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"Particle bombardment is a physical method of cell transformation. This method can be used in high density cell number. It is a versatile and effective transformation method, not limited by cell type, species or genotype. There are no intrinsic vector requirements so transgenes of any size and arrangement can be introduced, and multiple gene cotransformation is straightforward. A major advantage of particle bombardment is that the delivered DNA can be manipulated to influence the quality and structure of the resultant transgene loci. Particle bombardment can be applied effectively for genetic transformation in seaweeds, such as: Ulva pertusa, Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Kapaphycus alvarezii, Porphyra yezoensis, P. tenera, P. okamurae, P. onoi, P. variegate, P. pseudolinearis, Gracilaria gracilis, and G. changii. Gene expression in the transformation of seaweed using particle bombardment can be transient and stable. Based on their gene expression status, suggesting that genetic transformation using particle bombardment technique can be applied in seaweed. "

"ABSTRACTThe use of reference toxicant in aquatic toxicity testing is a part of efforts to obtain good quality data and it can be justified scientifically. It is used to determine the health and sensitivity of the test on organisms; to compare relative toxicities of substances by using control as an internal standard; to perform interlaboratory calibrations; and to evaluate the reproductive ability on tested data with time. Numbers of substances, such as some metals and salts, can be used as reference toxicants, but basically we must consider certain criterias in using a chemical as a reference toxicant. An ideal reference toxicant is that has a toxic at low concentrations, rapidly lethal, non selective, and detectable by known analytical techniques. The use of each reference toxicant in toxicity tests should be repeated using the same test organism to produce a data set of sensitivity. Endpoint values are then plotted on a control chart with tolerance range 2 SD. The value outside the tolerance range requires the evaluation of all test procedures and conditions of the test organisms."

"Fishes are an economical and healthy source of protein for the majority of the world community. However the concentration of mercury in fish due to anthropogenic emissions pose health risks to humans. The concentration of organic mercury (methylmercury) dominates 80-90 persen total mercury concentrations in fish flesh. The Accumulation of mercury increases with the rise of water temperature, organism age, time of exposure, and the concentration of protein- bound mercury. The decline in salinity or hardness, pH, organic matter content, and the presence of Zn, Cd, or Se in solution will also increases the accumulation of mercury. The rate of accumulation of methylmercury in fish affects the toxicity, in which a low rate of accumulation associates with a higher tolerance. "

"Coupling between atmosphere and oceans can affect the global climate change. In the Indian Ocean, there is natural climate variation phenomenon caused by coupling between atmosphere and oceans, called the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). There are two types of IOD phase based on differences condition of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in western and eastern Indian Ocean, i.e. positive and negative IOD. When positive IOD occurs, the SST in western Indian Ocean is warmer than usual while SST in Sumatera is colder than usual, and vice versa for negative IOD. IOD can be detected using Dipole Mode Index (DMI). The phenomenon of drought on one side of Indian Ocean and heavy rains on the other side is a direct impact of IOD phenomenon, IOD can also affects to the productivity of the oceans, fisheries, ecosystems and carbon budget."

"Kecelakaan PLTN Fukushima Dalichi sebagai konsekuensi dari bencan gempa bumi 9 SR disertai gelombang tsunami setinggi lebih dari 7 meter di pantai timur Pulau Honsu pada 11 maret 2011."

"Karang Unarang adalah perairan perbatasan Indonesia dan Malaysia yang selama masih disengketakan sehingga perlu dilaksanakan patroli guna terciptanya keamanan. Pemilihan jenis Kapal Patroli untuk melaksanakan operasi di perbatasan ini sangant perlu disesuaikandengan keadaan hidro-oseonografi dan potensi ancaman yang dihadapi. Penelitian terkait pemilihan jenis kapal patroli yang ditugaskan untuk melaksanakan operasi di perairan Karang Unarang sangat diperlukan. Pengambilan keputusan tentang jenis kapal patroli tidak menempatkan kriteria sebagai suatu hierarki karena ada hubungan saling memengaruhi antarkriteria yang ditentukan. Keterkaitan ini bisa terjadi antar subkriteria yang terdapat di dalam kriteria (Innerdependece) dan keterkaitan antarelemen yang berbeda (outerdependence). Hasil penelitian menggunakan ANP ini didapatkan sesuai dengan apayang tertera dalam bobot nilai pada data yang menggunakan tools superdecisions sebagai alternatif terbaik terkait jenis kapal patroli yang harus melaksanakan operasi."

"ABSTRACTMECHANISM OF GENETIC DISORDER AND MUTATION ON BIVALVES INFLUENCED BY LEAD. Bivalves have a feeding mechanism of suspension-feeder or deposit-feeder or both, making bivalves consume the material contained in either beneficial or toxic water. Bivalve can survive even with the condition of polluted waters, including the concentration of heavy metals that exceed a specified threshold. Lead is one type of harmful pollutants originating from anthropogenic activities and contaminated marine waters. The purpose of this paper is to provide knowledge about the process or mechanism of bivalves to defend itself against lead, which can be found in their environment, especially genetic disorders and mutations that may be experienced by marine bivalves as a result of exposure to lead."