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"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 435-438Heat Shock Protein (HSP) is a molecular chaperone that prevents stress induced aggregation of partially denatured proteins and promotes their return to native confimations when the condition is favorable. Asmolecular chaperones, the HSP protect protein structure and activity, thereby preventing disease, but they may contribute to cell malfunction if they are perturbed. In inracellular quantities and cellular localizalion of HSP was changed in response to anoxia/hypoxia, heat and oxidation, and in relation to pathological status. This review discuses the role of HSP in several human medical condition particularly in oral mucosa."

"Suhu permukaan bumi umumnya berbeda sesuai lokasi geografis, salah satunya dipengaruhi oleh ketinggian wilayah. Wilayah Universitas Indonesia UI terletak pada ketinggian 50--140 m dpl dengan suhu rata-rata 28,6 C, sementara wilayah Kebun Raya Cibodas KRC terletak pada ketinggian 1.300--1.425 m dpl dengan suhu rata-rata 20,06oC. Perbedaan suhu diduga dapat memengaruhi respons tumbuhan seperti ekspresi gen heat shock protein Hsp 70. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui ekspresi gen Hsp70 pada Emilia sonchifolia dan Sphagneticola trilobata yang berasal dari UI dan KRC.Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengisolasi RNA dari daun muda Emilia sonchifolia dan Sphagneticola trilobata UI dan KRC, diubah menjadi complementary DNA cDNA dengan tektik reverse transcription, dan diamplifikasi dengan teknik polymerase chain reaction PCR menggunakan primer Hsp70 Arabidopsis thaliana.Hasil amplifikasi kemudian di-sequencing dan dianalisis dengan teknik in-silico. Hasil amplifikasi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat produk parsial gen Hsp70. Penyejajaran urutan basa nukleotida antara keempat sampel yang diteliti dengan gen Hsp70 dari spesies referensi Arabidopsis thaliana menunjukkan adanya kesamaan secara parsial, dan perbedaan satu basa nukleotida posisi ke-65 yang tidak berpengaruh pada perubahan asam amino. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa gen Hsp70 terekspresi pada Emilia sonchifolia dan Sphagneticola trilobata yang tumbuh di UI dan KRC.

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The temperature of earth surface is generally different according to geographical location, one of which is influenced by the altitude. Universitas Indonesia UI is located at an altitude of 50 140 m amsl with an average temperature of 28.6 C, while Kebun Raya Cibodas KRC located at an altitude of 1.300 1.425 m amsl with an average temperature of 20,06 C. Temperature differences are thought to affect plant responses, such as the expression of heat shock protein Hsp 70 genes. The research aims to find out the expression of Hsp70 genes on Emilia sonchifolia and Sphagneticola trilobata derived from UI and KRC.

The study was conducted by isolating RNA from young leaves of Emilia sonchifolia and Sphagneticola trilobata collected from UI and KRC, then converted into complementary DNA cDNA. The cDNA product was further amplified by polymerase chain reaction PCR using Hsp70 Arabidopsis thaliana primer. The amplification products then sequenced and analyzed by in silico techniques.

The results of amplification show that there is partial product of the Hsp70 gene. The sequencing results show a nucleotide variation in the 65th base which has no effect on amino acid changes. The results indicate Hsp70 gene is expressed in Emilia sonchifolia and Sphagneticola trilobata grown in UI and KRC."

"Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration (RAU) is a type of local inflammation of the oral mucosa with symptomatic soft tissue damage. The prevalence of RAU is about 17-67 %. Dominant factors causing this disease are understood, but there are predicted internal and external factors that cause related immune disorders. RAU is initiated by mucous proteins which continuously stimulate a physiological response required for a pathophysiological reaction. The aim of this study was to characterize specific anomaly proteins in oral mucosa as causing the initiation of RAU. Samples of mucosal proteins from 30 RAU patients were analyzed with sodium dodexylsulphate polyacrylamid gelelectrophorese (SDS-PAGE) and visualized with silver stain (AgNO3) showing proteins with a range of molecular weight 27 - 180 kDa. Western blotting using a polyclonal antibody specific to RAU showed that the specific proteins of RAU have molecular weights of 23, 27, 65, 70 and 87 kDa. The finding of so many proteins appears to be a new phenomenon, suggesting that the initiation of RAU is possibly due to a continuous induction of internal and external reactions by several mucosal proteins, that become anomaly proteins of high reactivity and antigenicity. This situation can cause overreaction on the oral mucosa with specific symptoms that are known as a RAU."

