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"Microglia were isolated from mixed primary cell cultures of the cerebral cortex from 3 day old male Wistar rats. The mechanically dissociated cells were plated in a flask at a density of 107per 300 cm2 and maintained at 30°C in a 10% CO2/90% air atmosphere. After 10-14 days in culture, floating and weakly attached cells on the mixed primary cultured cell layer were isolated by gentle shaking of the flask for 3-5 min. The resulting cell suspension was transferred to plastic dishes and allowed to adhere at 37°C. To investigate the morphological change of microglia, the cells after 2 days of culture were incubated with biotinylated GSA-I-B4 (10ug/ml) at 4°C for overnight. To detect the phagocytic, isolated microglia were incubated with opsonized zymosan (20mgl/ml) for Ih at 37°C and with Giemsa's staining solution for 30 min at room temperature. The results were about 90% of attached cells were positive for OX6. Morphologically, most of the isolated microglial cells had amoeboid and rod-shaped cell bodies with no or a few thick processes. Most of these cells became amoeboid-like cells and showed a number of vacuoles in the cytosol when cultured in the presence of IFN-y+ LPS - treated cells exhibited the intense phagocytic activity against zymosan particles."

"Background: The purpose of this study was to provide a reference of chronic diabetes complications by investigatingthe prolonged hyperglycemia effects on hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes (liver, kidney,spleen, cardiac muscle, adrenal gland, and endocrine pancreas) in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin. Methods:Ten adult female Sprague-Dawley of uniform age were divided into two Groups. Group 1 was made diabetic by singleintraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg/bw) whereas Group 2 served as control. After six months, the ratswere anesthetized using pentobarbital. Cardiac puncture was performed to get 3 ml of the blood sample; following 12hours of an overnight fast. Serum chemistry test and complete blood analysis for lipid profile and blood glucose test;liver and renal functions were performed. Tissue specimens of liver, kidney, spleen, cardiac muscle, adrenal gland, andendocrine pancreas were fixed in 10% formal saline and processed for histological study. Results: There were severehistopathological changes in the affected organs; and the presence of a significant abnormality of lipid profile, liver, andrenal functions. Conclusions: The presence of histopathological changes with abnormal biochemical changes is relatedto the chronic absence of insulin production in the destroyed β –cells which reflect the diabetic complications in ahuman being."

"Latar belakang : Prevalensi penyakit dengan gejala kejang di Indonesia cukup tinggi. Sejalan dengan Iangkah strategis Universitas Indonesia untuk meneliti tanaman herbal yang bermanfaat, maka peneiitian ini ingin menyelidiki kemungkinan pemanfaatan piperine (ekstrak dari lada jawa) sebagai obat anti kejang. Tujuan : Mengetahui efek protektif piperin terhadap peningkatan kegiatan listrik otak tikus kejang akibat induksi oleh bicuculline dilihat dari iiekuensi dan amplitudo pada rekaman elektroensefalograii, dibandingkan kontrol. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental in-vivo, dilakukan pada empat kelompok tikus, masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 6 tikus. Seluruh tikus beljumlah 24 ekor, diberi induktor kejang bicuculline. Sam kelompok kontrol tanpa diberi piperin dan tiga kelompok uji diberikan piperin dengan dosis yang berbeda. Hewan uji yang digunakan adalah tikus Sprague Dawley jantan. Kelompok uji dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu kelompok dosis piperin 100 mg/kgBB, 200 mg/kgBB, dan 400 mg/kgBB. Perubahan amplitudo dan frekuensi EEG direkam pada menit ke-0, menit ke-30, menit ke-40, menit ke-50, dan menit ke-60 setelah pemberian piperin. Hasil penelitian : Pemberian piperin dosis 100 mg/kgBB, dosis 200mg/kgBB dan dosis 400 mg/kgBB menurunkan ampliludo dan meningkatkan frekuensi serta menghilangkan spike pada rekaman EEG. Piperin dosis 100 mg/kgBB setelah 50 menit pemberian peroral secara bermakna meningkatkan frekuensi dan menurunkan ampliludo. Kesimpulan : Piperin mempunyai efek pencegahan peningkatan kegiatan Iislrik otak dengan bukti meningkatkan frekuensi dan menunmkan amplitudo EEG. Pemberian piperin dosis 100 mg/kgBB lebih efektif dibandingkan dosis 200 mg/kgBB dan 400 mg/kgBB.

