2015). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang negatif dan signifikan pada skor pengasuhan otoritarian dan total skor ToM anak (r = -.199, p < 0.05). Artinya, semakin otoriter pengasuhan orangtua, maka semakin kecil skor ToM anak. Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara pengasuhan orangtua dan perolehan ToM anak.

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This study aims to investigate the correlation between parenting attitude and theory of mind (ToM) among 6-8 years old children. Participant of this study are 107 pupils (61 boys, 46 girls) and their parents in Bogor, Indonesia. We assessed childs ToM using ToM Scale Wellman & Liu (2004), and second order false belief task (Astington et al., 2002; Sullivan et al.,1994). We assessed parenting style using Parenting Attitude Inventory (PAI) Vinden (2001) that has been modified by OReilly and Peterson (2015). The result of this study showing a negative and significant correlation between autoritarian parenting and childs ToM total score (r = -.199, p < 0.05). This result indicate that more autoritarian parenting styles lead to less childs ToM. There is no significan correlation between autoritative parenting and childs ToM has been found."

"[ABSTRAKPenelitian ini melihat kontribusi penggunaan gaya pengasuhan autonomy dan conformity terhadap kemampuan anak memahami kondisi mental orang lain dalam situasi yang terkait dengan moralitas (morally-relevant theory of mind atau MoToM) dan melakukan penilaian moral. Pemahaman MoToM dan penilaian moral diukur dengan morally-relevant theory of mind task dan prototypic moral transgression scale (Killen, Mulvey, Richardson, Jampol, Woodward, 2011) kepada 122 partisipan anak usia 4 hingga 6 tahun. Gaya pengasuhan orangtua diukur dengan Parenting Attitudes Inventory (PAI) (Vinden, 2001; O‟Reilly & Peterson, 2014).Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa gaya pengasuhan orangtua dan theory of mind anak berkontribusi sebanyak 35% terhadap pemahaman morally-relevant theory of mind anak. Kemampuan theory of mind berkontribusi terhadap kemampuan anak dalam melakukan penilaian moral akan situasi pelanggaran moral yang terjadi secara intensional (prototypic transgression). Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara gaya pegnasuhan orangtua dan penilaian moral anak.

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ABSTRACT

This study aims to explore autonomy and conformity parenting style contribution to children‟s understanding of others mental state in a moral situation (morally-relevant theory of mind or MoToM) and doing moral judgments. MoToM understanding and children‟s moral judgments were measured by morally-relevant theory of mind task and prototypic moral transgression scale (Killen, Mulvey, Richardson, Jampol, Woodward, 2011) to 122 children aged 4 ? 6 years old. Parenting style was assessed by Parenting Attitudes Inventory (PAI) (Vinden, 2001; O‟Reilly & Peterson, 2014).

The result of this study showed that parenting style and children‟s theory of mind contributed to children‟s morally-relevant theory of mind understanding by 35%. Theory of mind understanding also contributed to children‟s moral judgments in an intentional moral transgression situasion (prototypic transgression). However, there was null significant links between parenting style and children‟s moral judgments, This study aims to explore autonomy and conformity parenting style contribution to children‟s understanding of others mental state in a moral situation (morally-relevant theory of mind or MoToM) and doing moral judgments. MoToM understanding and children‟s moral judgments were measured by morally-relevant theory of mind task and prototypic moral transgression scale (Killen, Mulvey, Richardson, Jampol, Woodward, 2011) to 122 children aged 4 – 6 years old. Parenting style was assessed by Parenting Attitudes Inventory (PAI) (Vinden, 2001; O‟Reilly & Peterson, 2014).

The result of this study showed that parenting style and children‟s theory of mind contributed to children‟s morally-relevant theory of mind understanding by 35%. Theory of mind understanding also contributed to children‟s moral judgments in an intentional moral transgression situasion (prototypic transgression). However, there was null significant links between parenting style and children‟s moral judgments]"