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"The adhesive of composite resin has been used for direct bonding of a bracket system of bracket fixed orthodontic treatment by etching. The disanvantage of etching is enamel loss and difficult procedure. Modified glass ionomer cement has been suggested as a bracket bonding system without etching. The chemical bonding without etching can reduce enamel loss and make the procedure more efficient. The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strength of modified glass ionomer cement as metal Begg bracket bonding system with and without etching. The subject of this study consisted of two groups which had 15 intact extracted permanent human upper bicuspids for each group. Group I was etched with ortho phosphate acid (37%) for 20 seconds and bonded with modified glass ionomer cement. Group II was untreated and bonded with the same adhesive. The shear bond strength was measured with Pearson Pankee Equipment, and bond failure location was observed under stereo microscope. To differentiate the effects with and without etching, t test was performed, while to observe the location of bond failures, chi-square test was conducted. The results of this study indicated that the shear bond strength of modified glass ionomer cement as bonding system metal Begg Brackets with etching was significantly higher (p<0.001) than without etching. Without etching, bond failure occured between enamel and bonding agent. With etching, the bond failure was mostly found within the adhesive."

"Latar Belakang : SIK sebagai bahan restorasi memiliki kemampuan untuk berikatan secara kimiawi terhadap struktur gigi dan kemampuan melepaskan fluoride sehingga cocok digunakan pada pasien dengan risiko karies tinggi namun memiliki kekuatan mekanis yang buruk. Modifikasi bahan restorasi SIK melalui penggabungan dengan bahan bioaktif untuk mendapatkan manfaat seperti meningkatnya sifat mekanis, sifat antibakteri dan potensi remineralisasi telah di sebutkan pada beberapa literatur penelitian. Pada studi ini, bubuk carboxymetyl-chitosan (CMC) ditambahkan pada komponen bubuk dari SIK konvensional. Tujuan: Menganalisis pengaruh modifikasi material semen ionomer kaca (SIK) dengan carboxymetyl-chitosan (CMC) terhadap Kekuatan kompresi dan morfologi permukaan. Metode: Tiga puluh lubang pada cetakan akrilik silindris Diameter 4 mm tinggi 8 mm diisi dengan material SIK (FUJI IX, GC corp, Japan), modifikasi SIK dengan CMC 5% dan 10% yang di campurkan pada komponen bubuk SIK. Sampel dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol SIK (n=10) dan kelompok SIK-CMC 5% (n=10) serta kelompok SIK-CMC 10% (n=10). Kekuatan kompresi diukur dengan menggunakan Universal Testing Machine (Tensilon RTG-10Kn, A&D, Japan) dan dihitung dengan rumus KK= P/(πr2) dimana P adalah beban maksimum dan r adalah radius dari spesimen. Data dianalisis dengan analisis statistik menggunakan One-Way ANOVA dan Post hoc Bonferroni (p<0,5). Morfologi permukaan material modifikasi SIK-CMC dan kontrol di amati dengan menggunakan Scanning Electronic Microscope (EVO MA-0, Zeiss, Germany). Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara kelompok modifikasi SIK-CMC 5% dan SIK-CMC 10% dengan kelompok kontrol (One-Way ANOVA; p<0,05). Berdasarkan uji Post Hoc Bonferroni (p<0,5) terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna Kekuatan kompresi pada material modifikasi SIK-CMC 5 % dan SIK-CMC 10% dengan kelompok kontrol SIK. Modifikasi SIK dengan CMC mempengaruhi perubahan morfologi berupa berkurangnya porusitas dan bertambahnya permukan retakan seiring dengan penambahan persentase CMC.Kesimpulan: Modifikasi SIK dengan Penambahan CMC Mengurangi kekuatan kompresi dengan rerata hasil paling rendah pada penambahan CMC 10%. Porusitas permukaan material modifikasi SIK dengan penambahan CMC memiliki kecenderungan berkurang dan bertambahnya permukaan retakan yang melebar seiring dengan penambahan persentase CMC