"Cell in the distress situation, denaturation of proteins may occur, and may also respond by expressing stress proteins. However, such homeostatis effort does not always succeed and even may lead to disease, including cancer. In distress situation also ensue much protein misfolding. Objective: This research were to explain the role of heat shock protein 40 (Hsp40) and HSP20 in pathogenesis of occured oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSSC) patient which realized human papiloma virus (HPV) infection. Material and method: Tissue biopsy frozen section were taken from BOSC and OSCC patients was cut into three part. Parrafin blocks were made from cutting I, which was subsequently stains with HE to ascertain the type of neoplasm. Cutting II was subjected to DNA isolation. The DNA isolation results were subjected to PCR to amplify L1-HPV gene for fixed the HPV stressor. Protein isolation was treated from cutting III, followed with Blottdot test by using anibody monoclonal anti Hsp40 and Hsp 70 and continued with measurement using densitometer to find the concentration of Hsp40 and Hsp70. The collected data were analyzed with F Test (Manova) and discriminant analysis. Result: This experiment showed the differences in concentration of Hsp40 (p<=0,070) and Hsp70 (p<=0,006) between benign oral squamous cell (BOSC) and OSCC patients which realized HPV infection. Conclusion: This experiment proved that OSCC patients which realized HPV infection indicated an up regulated of Hsp70 concentration, so that there was occurs misfolding of the proteins cell. The misfolding was ensue obstacle of apoptosis and to raise cell poliferation which to storm carcinogenesis. An up regulated of Hsp40 was role as co-chaperone."

