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"Indonesia Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 308-311The temporomandibular join has a very important role in the stomatognathic system. It's main function is for the opening and closing movement, mastication, and speech. It is located anterior to the ear. The temporomandibular joint connects maxilla and mandible through the articular fossa, hence the slightest change that happens would cause serious matters such as pain, eating, speech disorder, difficulty in opening and closing movement, headache, and event trismus. In a child or an adolescent, the symptoms are often vague; everything is interpreted as "pain". This is probably why temporomandibular disorder are often undetect by dentists. Therefore, patience and accuracy is needed to determine the actual disorder through means of clinical and radiographic examination. The radiographic examination suitable for child is the transcranial projection. This projection is believed to be more accurate amongst other projections for child patients."

"Since the temporomandibular joints are components of the stomatognathic system that dentist is most familiar with problems relating to this joints must be recognized, understood and treated by dentists. A comprehensive evaluation of this joint problems must include the radiographic examination. Transcranio lateral is the most commonly used of all conventional TMJ radiographic projection from the lateral aspect that shows the condyle, fossa and eminence as well as the condylar fossa relationship in selected functional movements, but which is not free from superimposed of the adjacent structures. A modified positioning device has been developed over this past years to overcome these superinposition problems. The use of "Condy ray" and "Accurad 200" apparatus that have some advantages over the standard transcraniolateral radiographic projection will be discussed in this paper."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 155-158The causes of TMD are complex and multifactorial, therefore the management should be done by several disciplines. ln this report, a 27-year-old man came to the teaching hospital of the University of Indonesia Faculty of Dentistry's Prosthodontic Department complaining about clicking sound and pain around his right joint. He received orthodontic treatment 9 years ago with removable appliance at a private practice and had 4 premolar extraction. The patient's face looked asymmetric, with a low vertical dimension, a Class II occlusion, and an anterior deep bite. Besides that, he clenched his teeth during emotional stress. Lateral tanscranial photo showed that the position of the left condyle was relatively normal or slightly anterior, and the right condyle was in the superoposterior position in the fossa with an abnormal shape. To solve this problem, the patient was referred to the Orthodontic Deparment to get a correct vertical dimension and normal anterior overbite. After 6 years, the patient was again referred to the prosthodontic Department, but the result was not successful. In order to get the right vertical dimension, an occlusal splint was fabricated to achieve a comfort jaw relation. In this position, the overbite was 2 mm, but space between the upper and lower posterior teeth was 5 mm. In this situation, full veneer crowns were not impossible to fabricate. Finally, to maintain this comfort position, the patient was suggested to wear the occlusal splint and come regularly for control every 6 months."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 421-426Temporomandibular joint disorder may be caused by variety of factors; one of which is the posture of head and neck. However, the remains controversial and a subject of debate by experts. The objective of this study was to know whether there was a relation between temporomandibular disorders and the head and neck posture seen radiographically. Subject were 40 dental students from University of Indonesia who met the inclusion criteria, selected through questionnaire, and subjective examinations based on Helkimo's dysfuction index. Then, lateral cephalometries radiographic were done to all subjects. In the radiogram, a horizontal line was made from the nasion point to the sella tursica, and a vertical line was drawn along the prominent bone of C1 - C5. The angle between the two lines was measured, and used to represent the head and neck posture. The design of the study was cross sectional. Based on statistical analysis, there was no significant relationship between the anamnestic dysfunction index as well as the clinical dysfunction index that represented the temporomandibular joint disorders and the posture of head and neck seen radiographically."

"Latar Belakang: Adanya perubahan pada metode pembelajaran akibat Covid-19 meningkatkan waktu yang dihabiskan untuk menatap layar (screen-time) yang berpotensi mengganggu kualitas tidur mahasiswa kedokteran gigi yang sebelum pandemi ini telah dilaporkan memiliki persentase kualitas tidur buruk yang cukup tinggi. Bedasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, kualitas tidur yang buruk juga dikaitkan dengan insidens TMD. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kualitas tidur dengan TMD pada mahasiswa kedokteran gigi selama pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh jenis kelamin dan screen-time terhadap kualitas tidur dan TMD. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang pada 110 mahasiswa Program Pendidikan Kedokteran Gigi dan Program Profesi Dokter Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan pengisian kuesioner Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) dan Indeks Diagnostik – Temporomandibular Disorder (ID-TMD) secara daring melalui google form. Hasil Penelitian: Uji Chi-Square menujukkan kualitas tidur memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan TMD pada mahasiswa kedokteran gigi selama pandemi Covid-19 (p=0.035). Hubungan yang bermakna juga ditunjukkan antara screen-time dengan kualitas tidur (p=0.027), namun tidak dengan TMD (p=0.489). Jenis kelamin juga tidak memiliki hubungan bermakna, baik dengan kualitas tidur (p=0.974) maupun TMD (p=0.902). Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara kualitas tidur dengan TMD pada mahasiswa kedokteran gigi selama pandemi Covid-19.Terdapat pula hubungan antara screen-time dengan kualitas tidur. Namun tidak terdapat hubungan antara screen-time dengan TMD, serta jenis kelamin dengan kualitas tidur maupun TMD.