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Background: GIC as a restorative material has the ability to chemically bond to the structure of teeth and the ability to release fluoride so that it is suitable for use in patients with a high caries risk but has poor mechanical strength. Modification of GIC restorative materials with combination with bioactive materials to obtain benefits such as increasing mechanical properties, antibacterial properties and remineralization potential has been mentioned in some research literature. In this study, Carboxymethyl-chitosan (CMC) is added to the powder phase of conventional GIC to increase the compressive strength. Objective: to analyze the influence of modified GIC with the addition of CMC on compressive strength and surface morphology. Methods: Thirty holes in a cylindrical acrylic mold, each hole has a diameter of 4 mm and thickness of 8 mm, were filled with conventional GIC restorative material (FUJI IX, GC corp, Japan), modified GIC with 5% CMC and 10% CMC added in the powder phase. The samples were divided into 3 groups: control group GIC (n=10), GIC-CMC 5% group (n=10) and GIC-CMC 10% group (n=10). The compressive strength measurement performed with Universal testing machine (Tensilon RTG-10Kn, A&D, Japan), and were calculated according to the following equation: CS= P/(πr2)

Where P is the maximum load and r is the radius of the cylinder-shaped specimen

Statistical analysis was done by One-Way ANOVA and Post hoc Bonferroni (p<0.05). The surface morphology of the material modification of GIC-CMC and control group was observed using the Scanning Electronic Microscope (EVO MA-0, Zeiss, Germany).

Results: There is a significant difference between the GIC-CMC 5% and GIC-CMC 10% modification groups and the control group (One-Way ANOVA; p<0.05). Based on the Post Hoc Bonferroni (p<0.5) test there is a significant difference in compressive strength in SIK-CMC modification materials of 5% and SIK-CMC of 10% with the SIK control group. Modification of SIK with CMC affects morphological changes in the form of reduced porosity and increased fractures along with the addition of CMC percentage.Conclusion: Modification of GIC with CMC addition reduces compressive strength with the lowest average yield at 10% CMC addition. The surface porusity of SIK modification material with the addition of CMC tends to decrease and increase the surface of cracks that widen along with the addition of CMC percentage."

"SIK modifikasi resin dapat mengalami penurunan kekerasan permukaan pada pH kritis rongga mulut 5,5 yang dapat dicegah dengan pemberian ion kalsium dan fosfat. Ion tersebut bersumber dari CPP ACP. Pengaplikasian CPP ACP pada SIK modifikasi resin diketahui mampu mencegah terjadinya penurunan kekerasan permukaan SIK modifikasi resin. Saat ini telah ada penggabungan propolis pada CPP ACP yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan sifat antibakteri tetapi diketahui penambahan propolis mengurangi pelepasan ion kalsium dan fosfat dari CPP ACP sehingga berpengaruh terhadap kemampuannya dalam melindungi SIK modifikasi resin dari penurunan kekerasan permukaan. Namun belum diketahui efek pengaplikasian CPP ACP yang ditambahkan propolis terhadap kekerasan permukaan SIK modifikasi resin.Tujuan: penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pengaruh aplikasi pasta CPP ACP dengan dan tanpa kombinasi propolis terhadap kekerasan permukaan semen ionomer kaca modifikasi resin.Metode: Tiga puluh spesimen semen ionomer kaca modifikasi resin berbentuk silinder berukuran 6 x 3 mm, di polimerisasi menggunakan LED curing unit irradiansi 700 mW/cm2, selama 20 detik kemudian disimpan selama 1 hari kering dalam inkubator. Spesimen diuji kekerasan awalnnya dengan Knoop Hardness Tester (50 g selama 15 detik) dengan penjejasan 5 kali di 5 lokasi permukaan yang berbeda kemudian diambil nilai rata-ratanya untuk mempresentasikan permukaan spesimen. Spesimen dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu spesimen tanpa dan dengan pengolesan CPP ACP yang didiamkan 30 menit dan dengan pengolesan CPP ACP propolis yang didiamkan 30 menit. Seluruh spesimen direndam dalam larutan asam laktat pH 5,5 selama 24 jam dan diuji nilai kekerasan permukaan akhirnya. Data dianalisis menunggunakan uji statistik Kruskal Wallis dan uji Post Hoc Mann Whittney.Hasil: hasil menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan awal seluruh spesimen adalah 30,68, 0,03 dan setelah diberi perlakuan kelompok A menjadi 24,96, 0,07, kelompok B menjadi 27,9, 0,01 dan kelompok C menjadi 26.5, 0,03. Pengaplikasian CPP ACP propolis pada SIK modifikasi resin menyebabkan penurunan kekerasan permukaan yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang hanya diaplikasikan CPP ACP.