"Latar belakang: Peningkatan suhu tubuh ekstrim menyebabkan denaturasi protein,terhentinya reaksi enzimatik, hilangnya aktivitas dan integritas membran, sertamemicu terjadinya kerusakan sel. Peningkatan suhu tubuh juga mempengaruhiterjadinya efek inotropik dan kronotropik positif pada jantung. Diperkirakan bahwapajanan panas dapat meningkatkan ekspresi protein Transient Receptor PotentialVanilloid 1 (TRPV1), Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1) dan Heat Shock Protein 70(Hsp70) pada kardiomiosit berperan penting dalam proses termotoleran danaklimatisasi terhadap panas serta berguna sebagai mekanisme adaptasi secara sistemikdan seluler. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis ekspresi TRPV1, HSF1,dan Hsp70 pada jantung sebagai respons protektif terhadap pajanan panas.Metode: Penelitian bersifat eksperimental in vivo menggunakan hewan coba tikusjenis Sprague Dawley (SD) berumur 12 minggu dengan berat badan 200-300 gram dilaboratorium hewan Balitbangkes Kemenkes RI, pada Oktober-Desember 2014.Sebanyak 28 ekor tikus jantan dengan n=4 pada tiap kelompoknya, dibagi dalamkelompok Kontrol (K) dan kelompok Perlakuan (P). Kelompok perlakuan terdiri dari6 subkelompok (kelompok hari ke-1,3,7,10,14 dan 21) mendapatkan pajanan panas didalam hyperthermic chamber bersuhu (45oC ± 0.3oC) dan kelembaban relatif (70% ±3%) selama 60 menit. Dilakukan pengukuran berat badan, suhu kulit, suhu rektal danfrekuensi denyut jantung. Perubahan morfologi kardiomiosit diamati menggunakanpewarnaan Hematoksilin-Eosin. Ekspresi TRPV1, HSF1 dan Hsp70 diperiksamenggunakan metode imunohistokimia dan ELISA.Hasil: Penelitian menunjukan pajanan panas 45oC; kelembaban relative 70% selama60 menit menyebabkan penurunan berat badan sejak hari ke-1 hingga hari ke-21perlakuan. Terjadi peningkatan suhu kulit, suhu rektal dan heart rate yang puncaknyaterjadi pada hari ke-7, dan menurun mulai pada hari ke-10 sampai pada hari ke-21meskipun intensitas pajanan panas tetap sama. Hal tersebut menandakan mekanismeaklimatisasi dan proses termotoleransi telah terjadi pada hari ke-7 perlakuan. Terjadipenambahan ukuran lebar kardiomiosit dan peningkatan berat pada jantung seiringlamanya pajanan panas, Hasil ini menunjukkan terjadinya hipertrofi jantung namuntidak disertai adanya fibrosis. Secara molekuler melalui pemeriksaan Imunohistokimiadan ELISA pada kardiomiosit menunjukkan ekspresi TRPV1, HSF1 dan Hsp70 yangbersifat sebagai protein protektif dan kardioprotektor cenderung mengalamipeningkatan sejak hari ke-1 sampai pada hari ke-7 perlakuan dan cenderung menurunpada hari ke-10 sampai dengan hari ke-21. Perubahan kadar ekspresi TRPV1, HSF1dan Hsp70 sejalan dengan perubahan yang terjadi pada suhu kulit, suhu rektal danheart rate.Kesimpulan: Pajanan panas pada tubuh memberikan pengaruh pada jantung berupaterjadinya hipertrofi konsentris disertai adanya peningkatan ekspresi TRPV1, HSF1dan Hsp70 yang berperan penting sebagai protein protektif dan kardioprotektorBackground: Increased extreme body temperature causes protein denaturation,cessation of enzymatic reactions, loss of membrane activity and integrity, and triggerscellular damage. Increased body temperature also affects the occurrence of positiveinotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart. It is postulated that increase inexpression Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), Heat Shock Factor 1(HSF1), Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) in cardiomyocytes is activated by extremetemperatures and has an important role in thermotolerance and heat acclimatizationprocesses -and as a mechanism of systemic and cellular adaptation. The aim of thestudy was to analyze the expression of TRPV1, HSF1, and Hsp70 on cardiac muscleas a protective response to heat exposure.Methods: This in vivo experimental research was conducted using Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats (age 12 weeks, 200-300 gram) in animal laboratory National Institute ofHealth Research and Development, Indonesian Ministry of Health, October-December2014. A total of 28 male rats with n = 4 in each group, divided into Control group (K)and Treatment group (P). The treatment group consisted of 6 sub-groups (i.e.1,3,7,10,14 and 21 days) received heat exposure in hyperthermic chamber at (45oC ±0.3oC) and (70% ± 3%) with relative humidity of 60 minutes. Body weight, skintemperature, rectal temperature and heart rate were measured. Changes incardiomyocyte morphology were observed using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining.Expressions of TRPV1, HSF1 and Hsp70 were examined using immunohistochemicaland ELISA methods.Results: The results of this study showed that heat exposure at 45oC;70% RH for 60minutes resulted in weight loss from day 1st to day 21st of the treatment. Peakselevation in skin temperature, rectal temperature and heart rate were reached at day7th, and decreased gradually from day 10th to day 21st even though the intensity ofheat exposure was unchanged. This indicated the mechanism of acclimatization andthermotolerance process had occurred on the 7th day of heat treatment. There wasincreased in the size of the cardiomyocyte width and heart weight along with theduration of heat exposure. These results indicated the occurrence of heart hypertrophybut not accompanied by fibrosis. Molecular aspects on cardiomyocytes throughImmunohistochemistry and ELISA showed TRPV1, HSF1 and Hsp70 expression asprotective proteins and cardioprotectors, which tended to increase from day 1st to 7thday of treatment and decrease gradually on day 10th to day 21st. Changes inexpression levels of TRPV1, HSF1 and Hsp70 coincided with changes in skintemperature, rectal temperature and heart rate.Conclusion: Heat exposure to the body induced the development of heart hypertrophyand coincided with the increased expression of TRPV1, HSF1 and Hsp70 which act asa protective protein and cardioprotector."