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Background: The prevalence of disease with seizure symptom has found in Indonesia high enough. In line with strategic plan of University of Indonesia to encourage studies on ingenious herbs in Indonesia, the present study is directed to investigate the possible beneficial effect of pipperine (extract java pepper) in the treatment of seizure.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of pipperine against amplitude and frequency alterations of electroencephalogram (EEG) induced by bicuculline in the rat.

Design of study: Twenty four male Sprague Dawley rats were used in the study, in which the rats were grouped into 4, each consisted of 6 animals. The control group was the rats which received oral CMC 1% (carboxy methyl cellulose), 30 minute prior to subcutaneously injected bicuculline of 2,7 mg/kgBW. The other 3 treated goups received oral piperine 100mg/kgBW, 200mg/kgBW and 400 mg/kgBW respectively, 30 minute prior to subcutaneously injected bicuculline of 2,7 mg/kgBW. The amplitude and frequency of EEG were recorded at zero time, 30?' minute, 40?? minute, 50? minute, and 60"? minute aiter the administration of pipperine.

Result: Injected of bicuculline in the rats, caused no alterations of EEG pattern as compared with the EEG at zero point measurement. At 20 minute after bicuculline injection, there was an were dose of amplitude and reduce of frequency of EEG with spike wave. Piperine at various concentrations reduced the EEG abnormalities. Piperine of l00 mg/kgBW showed the best protective effects against EEG alteration.

Conclution: Pipperine l00 mg/kgBW given before bicuculline reduced the amplitude and increased the iiequency of EEG to near normal condition."

"Latar belakang: Pengembangan kontrasepsi hormonal pria didasarkan pada penekanan gonadotropin sehingga mengbnmbat spermatogenesis dan berdampak pada penurunan konsentrasi spermatozoa. Pemberian depot medroksiprogesteron aselat (DMPA) efektif mengbambat spermatogenesis dan sekresi testosteron namun berakibat menurunnya libido dan potensi seksual. Berbagai tanaman yang dapat menstimulasi pembentukan androgen endogen telah ditemukan di dalam tanaman obat, salah satunya adalah cabe jawa (Piper retrofractum Vahl.). Secara tradisional buah cabe jawa digunakan untuk obat lemah syahwat dan telah terbukti dapat meningkatkan kadar hormon testosteron darah. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh komhinasi DMPA dan ekstrak cabe jawa terbadap konsent:rasi serta viabUitas spermatozoa vas deferenskadar hormon testosteron darah, berat badan, hernarologi, dan biokimia darah tikos (Rattus norvegicus L.). Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak 1engkap (RAL), equal size sample yaitu terdiri dari satu kelompok kontrol dan dua kelompok perlakuan yang menggunakan tikus jantan galur Sprague Dawley sebagal model. Kelompok perlakuan pertama adalah tikus kastrasi yang dicekok dengan ekstrak cabe jawa dosis 0 mg (plasebo), 0,94 mg, 1,88 mg, 2,82 mg, dan 3,76 mg. Kelompok perlakuan kedua adalah tikos yang disuntik dengan doais 1,25 mg DMPA dan dicekok dcngan ekstrak cabe jawa dosis 0 mg (plasebo), 0,94 mg, 1,88 mg, 2,82 mg, dan 3,76 mg. Penyuntikan DMPA dilakukan pada minggu ke-0 dan minggu ke-12 perlakuan, sedangkan pencekokan ekstrak cabe jawa dilakukan setiap hari dimulai dari minggu ke-7 sampai minggu ke-18 perlakuan.Hasil: Terjadi penurunan konsentrasi spermatozoa yang siguifikan dibanding kontrol (p<0,05) pada kelompok DMPA + cabe jawa (0,94 mg dan 1,88 mg). Penurunan konsentrasi spermatozoa kelompok DMPA + cabe jawa (2,82 mg dan 3,76 mg) tidak berbeda signifikan dibanding kontrol (p>0,05). Terjadi penurunan viabililas spennatozoa pada kelompok DMPA + berbagai dosis ekstrak cabe jawa. Kadar hormon testosteron darah kelompok DMPA + cabe jawa 3,76 mg lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol (p>0,05) antara praperlakuan dan selama perlakuan. Penyuntikan dosis minimal DMPA dan pencekokan berbagai dosis ekstrak cabe jawa tidak mempengaruhi hemotologi dan biokimia darah tikus.