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The surface hardness of Resin modified glass ionomer cement can be decrease at the critical pH of the oral cavity 5.5 which can be prevented by giving calcium and phosphate ions. These ions can be sourced from CPP ACP. Aplication CPP ACP is known to be able to prevent a decrease in the surface hardness of resin modified glass ionomer cement. Now there has been the addition of propolis to CPP ACP which functions as an antibacterial but it is known the further addition of propolis reduces ion calcium and phosphate release from CPP ACP which influences its capability in protecting RMGIC from further reduction of surface hardnes. However, the effect of CPP ACP application that added propolis is not yet known on resin modified glass ionomer cement.

Objective: this study aims to compare the effect of CPP ACP paste application with it and without a combination of propolis against the surface hardness of glass ionomer cement modified resin.

Methods: thirty specimens of Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement in cylindrical shape (6 x 3 mm), 1 day dray storage in the incubator and the specimen are polymerized for 20 seconds using a 700 mW/cm irradiance LED curing unit. The initial specimens were tested for hardness with Knoop Hardness Tester (50 g for 15 seconds) with 5 times of crushing in 5 different surface locations then the average value was taken to present the specimen surface. The specimens were divided into three groups: without CPP ACP application, CPP ACP and CPP ACP Propolis application which were allowed to stand for 30 minutes. All specimens were immersed in lactic acid pH 5.5 for 24 hours and tested for final surface hardness values. Data obtained analyzed using Kruskal Wallis dan Mann Whittney.

Results: the test showed that the initial hardness of all specimens were 30,68, 0,03 and after treatment group A becomes 24,96, 0,07, group B becomes 27,9, 0,01 and group C becomes 26.5, 0,03. There was a decrease surface hardness of the resin modified glass ionomer cement before and after immersion at all groups. The initial hardness of all specimens were 30,68, 0,03 and after treatment group A becomes 24,96, 0,07, group B becomes 27,9, 0,01 and group C becomes 26.5, 0,03. The application of CPP ACP propolis to RMGIC caused."

"Semen Ionomer Kaca (SIK) Konvensional dapat mengalami diskolorasi.Untuk mengetahui pengaruh penyikatan pasta gigi terhadap tingkat diskolorasi SIK Konvensional, dilakukan penelitian terhadap 24 spesimen SIK konvensional yang disikat oleh empat jenis pasta gigi dengan lama penyikatan 1, 2 dan 4 minggu, setelah sebelumnya direndam dalam larutan kopi. Terdapat peningkatan kecerahan warna seiring lama penyikatan pada setiap kelompok. Uji antar kelompok waktu menunjukkan adanya perubahan bermakna (p<0,05) pada beberapa kelompok pasta gigi sedangkan antar jenis pasta gigi menunjukkan perubahan bermakna (p<0,05) hanya pada minggu pertama dan ketiga. Penyikatan menggunakan pasta gigi pemutih menyebabkan peningkatan kecerahan warna SIK konvensional yang sebelumnya mengalami diskolorasi karena kopi.