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Background: Changes in learning methods and increased screen-time due to Covid-19 pandemic may lead dental students to poor sleep quality. Based on previous studies, poor sleep quality also associated with the incidence of TMD. Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between sleep quality and TMD in dental students during Covid-19 pandemic. This study also aims to analyze the influence of gender and screen-time to sleep quality and TMD. Method: Cross-sectional study was conducted on 110 pre-clinical and clinical year students of Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia. Sleep quality was evaluated using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire and TMD was evaluated using Indeks Diagnostik – Temporomandibular Disorder (ID-TMD) questionnaire. Retrieval of data using questionnaires distributed and collected online. Result: The result of Chi-Square test showing there is relationship between sleep quality and TMD in dental students during Covid-19 pandemic (p=0.035). Significant relationship was also showed between screen-time and sleep quality (p=0.027), but not with TMD (p=0.489). There is no relationship between gender and sleep quality (p=0.974) as well as TMD (p=0.902). Conclusion: This study shows that there is relationship between sleep quality and TMD in dental students during Covid-19 Pandemic. Significant relationship was also found between screen-time and sleep quality. However, no relationship was found between screen-time and TMD along with gender and sleep quality as well as TMD."

"A case of unilateral bony ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in a thirteen year old girl was reported. Maximum opening was minimal (4 mm) with hypoplastic mandible and also facial and dental asymmetry. There was no palpable movement over the left TMJ and only slight rotation on the right side. It may be caused by trauma, but the parents didn't notice. She had a problem with sleep apneu and sometimes felt sleepy during school time. She was refered to Oral Surgery Department Hasan Sadikin Hospital in Bandung from a private dental practitioner in Jakarta. Treatment for this patient is divided into three operations. The first operation was gap arthroplasty, second operation is osteodistraction and followed by orthognatic surgery. This paper discusses only gap arthoplasty with temporoparietalis muscle interposition. Twenty days after surgery maximum opening was 26 mm."

"Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) usually has non-specific signs and symptoms. The patient generally can only feel the pain, and thus complains about the stomatognatic problems without knowing the cause and the source. When the patient's chied compaint is pain, it is important to identify the source of the problem in order to provide appropriate treatment. Applied treatments for TMD can vary enormously. A female patient, age 35, came to the prosthodontic clinic with the chief complaints of pain in the right joint and limitation in mouth opening for past 7 years. In the last 2 weeks, the complaints worsened. With light pressure she could still open her mouth wider but showing deviations. She also complained about headache, tension in the forehead region, and muscle pain in the upper back body. The patient also reported that she has been chewing only on the right side for more than 20 years. Lateral transcranial x-ray showed that there were no visible structural or positional disorders. Thus, jaw exercise was decided as the initial therapy for the patient. WIthin one week, all complaints dissapeared. It was concluded that jaw exercise was a very useful form of treatment for TMD provided that the correct diagnosis is established."