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Background: The development of hormonal male contraception retied on suppression of gonadotropin so that inhibit spermatogenesis and reduced sperm concentration. 1njection of DMPA will inhibit spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion but also cause degradation of sexual potency and libido. Various plants able to stimulate forming of androgen endogen. one of them is javanese long pepper (Piper retrofractum Vahl.). Traditionally, the fruits of javanese long pepper was used to cure weaken lust and have been proven to improve blood testosterone level.

Purpose: Knowing the effect of combination of DMPA and javanese long pepper extract on concentration and viability of sperm in was deferens, blood testosterone level, haematology and blood chemistry level of rat (Rattus norvegicus L.).

Method: This research is using complete random device, equal size sample that is consisting of one group of control and two groups of treatment which is taking male rat strain Sprague-Dawley as a model. The fast group of treatment is castration rat that feed with javanese long pepper exiract dosis 0 mg (placebo), 0.94 mg, 1.88 mg, 2.82 mg and 3.76 mg. The second group of treatment is injected rat with DMPA dosis 1.25 mg and also feed with javaoese long pepper extract dosis 0 mg (placebo), 0.94 mg, 1.88 mg, 2.82 mgand 3.76 mg. Injection of DMPA done at week 0 aod 12 oftrealment while feed ofjavanese long pepper extract done every day started from week 7 until week 18 of treatment.

Result: There was decreasing of spenn concentrstion significantly (p<0.05) at group of DMPA + (0.94 mg and 1.88 mg) of javanese long pepper extract which compered to controL Sperm concentration in group ofDMPA + (2.82 mg and 3.76 mg) of javanese long pepper extract was decreased but not significantly differ to control (p>O,OS). The sperm viability was decreased in group of DMPA + various dosis of javanese long pepper extract. The blood testosterone level was higher than control in group of DMPA + 3.76 mg of javanese long pepper extract (p>0.05). The body mass index was increased significantly (p<0.05) between before and during treatment. In general, injection of minimal dosis of DMPA and feeding various dosis of javanese long pepper extract do not influence to the rat haemotology and blood chemistry level."

"ABSTRAKPenyembuhan luka adalah peristiwa kompleks yang meliputi kemotaksis,angiogenesis, pembelahan sel, sintesis matriks ekstraseluler, pembentukan danremodeling jaringan parut. Angiogenesis, densitas kolagen, kontraksi luka, epitelisasidan luas area luka adalah beberapa parameter yang dapat digunakan untuk menilaibaiknya penyembuhan luka. Pemberian ADSC-CM pada penelitian terdahulu terbuktimeningkatkan proses penyembuhan luka melalui mekanisme parakrin ADSC.Penelitian ini menilai efek pemberian ADSC-CM monolayer dalam inkubasi normoxiaselama tiga hari terhadap angiogenesis, kontraksi luka, epitelisasi dan kualitaspenyembuhan luka kulit tikus Sprague Dawley. Adanya konsentrasi growth factorseperti VEGF dan EGF dinilai melalui pemeriksaan ELISA. Efek angiogenesis,densitas kolagen, kontraksi luka, epitelisasi dan luas area luka dinilai denganpemeriksaan histologi menggunakan pewarnaan Hematoksilin-Eosin dan Masson?sTrichome. Dua puluh sembilan tikus dibalurkan ADSC-CM pada bagian punggung(full thickness wound) dan dinilai gambaran histologinya pada hari ke-3, 7, 14, 21 dan28. Konsentrasi VEGF dan EGF ditemukan dalam ADSC-CM dengan 5052,698 ± 0,31pg/mL dan 0,233 ± 0,08 pg/mL. Gambaran histologi pada parameter angiogenesis,densitas koalgen, kontraksi luka, epitelisasi dan luas area luka menunjukkan perbedaantidak bermakna antara kelompok luka yang dibalurkan ADSC-CM dan kelompokkontrol namun secara klinis dan epidemiologis pembaluran ADSC-CM meningkatkanproses penyembuhan luka.