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Discoloration can also happen to restorative material, such as Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement (Conventional GIC). To identify the effect of brushing with whitening toothpaste to discoloration level of conventional GIC, twenty-four specimens were first immersed in coffee, then brushed by four different toothpastes. There were increase of lightness at longer time of brushing in every specimens. Test between time groups showed significant changes (p<0,05) only in some toothpaste groups and also significant changes (p<0,05) between toothpaste groups only in the first and third week. Whitening toothpaste can decrease discoloration level of stained conventional GIC."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2 yang tidak mengandung alkohol terhadap perubahan warna Semen Ionomer Kaca yang dilapisi coating agent. Spesimen Semen Ionomer Kaca Konvensional dan Semen Ionomer Kaca Modifikasi Resin dilapisi varnish dan nanofilled coating agent masing-masing kelompok berjumlah 10 buah. Spesimen yang telah dilapisi coating agent direndam dalam aquades selama 24 jam pada inkubator bersuhu 37°C. Spesimen dikeluarkan dari inkubator dan direndam dalam chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2 yang tidak mengandung alkohol selama 2 menit setiap hari. Spesimen direndam kembali pada aquades dan diletakkan pada inkubator. Proses ini diulang selama dua minggu. Nilai perubahan warna dihitung setelah perendaman dalam chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2 yang tidak mengandung alkohol pada hari ke-3, ke-7, dan ke-14. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada setiap kelompok yang dilakukan pada hari ke-3, ke-7, dan ke-14 p0,05 serta perbedaan yang bermakna p.

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This study aims to analyze the effect of chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2 which does not contain alcohol to discoloration of Glass Ionomer Cement coated by coating agent. Glass Ionomer Cement and Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cements coated by varnish and nanofilled coating agent and 10 specimens each group. Specimens coated by coating agents were incubated in aquades for 24 hours at 37°C. Specimens removed from the incubator and immersed in chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2 which does not contain alcohol once a day for two minutes. Spesimens then were immersed again in aquades and incubated. This process repeated for two weeks. Color measurements were made on day 3, 7, and 14 after the specimen immersed in chlorhexidine gluconate. The result showed that there were significant differences between day 3, 7, and 14 p0,05 on day 3 and 7, and significant differences to Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cements coated by varnish and nanofilled coating agent."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2% yang tidak mengandung alkohol terhadap kekasaran Semen Ionomer Kaca yang dilapisi coating agent. Spesimen Semen Ionomer Kaca Konvensional dan Semen Ionomer Kaca Modifikasi Resin yang telah dilapisi varnish dan nanofilled coating agent direndam dalam aquades dan diletakkan pada inkubator 37 o C selama 24 jam. Spesimen dikeluarkan dari inkubator dan direndam dalam chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2% yang tidak mengandung alkohol selama 2 menit setiap hari. Spesimen direndam kembali dalam aquades dan diletakkan pada inkubator. Perendaman ini dilakukan selama dua minggu. Nilai kekarasan permukaan diuji menggunakan Surface Roughness Tester setelah perendaman dalam chlorhexidine gluconate 0,2% yang tidak mengandung alkohol pada harike-3, ke-7, dan ke-14.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai kekasaran permukaan antar kelompok Semen Ionomer Kaca Konvensional maupun Semen Ionomer Kaca Modifikasi Resin yang dilapisi varnish dan nanofilled coating agent (p>0,05). Disimpulkan bahwa perendaman dapat mempengaruhi nilai kekasaran permukaan Semen Ionomer Kaca yang dilapisi coating agent."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi pasta CPP-ACP terhadap kekerasan permukaan semen ionomer kaca saat perendaman dalam jus jeruk kemasan. Delapan belas spesimen semen ionomer kaca Fuji IX dibagi ke dalam tiga kelompok; tanpa CPP-ACP Kelompok A, dioleskan CPP-ACP selama 3 menit Kelompok B, dan dioleskan CPP-ACP selama 30 menit Kelompok C. Spesimen direndam dalam jus jeruk kemasan dan diuji kekerasannya menggunakan Vickers Hardness Tester. Data dianalisa menggunakan One-Way ANOVA.

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This study aims to identify the effect of CPP ACP paste towards surface hardness of glass ionomer cement when immersed in orange juice. Eighteen specimens of Fuji IX Glass Ionomer Cement were divided into three groups without CPP ACP Group A, applied with CPP ACP for 3 minutes Group B, and applied with CPP ACP for 30 minutes Group C. Specimens were immersed in orange juice and tested for surface hardness using Vickers Hardness Tester. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA."