"Latar Belakang: Perubahan degeneratif pada TMJ dapat menyebabkan perubahan morfologi kondilus mandibula. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan degeneratif TMJ yaitu kehilangan gigi posterior yang tidak diganti. Modalitas CBCT memberikan gambar multiplanar bidang aksial, sagital dan koronal sehingga mempermudah visualisasi TMJ secara menyeluruh, sehingga CBCT dapat menjadi modalitas alternatif untuk mengevaluasi keadaan TMJ terutama morfologi kondilus. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk meneliti perubahan morfologi kondilus mandibula pada evaluasi CBCT yang berhubungan dengan jumlah kehilangan gigi posterior, kelompok usia dan jenis kelamin. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan perubahan morfologi kondilus mandibula berdasarkan jumlah kehilangan gigi posterior pada kelompok usia 30 – 45 tahun dengan kelompok usia 55 – 70 tahun pada evaluasi CBCT. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian retrospektif analitik cross sectional. Pengumpulan sampel dilakukan menggunakan metode Non-Probability Sampling dengan teknik Purposive Sampling dan didapatkan sebanyak 70 sampel volume data CBCT. Rekonstruksi dilakukan menggunakan Software CS Imaging Patient Browser 7.0.23 dan CS 3D Imaging v3.8.7. Carestream Health Inc. Kondilus mandibula dibedakan antara sisi kanan dan kiri, hasil rekonstruksi diambil dari potongan sagital dan koronal anteroposterior. Pengamatan dilakukan dua orang, sebanyak dua kali dalam jangka waktu berbeda dan jarak waktu dua minggu. Uji reliabilitas hasil pengamatan dilakukan menggunakan Uji Cohen’s Kappa dan hasil uji intraobserver dan intraobserver menunjukan angka 0.814 – 1.000 yang termasuk dalam kategori almost perfect agreement. Hasil: Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara perubahan morfologi kondilus mandibula dengan jumlah kehilangan gigi posterior pada kelompok usia 30 – 45 tahun dan kelompok usia 55 – 70 tahun dalam bentuk erosi, flattening, dan sklerosis (p= <0.005). Pada variabel jenis kelamin tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna (p= >0.005). Kesimpulan: Dari keseluruhan hasil penelitian dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa semakin banyak jumlah kehilangan gigi dan semakin bertambahnya usia, memiliki hubungan dan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan morfologi kondilus mandibula.

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Background: Degenerative changes in the TMJ can lead to changes in the morphology of the mandibular condyle. One of the factors that affect degenerative changes in the TMJ is the loss of posterior teeth that are not replaced. CBCT modality provides multiplanar images in axial, sagittal, and coronal planes making it easier to visualize the TMJ thoroughly, therefore CBCT can be an alternative modality to evaluate the TMJ condition, specifically the morphology of the condyles. This study aimed to examine the morphological changes of the mandibular condyle on CBCT evaluation with the number of missing posterior teeth, age group, and gender. Objective: To determine the relationship between changes in the morphology of the mandibular condyle based on the number of missing posterior teeth in the age group 30-45 years and the age group 55-70 years. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional analytic retrospective study. Sample collection was carried out using the Non-Probability Sampling method with the Purposive Sampling technique. Reconstruction was performed using CS Imaging Patient Browser 7.0.23 and CS 3D Imaging v3.8.7 Software from Carestream Health Inc. The mandibular condyle was divided into right and left, and the results of the reconstruction were taken from the sagittal and coronal anteroposterior sections. Observations were made by two people, two times in different periods with an interval of two weeks. The reliability test from the observations using Cohen's Kappa test and the results showed almost perfect agreement category with Kappa value 0.814 - 1.000. Results: There was a significant relationship between changes in the morphology of the mandibular condyle in the form of erosion, flattening, and sclerosis with the number of missing posterior teeth in the age group 30-45 years and the age group 55-70 years (p = <0.005). In the gender variable, there was no significant relationship with changes in the morphology of the condyle (p = > 0.005). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the greater number of missing teeth and the older the subject gets has relationship with and can cause changes in the morphology of the mandibular condyle."

"Oral splints have been frequently used in the treatment of bruxism to protect teeth and periodontium from damage, but the mechanism of action and efficacy of oral splints remain controversial. It has been suggested that they can be used to treat bruxism, based on the assumption that the device can eliminate or remove occlusal interference. Currently there are no reliable data to support the assumption of occlusion as an etiologic factor for bruxism, because several other factors have a role in bruxism, such as psychiatric, neurological and systemic disorders. In this paper, the mechanism of action and efficacy of oral splints in bruxism are discussed. Conclusions: although oral splint may be beneficial in protecting the dentition, the efficacy of this device in reducing bruxism is still not confirmed. There are several aspects that would support the broad usage of oral splints in the treatment of bruxism, but there are also limitations associated with each of these aspects. In conclusion, oral splints can be considered as useful adjuncts in the management of sleep bruxism but not as a definitive treatment."

"A young girl 20 years old with mandibular prognatism has been treated with orthodontics and surgical treatment in between. Mandibular set back was done intra orally 5mm length with bilateral sagital split ramus osteotomy method. And rigid fixation was done by inserting three 2mm bicortical screws for stabilizing the fragment. This method allowed the bony segments to heal properly and allowed the patients to function sooner."