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ABSTRACTWound healing is a complex event that consist chemotaxis, angiogenesis, proliferation,synthesis of matrix extracellular, formation and remodeling scar tissue. Angiogenesis,colagen density, wound contraction, epithelialization and wound area is a severalparameter to analyze wound healing. Previous studies have shown that ADSC-CM areable to accelerate wound healing due to paracrine effect. This study investigate theeffect of monolayer ADSC-CM on angiogenesis, colagen density, wound contraction,epithelialization and wound area in a rat full thickness wound. Consentration of growthfactor such as EGF and VEGF were assessed with ELISA examination. Angiogenesis,colagen density, wound contraction, epithelialization and wound area were analyzedhistologically with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson?s Trichome staining. Twenty ninerats were administered topically with ADSC-CM. Histological examination wasmeasured on day 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Amount of VEGF and EGF is 5052,698 pg/mLdan 0,233 pg/mL. Histology examination angiogenesis, colagen density, woundcontraction, epithelialization and wound area show there is no significant differencebetween ADSC-CM group and control group but meaningful difference to acceleratewound healing."

"Alveolus neonatus mengalami perkembangan dalam hal jumlah dan ukuran pada masa pascanatal. Pada perkembangan tersebut, jumlah alveolus bertambah dan dimensi alveolus – dalam hal diameter – meningkat bersama dengan peningkatan volume total paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan mencari korelasi panjang diameter alveolus dengan usia pada perkembangan paru neonatus. Desain penelitian merupakan potong lintang dalam studi analitik observational. Empat kelompok tikus Sprague-Dawley usia 2, 4, 10, dan 16 hari digunakan sebagai model coba. Paru tikus yang telah dijadikan sediaan histologis difoto di bawah mikroskop untuk kemudian diukur dengan program Optilab Image Raster. Panjang diameter alveolus paru tikus Sprague-Dawley diukur pada sepertiga tengah lapang pandang dengan metode proporsi, yaitu membandingkan total panjang diameter alveolus pada satu lapang pandang dengan total panjang lapang pandang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata panjang diameter alveolus mengalami penurunan dari 0,466 (SD 0,093) pada usia 4 hari menjadi 0,401 (SD 0,126) pada usia 16 hari. Namun, korelasi usia dan panjang diameter alveolus tidak signifikan dengan kekuatan korelasi lemah (Spearman, p = 0,451 dan r = -0,162). Disimpulkan bahwa panjang diameter alveolus paru tidak berkorelasi dengan usia perkembangan neonatus tikus Sprague-Dawley.

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Alveolar changes in amount and size occur in lung morphogenesis during post-natal development. During the development, the amount of alveolar multiplies and the alveolar dimension – measured in diameter – expanses as the total lung volume increases until alveoli reach its mature age. This study aimed to find a correlation between alveolar diameter and age during post-natal development. The research design was cross sectional, an analytic observational study. Four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats, i.e. 2, 4, 10, and 16 days-old were used as model. Rats' lungs that have been processed histologically were captured as photos under light microscope, and were measured using Optilab Image Raster. The alveolar diameter was measured using ratio of the total length of the diameter and total length of horizontal field on one-third middle of the field. Mean length proportion of alveolar diameter were found decreasing from 0,466 (SD 0,093) at age 4 day to 0,401 (SD 0,126) at age 16 day. However, correlation between alveolar diameter sizes in post-natal ages was insignificant with low correlation power (Spearman p = 0,451 and r = -0,162). In conclusion, alveolar diameter has no correlation with age during lung development of Sprague-Dawley rat's neonates."

