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"Green tides are usually induced by water eutrophication. An acceleration of chemical inputs that influence algal population, especially Ulva. The increase of nitrogen and phosphorus is the main factor in green tides. Ulva is very efficient to proliferate by fragmentaion and creates such blooms, some species were documented on green tide occurrences in several regions, namely: Ulva lactuca, U. rigida, U. olivascens, U. gigantea, U. curvata, U. rotundata, U. scandinavica, U. pseudocurvata, U. armoricana, U. prolifera, U. reticulata. Generally, green tides have negative impact on marine ecosystem, human health and economic. Green tides also impact the fishing and aquaculture activities, dead alga can produce hydrogen sulfide which can cause animals and humans death"

"Laut Flores memiliki dinamika oseanografi secara historis yang disebabkan oleh pergerakan massa air di dalamnya. Pergerakan massa air laut ini dikenal sebagai fenomena upwelling, dimana air bersuhu dingin dan kaya nutrisi dari kedalaman lautan bergerak menuju permukaan laut. Air laut yang bergerak ke permukaan ini membawa nutrien, yang terukur melalui kadar klorofil-a yang dihasilkan oleh fitoplankton di permukaan laut. Upwelling disebabkan oleh transpor Ekman, yakni transpor arus laut yang terbentuk oleh angin yang bertiup di atas permukaan air laut. Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan data anomali suhu permukaan laut (SSTa) dari NOAA AVHRR Pathfinder Version 5.3 Collated Global, data vektor angin permukaan laut (u dan v) dari ERA5 Copernicus, serta data konsentrasi klorofil (chlor-a) dari Ocean Color SMI dengan rentang tahun 1998 Р2023. Analisis spasial dilakukan dengan melihat variasi spasiotemporal klorofil-a, SSTa dan indeks upwelling. Analisis temporal dilakukan secara time series, dekomposisi dan rerata bulanan tiap variabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan fenomena upwelling di Laut Flores utamanya disebabkan oleh pergerakan angin arah barat laut pada musim angin muson timur (April-Oktober), ditandai dengan indeks upwelling positif. Pada periode tersebut, upwelling terjadi di Laut Flores bagian utara dekat Sulawesi Selatan. Upwelling kuat tercatat terjadi pada tahun 2004, 2014, 2015, 2019 dan 2020, dimana perisitwa ini dipengaruhi oleh El Ni̱o.

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The historical of Flores Sea was driven by oceanographic dynamics caused by the movement of water masses within it. This movement of seawater masses is known as the upwelling phenomenon, where cold-temperature, nutrient-rich water from the ocean depths moves towards the sea surface. This surface-moving seawater carries nutrients, which are measured through chlorophyll-a levels produced by phytoplankton at the ocean surface. Upwelling is caused by Ekman transport, which is the transport of water mass formed by wind blowing over the sea surface. This study use the data of sea surface temperature (SSTa) anomaly data from NOAA AVHRR Pathfinder Version 5.3 Collated Global, sea surface wind vector data (u and v) from ERA5 Copernicus, and chlorophyll concentration data (chlor-a) from Ocean Color SMI with time range in 1998 Р2023. Spatial analysis was conducted by analyzing spatiotemporal variations in chlorophyll-a, SSTa and upwelling index. Temporal analysis was done by time series analysis, decomposition and monthly average of each variable. The results showed that the upwelling phenomenon in the Flores Sea is mainly caused by northwest wind movements during the east monsoon season (April РOctober), characterized by a positive upwelling index. During this period, upwelling occurs in the northern Flores Sea near South Sulawesi. Strong upwelling was recorded in 2004, 2014, 2015, 2019 and 2020, where this event was influenced by El Ni̱o."

"ABSTRACTThe algal blooms or red tide that resulting mass mortality of fish and other biota are frequently occurred in coastal water: where human activities and population increase in significant. The impacts not only to marine life and environmental quality, but also impact on the fishery economic, food security and health consumer; and also psychology of the surrounding community. In some countries the impact of aquatic disaster has resulted in human fatalities after consuming fishery products. The incidence of red tide phenomenon is characterized by the appearance of other colors in the surface water such as red, red-brown or greenish depending on the causative speciean fact, the incidence of algal bloom has a connection with the amount of nutrients concentration in the waters, which sourced from human activities in the upland, domestic waste, agricultural, industrial waste, etc, which run into the water via rivers or run off 0n the other hand, the increasing eutrophication may lead to alteration of nutrients composition in the waters and can trigger the bloom of toxic species in the waters (toxic algal bloom)."

"Degradation on coral reef ecosystem is increasing day by day due to both natural and human factors, and it is greatly affecting to the catches of fishermen. Natural damages can be caused by he tsunami, global warming, predators and so on. Whiles people are destroying the ecosystem to the lack of awareness, necessities, poverty and greed. One of the coastal ecosystem rehabilitation efforts is b making artificial reef. There are four artificial reef functions i.e. to collect marine organisms in order to improve capture efficiency (attractant); increase natural productivity by providing new habitat for sessil biota; maintain the balance of food chain cycle; and providing habitat and stimulates coral recruitment and other organism. This article present the designs, benefit and future recommendation for artificial reef management"

"MANGROVE CRAB UCA SPP (CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: OCYPODIDAE). In Indonesia, many found the river estuary waters with mangrove forests are an important area for mangrove crabs. Crustacean fauna of the mangrove ecosystem is dominated by the crabs of Uca spp. this is often found in mud, forest floor, ponds and mangrove logging areas. Uca spp. is a type of crab that live in holes or soaking in the substrate and are permanent residents of mangrove forests. Crab Uca spp. can adapt well to dig holes because the water that is in the hole can help regulate body temperature through evaporation. Uca crab has important body parts as characters for identification that are: the size of the face of carapace (rostrum), orbital area (the area around the eyes), gonopode (male), gonopore (females), large claws (male) and small claws. While large claws on an adult male is a key character, so that its is very important."

"Coupling between atmosphere and oceans can affect the global climate change. In the Indian Ocean, there is natural climate variation phenomenon caused by coupling between atmosphere and oceans, called the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). There are two types of IOD phase based on differences condition of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in western and eastern Indian Ocean, i.e. positive and negative IOD. When positive IOD occurs, the SST in western Indian Ocean is warmer than usual while SST in Sumatera is colder than usual, and vice versa for negative IOD. IOD can be detected using Dipole Mode Index (DMI). The phenomenon of drought on one side of Indian Ocean and heavy rains on the other side is a direct impact of IOD phenomenon, IOD can also affects to the productivity of the oceans, fisheries, ecosystems and carbon budget."