"Asteraceae merupakan salah satu famili tumbuhan yang bersifat invasif. Tumbuhan dengan sifat invasif dapat lebih mentoleransi suhu tinggi akibat adanya peran mekanisme Hsp70. Gen Hsp70 merupakan gen yang terkonservasi didalam sel sebagai bentuk adaptasi terhadap beberapa cekaman lingkungan, salah satunya adalah cekaman suhu. Perbedaan suhu rata-rata antara Universitas Indonesia-Depok yaitu 28,6oC dan Kebun Raya Cibodas dengan suhu rata-rata 20,06 oC menjadi dasar dilakukannya penelitian untuk melihat tingkat ekspresi gen Hsp70 pada Ageratum conyzoides dan Synedrella nodiflora. Penelitian diawali dengan isolasi RNA dari organ daun dengan metode CTAB yang telah dimodifikasi dan dilanjutkan dengan sintesis cDNA.Hasil dari cDNA diamplifikasi dengan PCR menggunakan primer Hsp70 yang digunakan oleh Sung 2001 pada Arabidopsis thaliana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya amplifikasi gen Hsp70 secara parsial, serta adanya variasi basa nukleotida pada sampel lokasi Universitas Indonesia dan Cibodas pada posisi basa ke 110 dan 108 yang mengakibatkan adanya perbedaan pembacaan asam amino. Namun perbedaan asam amino tersebut tidak membuat perubahan prediksi struktur protein pada sampel.

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Asteraceae is one of the invasive plant family. Invasive plants have more ability to tolerating high temperatures with the role of the Hsp70 mechanism. The Hsp70 gene is conserved in cells as a form of adaptation to some environmental stresses, one of which is temperature stress. The difference of average temperature between Universitas Indonesia Depok which is 28,6oC and Cibodas Botanical Garden with average temperature 20,06oC become the basis of this research to see the level of Hsp70 gene expression in Ageratum conyzoides and Synedrella nodiflora plants at two locations with different temperature. The research begins with RNA isolation from the leaf tissues with modified CTAB method followed by cDNA synthesis. The cDNA then amplified by PCR using a Hsp70 primer used by Sung 2001 in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The results showed that there is a partial amplification of the Hsp70 gene, as well as the presence of nucleotide base variations in Universitas Indonesia Depok and Cibodas at base positions number 110 and 108 which resulted in differences in amino acid readings. However, these amino acid differences do not make a change in protein structure prediction of the samples. "

"Latar Belakang: Perubahan genetik pada p53 menyebabkan imortalisasi dan kecenderungan sel bertransformasi menjadi neoplasma. Imortalisasi ini berhubungan dengan pemeliharaan panjang telomer oleh telomerase. hTERT adalah komponen kunci telomerase yang aktivitasnya ditekan oleh p53.Tujuan: Menganalisis profil protein hTERT pada sel galur KSSRM HSC-3 dan HSC-4 serta jaringan mukosa mulut normal. Metode: Profil protein hTERT dianalisis menggunakan teknik SDS-PAGE dan Gel Doc, Quantity One.Hasil: Protein hTERT diekspresikan oleh sel galur KSSRM mulut tipe HSC 3 dan HSC 4 serta 2 dari 17 sampel protein jaringan mukosa mulut normal.Simpulan: Protein hTERT yang diekspresikan oleh sel galur KSSRM berhubungan dengan kondisi mutan p53. Adanya ekspresi protein hTERT pada jaringan mukosa mulut normal diperkirakan karena adanya sel keratinosit dan infiltrasi sel hematopoietik.