"Perkembangan paru yang terjadi sejak masa embrio hingga pascanatal menentukan efektivitas pertukaran gas, khususnya pada alveolus. Penelitian mengenai struktur ketebalan dinding alveolus paru dan kaitannya dengan diameter alveolus pascanatal belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara ketebalan dinding alveolus paru dengan panjang diameter alveolus pada perkembangan paru neonatus tikus Sprague-Dawley. Jaringan paru tikus Sprague Dawley usia 2, 4, 10, dan 16 hari yang telah diproses secara histologis dengan pewarnaan Trichrome Masson, diamati dan difoto di bawah mikroskop, kemudian diukur ketebalan dinding dan panjang diameter alveolus-nya dengan Optilab Image Raster. Data disajikan masing-masing dalam bentuk proporsi total ketebalan dinding alveolus atau panjang diameter alveolus terhadap total panjang horizontal garis di sepertiga lapang pandang foto. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan ketebalan dinding alveolus paru dan penurunan panjang diameter alveolus dengan korelasi negatif sedang (uji Pearson; r=-0,523; p=0,009). Disimpulkan bahwa peningkatan ketebalan dinding alveolus berkorelasi dengan penurunan panjang diameter alveolus pada paru neonatus tikus Sprague Dawley.

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Lung development, which happens during embryonic period until postnatal, will determine the effectiveness of the gas exchange process. Until recently, study about the thickness of septum interalveolar and the diameter length of alveolus has not been reported yet. This study aimed to know the correlation between the thickness of septum interalveolar and the diameter length of alveolus on postnatal lung development of Sprague Dawley rat. The Sprague Dawley rats aged 2, 4, 10, and 16 days tissues that were processed histologically with Masson’s Trichrome stain were observed and photographed using microscope. Subsequently, the septum interalveolar and diameter were measured by using Optilab Image Raster. The data were presented each in ratio of total alveolar septum or total alveolar diameter to the horizontal length of one-third visual field. Our study showed that there is a significant moderate correlation between the thickness of septum interalveolar and the diameter length of alveolus on Sprague Dawley rat (Pearson’s test; r=-0.523 ; p=0.009). As summary, the septum interalveolar increase while the diameter decrease on lung development of postnatal Sprague Dawley rat."

"Pam adalah organ yang berfungsi untuk memfasilitasipemlkaran oksigen dari lingkungan ke dalam tubuh. Oksigeo yang digunakanuntuk proses metabolism rentan terhadap reduksi menjadi spesies oksigen reaktif(SOR) yang dapat merusak makromolekul di dalam sel seperti lipid, protein, danDNA. Untuk mencegah hal tersebut terjadi, diperlukan antioksidan. Katalaseadalah salah satu antioksidan enzimatik yang terdapat di dalam tubuh. Padakondisi hipoksia, jumlah oksigen yang dapat digunakan tubuh menurun,sehingga fentan terbentuk SOR dalam jumlah banyak. Tujuan dari penelitian iniadalah untuk menilai aktivitas spesifik katalase pada kondisi hipoksia yangberkeianjutan. Metode: Sarnpei paru diambil dan tikus Sprague-Dawley jantanberusia 6-8 minggu dengan berat badan 150-200 g, yang dibagi menjadi limagmp yaitu, kontrol dan perlakuan (10% 02, 90% N z) selama I, 3, 5, dan 7 hari.Kemudian, aktivitas spesifik kata1ase diukur dan dihitung dari janngan parutersebut. Hasil: Hasil analisis data menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bennaknaantara grup kontrol dan grup I han dan 3 han perlakuan hipoksia (p=0.014 danp=O.OOl). Namun, perbandingan antara grup 3 han perlakuan hipoksia dengan 7hari perlakuan hipoksia juga menghasilkan perbedaan hasil yang signifikan(p=O .028). Kesimpulan: Hipoksia sistemik berkelanjutan menunmkan aktifitasspesifik di jaringan pam pada tikus diikuti dengan kenaikan mendekati levelnormal."

