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"Nowadays. in the deveropment of materials and medicaments one must not only consider the strength or functional aspect, but also its biocompatibility. The bio-compatibility of materials and medicaments is one of the main requirements to be considered in treating a patient. The non-toxic effect of a material or medicament is a strict condition as being biocompatible. Almost all dental treatment involve the use of materials and medicament, of which the basic substances are composed from chemical compounds. The use of chemical substances in the human body can give benefits or cause harm. Toxicity is one of the adverse effects of chemical compounds on living organism. It is then becoming a problem that there are materials and medicaments which chemically are harmful but still used in dentistry, as there are no other alternatives. In this situation, the best way for dentists to give a save treatment is to get a deeper insight into the biocompatibility of materials and medicaments in dentistry.;Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 144-147;Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 144-147"

"Magnesium merupakan pilihan material yang dapat digunakan sebagai material implan tulang dengan karakteristik yang mirip dengan tulang, merupakan elektrolit normal dalam tubuh, memiliki harga yang ekonomis, dan bersifat dapat terdegradasi. Namun magnesium memiliki keterbatasan yaitu memiliki tingkat korosi yang tinggi. Untuk meningkatkan resistensi korosi dan memperbaiki sifat mekanis dikembangkan berbagai metode, salah satunya adalah proses Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). Persyaratan utama sebagai material implan tulang adalah bersifat biokompatibel. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi karakteristik biokompatibilitas magnesium yang telah melalui proses ECAP secara in vitro. Metode: Karakteristik biokompatibilitas magnesium ECAP dievaluasi melalui uji toksisitas terhadap sel osteoblas menggunakan MTT Assay, analisis logam berat yang terkandung di dalamnya dengan perhitungan paparan akumulatif logam berat berdasarkan provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI),serta uji sterilitas setelah melalui proses sterilisasi menggunakan autoclave. Hasil:Tingkat proliferasi sel osteoblas dengan pemberian ekstrak magnesium ECAP lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Logam berat yang dihitung paparan akumulatifnya adalah aluminium, arsen, timbal, kadmium, dan merkuri. Paparan akumulatif logam berat 100% pada penggunaan magnesium ECAP 11,8297 g. Pada uji steriitas tidak ditemukan adanya pertumbuhan bakteri pada tiap tahapan pengujian. Kesimpulan: Magnesium ECAP bersifat tidak toksik, dan dapat merangsang pertumbuhan sel osteoblas dengan batas penggunaan maksimum11,8297 g, serta steril.

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Magnesium is the choice of material for bone implant with characteristic similiar to the bone, one of the normal elctrolytes in the body, have economical price, and degradable. However magnesium has limitation which is

high corosity rate. To improve corosion resistance and mechanical properties, many methods proposed, one of them is the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). The important requirement for bone implant material is biocompatible. Purpose: To evaluate the biocompatibility of magnesium through Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) process in vitro. Method: Biocompatibility characteristics of magnesium ECAP was evaluated by toxicity test using MTT assay, analysis of heavy metals in magnesium ECAP by accumulative heavy metal exposure based on provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI), also sterility test after sterilized using autoclave. Results: Cell proliferation rate in magnesium extract treatment group was higher than the control group. The heavy metals count for accumulative exposure were aluminium, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury. Hundred percent of accumulative exposure was on the use of 11.8297 g magnesium ECAP. In sterility test there was no evidence of bacterial growth in every part of the test. Conclusion: Magnesium ECAP is not toxic and able to induce proliferation of osteoblast with maximum dose is 11.8297 g, and also proved sterile after sterilization using autoclave."

"Non-union biasanya terjadi sebanyak 1.9–10% dari total kasus fraktur tulang. Rekayasa jaringan tulang berpotensi menjadi pilihan terapi yang efektif dan personal untuk pengobatan fraktur non-union. Penelitian ini menggunakan komposit osteobiologis berbasis HAp/HA/CS ditambahkan dengan pilihan material f-MWCNT, f-Gr, dan GO  serta difabrikasi secara liofilisasi untuk membentuk struktur mikropori dengan sifat osteoinduktif dan osteokonduktif. UCMSC akan ditanam di dalam perancah yang telah difabrikasi in vitro dan setelah berkembang, perancah akan dikarakterisasi untuk kapasitas proliferasi dan diferensiasi dengan pewarnaan MTS dan alizarin merah. Perancah HAp/HA/CS/f-MWCNT merupakan pilihan komposit terbaik dengan kemampuan mendukung viabilitas (54.52 OD) dan diferensiasi (0.27 OD) pada UCMSC secara signifikan tetapi memerlukan perbaikan untuk integritas perancah.