"Semen Ionomer Kaca (SIK) konvensional dapat mengalami penurunan kekerasan permukaan pada pH 5,5 sehingga membutuhkan pemberian ion kalsium dan fosfat yang dapat ditemukan pada CPP-ACP untuk mencegah penurunan kekerasan. Penelitian terhadap CPP-ACP tengah dilakukan dengan penambahan propolis yang ditujukan untuk menambah sifat antimikroba. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya diketahui bahwa penambahan propolis pada CPP-ACP menyebabkan ion kalsium dan fosfat yang dilepaskan berkurang sehingga mungkin memengaruhi kemampuannya dalam mencegah penurunan kekerasan SIK konvensional. Namun belum diketahui efek CPP-ACP apabila ditambahkan propolis pada SIK konvensional.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pengaruh CPP-ACP dengan dan tanpa kombinasi propolis terhadap kekerasan permukaan SIK konvensional.Metode: Tiga puluh spesimen SIK konvensional berbentuk silinder dengan diameter 6mm dan tebal 3 mm dibuat dan diletakkan dalam inkubator selama 24 jam. Spesimen lalu dilakukan pengujian kekerasan awal menggunakan Vickers Micro Hardness Tester dengan indenter Knoop, setiap spesimen diberikan indentasi dengan beban 50 g selama 15 detik sebanyak 5 kali diposisi berbeda pada permukaan dan diambil rata-rata untuk merepresentasikan seluruh permukaannya. Spesimen kemudian dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok (masing-masing 10 spesimen), yaitu yang tanpa diaplikasikan CPP-ACP, yang diaplikasikan CPP-ACP, dan yang diaplikasikan CPP-ACP propolis. Spesimen yang diaplikasikan CPP-ACP atau CPP-ACP propolis didiamkan selama 30 menit di dalam inkubator. Spesimen kemudian direndam dalam asam laktat pH 5,5 selama 24 jam lalu diuji kekerasan akhirnya.Hasil: Kekerasan awal didapat sebesar 74,51±1,82KHNdan setelah perendaman pada kelompok tanpa diaplikasikan CPP-ACP menjadi 40,82±0,71KHN, kelompok yang diaplikasikan CPP-ACP menjadi 57,94±1,40KHN dan kelompok yang diaplikasikan CPP-ACP propolis menjadi 52,01±1,23KHN. Terdapat penurunan bermakna (p<0,05) antara kekerasan sebelum dan setelah perendaman di semua kelompok dan terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) pada kekerasan antar kelompok dengan uji One-way ANOVA dan post hoc Tamhane.Kesimpulan: Pengaplikasian CPP-ACP dengan kombinasi propolis pada SIK konvensional menyebabkan penurunan kekerasan permukaan lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang hanya CPP-ACP.

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Conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) can be decreased in surface hardness at critical pH (5,5) so calcium and phosphate ions, which can be found in CPP-ACP, are needed to prevent it. Research about CPP-ACP were being developed by adding propolis to increase antimicrobial properties. However, study before stated that the addition of propolis into CPP-ACP could be decreasing ions release so probably decreasing its ability to prevent conventional GICs surface hardness reduction. But the effect of CPP-ACP if were added with propolis toward conventional GIC not yet known.

Aims: This study aims to compare the effect of CPP-ACP with and without propolis on conventional GICs surface hardness.

Methods: Thirty specimens of conventional GIC, 6mm in diameter and 3 mm in thick were prepared and saved in incubator for 24 hours. Specimens initial surface hardness were measured by Vickers Micro Hardness Tester with Knoop indenter. Each specimen was indented using 50 g weigh in 15 seconds for five times on different spot to represent all the surface hardness of the specimen and the mean value was calculated. Specimens then divided into three groups (each group contain 10 specimens), which were without CPP-ACP, applicated with CPP-ACP and applicated with CPP-ACP propolis. CPP-ACP or CPP-ACP propolis were applicated to conventional GIC and kept for 30 minutes in incubator. After that, specimens were immersed in lactic acid pH 5,5 for 24 hours and the final surface hardness were tested. The surface hardness values then were analyzed using One Way Anova and Post Hoc Tamhane test.