"Latar belakang. Doksorubisin dikenal sebagai antikanker yang sangat poten, namun penggunaanya dibatasi oleh toksisitas terhadap berbagai organ vital, salah satunya jantung. Mekanisme molekuler kardiotoksisitas doksorubisin berhubungan dengan produksi radikal bebas berlebih yang menyebabkan penurunan ekspresi gen-gen yang mengkode protein regulator kalsium intrasel sehingga terjadi gangguan homeostasis kalsium intrasel yang menyebabkan aktivasi jalur apoptosis intrinsik yang dimediasi caspase, terutama caspase-9 dan caspase-12. Stres oksidatif akibat DOX juga menyebabkan peningkatan produksi sitokin proinflamasi yang berperan dalam terjadinya apoptosis. Mangiferin merupakan salah satu kandidat potensial senyawa kardioprotektor untuk terapi doksorubisin, akan tetapi mekanisme molekulernya belum diketahui dengan pasti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah mekanisme molekuler mangiferin berhubungan dengan regulasi kalsium intraseluler. Metode. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap tikus Sprague Dawley jantan yang diinduksi doksorubisin dengan dosis total 15 mg/kg BB. Pemberian mangiferin dilakukan dengan dosis 30 dan 60 mg/kg BB secara oral selama tujuh minggu. Parameter yang diamati adalah ekspresi protein regulator Ca2+ intrasel yaitu SERCA2a, parameter apoptosis (caspase-12 dan caspase-9), kadar kalsium sitosol dan mitokondria, serta parameter inflamasi (TNF-α). Hasil. Induksi doksorubisin menyebabkan penurunan ekspresi SERCA2a, disertai peningkatan ekspresi gen pro-apoptosis yakni caspase-12 dan caspase-9 serta peningkatan derjat inflamasi dan kerusakan jantung. Pemberian mangiferin menyebabkan peningkatan ekspresi SERCA2a, penurunan ekspresi caspase-12 dan caspase-9 serta penurunan derajat inflamasi. Kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa normalisasi homeostasis kadar kalsium intrasel merupakan bagian dari mekanisme kardioproteksi mangiferin.

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Background. Doxorubicin is well known as a potent anticancer agent despite its toxicity on various vital organs, especially the heart. The molecular mechanism of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity revolves around the overproduction of free radicals which cause downregulation of genes encoding calcium regulatory proteins, leading to disturbance of calcium homeostasis and activation of intrinsic apoptotic pathway mediated by caspases, particularly caspase-12 and caspase-9. Doxorubicin cardiotoxicity is also accompanied by inflammation that is crucial for apoptosis. Mangiferin is currently studied as cardioprotective agents for doxorubicin therapy. However, its molecular mechanism has yet been revealed. This study was aimed to determine whether cardioprotective effect of mangiferin is caused by its effect on intracellular calcium regulation.

Method. Male Sprague Dawley rats were induced by doxorubicin with a total dose of 15 mg/kg BW. Mangiferin was given orally at the dose of 30 and 60mg/kg BW for seven weeks. The parameters examined were mRNA expressions levels of calcium regulatory gene (SERCA2a), proapoptotic genes (caspase-9 and caspase-12) and proinflammatory cytokine gene (TNF-α), as well as mitochondrial and cytosolic calcium levels.

Result. It was found that doxorubicin caused downregulation of SERCA2a expression and increased the expression of both proapoptotic genes. Interestingly, we found that mangiferin could attenuate those things above by increasing SERCA2a expression as well as decreasing caspase-9 and caspase-12 expressions, while ameliorating inflammation.

Conclusion. Based on this finding, we suggest that the cardioprotective effect of mangiferin is at least in part due to the regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis."