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Backround: Genetic alteration on p53 allows cellular immortalization and predisposes cells to neoplastic transformation. This immortalization is related to telomere length maintenance by telomerase. hTERT is a key component of telomerase, which activity is suppressed by p53.Objectives: To analyze the hTERT protein profile in HSC-3 and HSC-4 OSCC cell lines and normal human oral mucosa tissue. Methods: SDS-PAGE and Gel Doc, Quantity One were used for analyzing hTERT protein profile.Results: hTERT protein expressed in HSC-3 and HSC-4 OSCC cell lines and 2/17 protein samples of normal human oral mucosal tissues.Conclusion: hTERT protein that was expressed by OSCC cell lines is related to their status of mutant p53. The existing of hTERT protein on normal human oral mucosas tissue may be caused by keratinocyte cells and infiltrated hemapoietic cells."

"One of the traditional plants that has been broadly known as the healthand healing plants is Aloe vera. It is often use to treat burns, wounds, abrasions, skin disease, alopecia, and irritation. It is further more used as a hair washed to promote hair growth and as general cosmetics to improve the complexion and to smoothen the skin. The aim of the study was to examine and compare the reaction of fresh Aloe vera and distillate Aloe vera on the inflammed oral mucosa caused by hydrogen peroxide 10%. 14 rats were used in this research and divided into 4 groups; fresh Aloe vera group (4rats), distillate Aloe vera group (4 rats), control group I (3 rats), and control group II (3 rats). All rats in each group received 9x10 minutes application of hydrogen peroxide 10% on their vestibulum mucosa, for 3 days, except rats in control group I received application of aquadest. On the 4th day, all rats in each group received 9x5 minutes with their own group's material for 3 days. The histological examination was done by scoring the density of lymphocytes in the inflammation area. Statistical result shows that there are differences of oral mucosa reactions between distillate Aloe group and fresh Aloe group. Fresh Aloe group shows the decrease of lymphocytes cell higher than distillate Aloe group. Based on this research, it can be concluded that application with fresh Aloe vera can cure oral mucosa inflammation cause by hydrogen peroxide 10% than application with distillate Aloe vera."

"The oral mucosa is the target of a number of infectious processes caused by a range of organism. Viruses is one of the organism which is considered in oral mucosa damage. Recently, the main viruses causing oral mucosal infections are the large herpes group. This article discuss herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus that cause herpetic stomatitis and gherpes zoster with particular attention to the typical oral manifestations current treatment options. Dentists should recognice the clinical appearances of the diseases, so the appropriate therapy can be done."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 215-220The purpose of this study was to disclose one of the etiopathogenesis of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) at molecular level by analyzing the expression of protein anomaly in oral mucosa. This was a cross-sectional explorative and analytic observational study. Samples, who met inclusion and exclusion criteria, were taken from total population. Samples of protein swab were obtained from oral mucosa, serum weretaken from 15 patients with major RAS, 20 patients with minor RAS and 15 were control. The characterization of protein anomaly expressed on the surface of oral mucosa epithelium was carried out using SDS-PAGE 12% and Westemblot methods. The result of oral mucosa protein anomaly expression analysis in patients with major RAS using SDS-PAGE 12% revealed five protein bands with molecular weights of 87,65, 30, 25, and 20 kDa. In minor RAS cases with protein anomaly expression there were four proteins with molecular weights of 87, 65, 25, and 20 kDa, and the protein in remission RAS had four proteins bands with molecular weight of 87, 65, 25 and 20 kDa. The band disappearances by using Westemblot test, of 30 kDa of major cases, 87 and 20 kDa of minor cases and 20 and 25 kDa of remission cases, indicated that those patients were not reacted with polyclonal antibodies of rabbit serum; therefore they had no role in the induction of RAS. ln conclusion, the antigenic protein expressed in oral mucosa of major, minor, and remission RAS was predominantly 65 kDa molecular weight."