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Non-union occurs around 1.9-10% from the total case of fractures. Bone tissue engineering is a potential choice for Non-union that is effective, personal for treating the abnormality. This research used HAp/HA/CS as base added with optional materials of f-MWCNT, f-Gr, and GO as the osteobiology composite and further fabricated by freeze drying to create a microporous structure with osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. UCMSC is planted with the fabricated scaffold in vitro and after development, scaffold is characterized for proliferation and differentiation capacity using MTS and red alizarin staining. HAp/HA/CS/f-MWCNT scaffold proves to be the best composite option in this research that significantly promotes viability (54.52 OD) and differentiation (0.27 OD) to UCMSC but needs further refinement for scaffold integrity."

"Kerusakan pada tulang atau cacat tulang merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di seluruh dunia yang perlu diperhatikan, karena dapat mengganggu aktivitas kehidupan. Metode yang cukup menjanjikan untuk penyembuhan cacat tulang adalah fabrikasi perancah dari bahan biomaterial. Perancah adalah biomaterial padat berbentuk 3 dimensi dengan struktur berpori yang dapat mendukung interaksi sel biomaterial, proliferasi, diferensiasi sel, dan dapat terurai dengan tingkat toksisitas minimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memfabrikasi perancah dengan komposit berupa hidroksiapatit (HAp)/kolagen/kitosan, hidroksiapatit/kolagen/kitosan/functionalized-multi walled carbon nanotube (f-MWCNT) dengan hidroksiapatit serta kolagen hasil ekstraksi tulang ikan tuna, hidroksiapatit/kolagen/kitosan/titanium dioksida (TiO2), dan hidroksiapatit/kolagen/kitosan/functionalized-multi walled carbon nanotube (f-MWCNT). Fabrikasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode freeze drying. Perancah hasil fabrikasi dikarakterisasi sifat biologisnya melalui uji biokompatibilitas dengan MTS assay dan uji diferensiasi sel dengan pewarnaan alizarin merah. Uji viabilitas menunjukkan sel umumnya bermigrasi dan menempel dekat perancah. Penambahan bahan mekanik f-MWCNT dan titanium dioksida pada perancah dapat mengurangi viabilitas sel. Namun, pada kadar yang tepat, perancah dengan kandungan f-MWCNT atau titanium dioksida dapat memiliki sifat viabilitas yang baik. Uji diferensiasi menunjukkan penambahan bahan mekanik f-MWCNT dan titanium dioksida dapat menginduksi diferensiasi osteogenik namun hasilnya masih tidak optimal.

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Damage to bones or bone defects is a public health problem around the world that needs attention because it can interfere many life activities. A promising method for healing bone defects is the fabrication of scaffolds from biomaterials. Scaffolds are solid biomaterials in 3-dimensional sHApe with a porous structure that can support biomaterial cell interactions, proliferation, cell differentiation, and can be decomposed with minimal toxicity. This study aims to fabricate scaffolds with composites in the form of hydroxyapatite/collagen/chitosan, hydroxyapatite/collagen/chitosan/functionalized MWCNT (f-MWCNT) where the hydroxyapatite and collgen used were obtained from tuna fish bone extraction, hydroxyapatite/collagen/chitosan/titanium dioxide, and hydroxyapatite/collagen/chitosan/functionalized MWCNT (f-MWCNT). Fabrication was carried out using freeze drying method. The fabricated scaffolds were characterized for their biological properties through biocompatibility test with MTS assay and cell differentiation test with alizarin red staining. Viability tests showed cells generally migrated and adhered near the scaffold. The addition of mechanical material f-MWCNT and titanium dioxide to the scaffold can reduce cell viability. However, at the right levels, scaffolds containing f-MWCNT or titanium dioxide can have good viability. The differentiation test showed that the addition of mechanical material f-MWCNT and titanium dioxide could induce osteogenic differentiation but the results were still not optimal."