"ABSTRAKBayi dengan berat badan lahir rendah (BBLR) dan retardasi perkembanganintrauterin (IUGR) masih merupakan masalah, khususnya di Indonesia, karenamenunjukkan angka kejadian yang tinggi dan pertu diturunkan. Malnutrisi padaanak kurang dan 1 tahun terbanyak pada bayi BBLR. Penyebab gagal tumbuhterbanyak pada bayi adalah masalah saluran cerna, terutama maldigesti,malabsorpsi, dan diare kronik.Pada penelitian dengan menggunakan hewan coba, didapatkan mukosausus halus hipotrofi dan normoplasi pada tikus malnutrisi. Keadaan normoplasitercermin dari kandungan DNA mukosa usus halus yang menetap padamalnutrisi. Keadaan ini selain memperlihatkan bahwa usus halus dapatmempertahankan jumlah selnya dalam menghadapi pembatasan nutrien, jugamemberi petunjuk bahwa akan dapat berkembang apabila mendapatkanmasukan nutrien yang cukup.Apakah reatimentasi dapat memulihkan mukosa yang hipotrofi normoplasimenjadi normotroti normoplasi? Apabila keadaan tersebut terjadi, apakah responpemulihan itu berbeda antara tikus yang diinduksi pada masa pranatal dan yangdiinduksi malnutrisi pada masa pascasapih? Penelitian ini berusaha menjawabpertanyaan tersebut.MetodologiPenelitian eksperimental dengan desain post test-control group dilakukandengan menggunakan anak tikus jantan jenis Sprague-Dawley, dalam kurunwaktu April 2003 - Desember 2004. Delapan puluh ekor anak tikus jantan yangdilahirkan dari 10 induk tikus berumur 8 minggu dengan berat badan antara 250-300 gram, diberikan makanan baku yang lazim digunakan untuk penelitian.Penelitian dibagi dalam 2 tahap : (1) induksi malnutrisi pranatal yaitu 3 minggupada masa gestasi, 3 minggu masa laktasi dan 3 minggu pascalaktasi, daninduksi malnutrisi pascasapih selama 9 minggu dimulai segra setelah disapih;dilanjutkan dengan tahap (2) Realimentasi selama 8 minggu. Pada setiap akhirtahapan dilakukan nekropsi untuk memperoteh data. Data tersebut adalah (1)kadar albumin serum, (2) ukuran badan (berat badan, panjang badan, Iingkardada), (3) ukuran usus (berat usus, panjang usus, diameter usus dan beratmukosa), (4) morfologi usus halus (tebat mukosa, tinggi vilus, kedalaman kripta,nisbah vitus/kripta, jumlah virus, kandungan protein, kandungan DNA, dan nisbahprotein/DNA), dan (5) aktivitas disakaridase (laktase, maltase, sukrase).Hasil PenelitianBerat badan tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebihtinggi dari tikus malnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi Iebih rendah dari tikuskontrol. Semua parameter yang digunakan untuk menilai morfologi pada tikusmalnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikusmalnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi lebih rendah dibandingkan tikuskontrol. Aktivitas spesifik disakaridase pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal yangdirealimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi yang tidak direalimentasi, tetapilebih rendah dari nilai kontro. Sedangkan aktivitas spesifik disakaridase padatlkus malnutrisi pascasapih yang direalimentasi lebih rendah dari tikus malnutrisiyang tidak direalimentasi, tetapi lebih tinggi dari nilai kontrol. Persentasepeningkatan beberapa parameter terhadap kontrol yaitu berat usus, beratmukosa, dan kandungan protein mukosa usus halus tikus malnutrisi pascasapihyang direalimentasi lebih tinggi dari tikus malnutrisi pranatal yang direalimentasi.KesimpulanMalnutrisi tidak mengurangi populasi enterosit usus halus tikus. Realimentasidapat meningkatkan berat badan tikus malnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih, tetapitidak mencapai berat badan tikus normal. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisipranatal dan pascasapih dapat memperbaiki hipotrotl mukosa usus halus tetapitidak mencapai nonnotroti Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pranatal dapatmeningkatkan aktivitas disakaridase tetapi tidak mencapai nilai normal.Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisi pascasapin dapat me-ngaklbatkan perubahanaktivitas disakaridase tetapi tldak mencapai nilai normal. Realimentasi pada tikusmalnutrisi pranatal dan pascasapih dapat memperbaiki maturitas mukosa usushalus, tetapi tidak mencapai normal. Realimentasi pada tikus malnutrisipascasapih memberikan respon yang lebih baik daripada tikus malnutrisipranatal.