Result: Initial surface hardness value was 74,51±1,82KHN, and decreased after immersion. The final surface hardness value become 40,82±0, 71KHN on without CPP-ACP group, 57,94±1, 40KHN on with CPP-ACP group, and 52,01±1, 23KHN on with CPP-ACP propolis group. There were statistically significant (p<0.05) in specimens hardness reduction between before and after immersion in all groups and in hardness differences between groups after immersion.

Conclusion: Application of CPP-ACP combined with propolis on conventional GIC caused greater surface hardness reduction compared to CPP-ACP without propolis."

"Bahan restorasi SIK selama ini terbukti memiliki kemampuan untuk meremineralisasi email. Namun, pada fase settingnya SIK sangat rentan terhadap asam sehingga dapat menghasilkan restorasi dengan sifat mekanis yang rendah. Modifikasi SIK dengan nanokitosan disinyalir dapat meningkatkan sifat mekanis dan kemampuan remineralisasi SIK. Pengaplikasian varnish dapat memberikan perlindungan pada restorasi SIK selama fase settingnya. Mengevaluasi pengaruh aplikasi varnish fluorida pada bahan restorasi SIK modifikasi nanokitosan terhadap potensi mineralisasi email. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental laboratorik dengan 24 gigi premolar dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan: (I)SIK konvensional tanpa varnish, (II)SIK konvensional dengan varnish, (III)SIKNK tanpa varnish, dan (IV)SIKNK dengan varnish. Sampel kemudian direndam dalam larutan siklus pH selama 5 hari, dianalisis menggunakan SEM-EDX untuk mengevaluasi perubahan topografi dan komposisi ion (Ca, P, F), serta uji Vickers untuk kekerasan permukaan email. Kelompok SIKNK dengan varnish menunjukkan topografi email paling halus, pola erosif minimal, dan komposisi ion (Ca, P, F) tertinggi dibandingkan kelompok lainnya. Analisis statistik Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) pada nilai kekerasan permukaan email antar kelompok perlakuan. Aplikasi varnish fluorida pada SIK modifikasi nanokitosan secara signifikan meningkatkan mineralisasi email dengan menunjukkan topografi email dengan pola erosif minimal, peningkatan komposisi ion, dan kekerasan permukaan email.

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Restorative materials based on GIC (Glass Ionomer Cement) have been shown to have the ability to remineralize enamel. However, during the setting phase, GIC is susceptible to acids, which can result restorations with low mechanical properties of restorations. The modification of GIC with nanochitosan is believed to improve the mechanical properties and remineralization ability of GIC. The application of varnish can provide protection to the GIC restoration during its setting phase. To evaluate the effect of fluoride varnish application on NCGIC in supporting enamel remineralization. This study was conducted using laboratory experimental design using 24 premolar teeth divided into 4 treatment groups: (I) conventional GIC without varnish, (II) conventional GIC with varnish, (III) nanochitosan-modified GIC (NCGIC) without varnish, and (III) NCGIC with varnish. The samples were subjected to pH cycling for 5 days, then analyzed using SEM-EDX to evaluate topographic changes and ion release (Ca, P, F), and Vickers Microhardness Test for enamel surface hardness. NCGIC with varnish group showed the smoothest enamel topography, minimal erosive patterns, and the highest ion release compared to other groups. Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.05) in enamel surface hardness among treatment groups. Fluoride varnish application on nanochitosan-modified SIK significantly enhances enamel mineralization by increasing ion release, refining enamel topography, and increasing enamel surface hardness adjacent to the restoration."

"Development of ideal dental materials to replace tooth tissue has been the objective of many researchers and manufacturers. Consequently, a wide range of dental materials with different chemical compositions, properties and recommendations on clinical application has been introduced in dentistry. Conventional glass-ionomers (GIC) were introduced to the dental profession by Wilson and Kent in 1972. The adhesion of these materials to dental tissue and their flouride releasing capacity brought about their use as restoration bases and cement. In 1988, resin-modified glass ionomer cements were developed to improve the high sensitivity to humidity and low mechanical strength of glass-ionomers. The new resin modified glass-ionomer cements have produced materials with superior properties. However, these improvements are as yet insufficient for these materials to complete with resin composites in high stress bearing situations such as incisal tip restorations and posterior occlusal restorations in the permanent dentition."