"ABSTRAKNanopartikel emas memiliki keamanan dan biokompatibilitas yang baik dalam menghantarkan target obat pada organ atau jaringan spesifik tertentu. Perkembangan sintesis nanopartikel emas dengan berbagai metode untuk memenuhi tujuan dalam aplikasi biomedis dan farmasi telah menjadi perhatian banyak peneliti sehingga perlu dikaji kelebihan maupun kekurangannya. Metode yang sedang banyak diteliti, yaitu metode green synthesis dan metode ablasi laser yang merupakan metode ramah lingkungan dimana dapat mengurangi toksisitas dari bahan kimia yang berbahaya. Artikel review ini meninjau ulasan mengenai sintesis nanopartikel emas yang berfokus pada metode green synthesis dengan mekanisme reduksi larutan emas (HAuCl4) oleh ekstrak tanaman dan mekanisme ablasi laser Nd:YAG pada pelat emas dalam larutan, faktor-faktor yang dapat memberi pengaruh, serta secara singkat menguraikan aplikasi biomedis nanopartikel emas. Penulis berharap dapat membantu peneliti untuk menentukan metode sintesis yang lebih baik dan efisien dalam menghasilkan nanopartikel emas dengan karakteristik yang sesuai.

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ABSTRACT

Gold nanoparticles have good safety and biocompatibility in delivering drug targets to certain specific organs or tissues. The development of the synthesis of gold nanoparticles with various methods to achieve goals in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications has caught the attention of many researchers that needs to be reviewed the advantages and disadvantages. The method that is being researched is green synthesis method and laser ablation method which is an environmentally friendly method which can reduce the toxicity of hazardous chemicals. This review article presents the review of the synthesis of gold nanoparticles which focuses on the mechanism of green synthesis method by reducing of gold solution (HAuCl4) by plant extracts and the mechanism of Nd: YAG laser ablation of gold plates in solution, influential factors, and briefly describes the biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles. The author hopes to help researchers to determine which synthesis methods are better and more efficient in producing gold nanoparticles with appropriate characteristics."

"This collection provides researchers and scientists with advanced analyses and materials design techniques in biomaterials and presents mechanical studies of biological structures. And features 16 known experts who present research on stress and strain analysis, material properties, and fluid and gas mechanics. "

"The growth of implant and fixed prosthodontics practices in dentistry has created a rapidly increasing demand for advanced ceramics and ceramic processes. Innovations in ceramics and ceramic processes are vital to ensure reliable and affordable dental-restoration solutions with aesthetically pleasing outcomes.The work aims to engage the bioceramics and engineering communities to meet the challenges of modern dental restoration using advanced ceramics. Incorporating fundamental science, advanced engineering concepts, and clinical outcomes."

"Pencarian dalam melakukan uji biokompabilitas terhadap material bioabsorbable dan osteofixation dilakukan, namun hingga kini banyak penelitian yang dilakukan tidak mengikuti standarisasi yang ada. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan evaluasi terhadap uji biokompabilitas yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya. Pencarian database terhadap scoping review dilakukan di PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), dengan PRISMA-ScR guidelines digunakan dalam metodologi pemilihan literatur. Terdapat 26 penelitian masuk dalam inklusi penelitian, dengan metodologi animal study. Uji biokompabilitas yang tersedia untuk implant material biabsorbable yaitu uji cytotoxisitas, uji sensitisasasi, uji iritasi, systemic toxicity,uji genotoksisitasy,uji implantasi, dan uji hemokompabilitas, ditemukan hanya satu penelitian yang melakukan seluruh uji biokompabilitas, namun tidak adanya hewan kontrol dalam penelitian tersebut. Uji implantasi dilakukan oleh seluruh studi, yang melakukan evaluasi terhadap reaksi inflasmasi, penyembuhan tulang, dan degradasi implan. Hanya tiga penelitian yang menggunakan International Standard Operation (ISO), sebagai acuan dalam prosedur uji biokompabilitas.

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The quest of performing biocompatibility study for biodegradable material remains to be abstruse. Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the biocompatibility of a biodegradable material for bone fixation devices. However, they rarely follow any known standard, which might make it difficult to compare, draw a conclusion, or to extrapolate the data. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the biocompatibility tests performed in those studies in order to take note of their underlying concept and present the key points investigated. Database search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) was conducted, and PRISMA-ScR guideline was used. Twenty-six studies were included in the review, and all of the studies utilize animal preclinical model as their biocompatibility assessment. Among the biocompability test are cytotoxicity, sensitization, irritation, systemic toxicity, genotoxicity, implantation, and hemocompatibility test. It was found that only one study performed all of the biocompatibility tests, however this study did not provide comparative animal control. Most of the studies conducted implantation test, evaluating inflammatory reaction, bone healing, and implant degradation. Only three studies referred to International Standard Operation (ISO) for conduction biocompability test. Although renowned standardization bodies such as ISO has published an international standard on biocompatibility studies, it was found that most researches were not able to thoroughly follow the standard."