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AbstractBackgroundLow birth-weight infant and intrauterine growth retardation (lUGR) are still ahealth problem, especially in Indonesia due to high prevalence and need to bereduced. Malnutrition in infants are most common occur in low birth-weightinfants. The most common etiology of failure to thrive in infants is due togastrointestinal origin, particularly nutrient maldigestion and malabsorption, andchronic diarrhea.Malnutrition in rats resulted in hypotrophic and norrnoplastic mucosa of thesmall intestine. The nomioplasia was reflected from persistent DNA content ofthe intestinal mucosa in malnutrition. The finding was not only showed that smallintestine was able to maintain its cell number in condition with restriction nutrient,however also suggested the posibility of epithelial regeneration if given theadequate nutrient intake.Did realimentation recover the hypotrophic normoplastic mucosa tononnotrophic normoplastic? lf so, will the recovery response be different betweenrats with malnutrition induced in prenatal period and post-weaning period. Thestudy aim to answer the above question.MethodologyExperimental animal study with post test-control group design was perfomiedusing male litter of Sprague-Dawley rats, from April 2003 to December 2004.Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats bom from 10 female rats which were 8 weekold and body weight of 250-300 grams, was fed standard chow. The study wasdivided into 2 phases: (1) prenatally-induced malnutrition, i.e. 3 weeks gestationperiod, 3 weeks lactation period, and 3 weeks post-weaning period, and post-weaning-induced malnutrition for 9 weeks starting right after weaning, continuedwith phases (2) realimentation for 8 weeks. At the end of each phase, the ratswere sacrilied to obtain data. The data include (1) serum albumin level, (2)physical parameters (body weight, body length, chest cirouimstance), (3) smallintestinal parameters (intestinal weight, length, diameter, and mucosal weight),(4) small intestinal morphology (mucosal thickness, villus height, cryptus depth,ratio of villus/crypt, number of villi, protein content, DNA content, ratio ofprotein/DNA), and (5) disaocharidases (lactase, maltase, sucrase) activities.ResultsBoth in pranatally and postweaning-induced malnutrition, the body weight of ratsin realimentation group was higher than non-realimentation group, but lower thancontrol group. All parameters to evaluate the morphology of rats with prenatallyand postweanlng-induced malnutrition in realimentation group were higher thanthose of non-realimentation, but lower than control group. Specihc activity ofdisaocharidases in rats with prenatally-induced malnutrition in realimentationgroup was higher than those without realimentation, but lower than control. Whilespecific activity of disaccharidases in postweaning-induced malnutrition rats inrealimentation group was lower than those without realimentation, but higherthan control. After relimentation, percentage of increase from control values insome parameters in realimentation rats (intestinal and mucosal weight, proteincontent of intestinal mucosa) in postweaning-induced malnutrition rats washigher compared to prenatally-induced malnutrition rats.ConclusionsMalnutrition did not reduced the population of small intestinal enterocytes.Realimentation was able to increase the body weight of rats in prenatally andpost-weaning-induced malnutrition, but the increase did not reach the nom1albody weight. Realimentation in rats in prenatally and postweaning-inducedmalnutrition was able to improve the hypotrophy of small intestinal mucosa butnot fully recover to nomiotrophic state. Realimentation in rats in prenatally-induced malnutrition was able to increase the disacxsharidases activities but notto the nom'|al values. Realimentation in rats of postweaning-induced malnutritionwas able to decrease the disaccharidases activities, but not to nom1al values.Realimentation was able to improve the maturity of small intestinal mucosa ofrats in prenatally and postweaning-induced malnutrition, but did not reach thenomtal values. Realimentation in rats of postweaning-induced malnutritionshowed better responses than rats of prenatally-induced malnutrition."